Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials最新文献

{"title":"Photooxidation Cross-Linked, Glutaraldehyde Cross-Linked, or Enzyme and Hydrostatic Pressure Processed Decellularized Biomaterials for Cardiovascular Repair Do Not Affect Host Response in a Rat Right Ventricular Outflow Flow Tract Reconstruction (RVOT) Model","authors":"Parnaz Boodagh, Laura Modica De Mohac, Yasurani Hayashi, Danila Vella, Sang-Ho Ye, Federica Cosentino, Taro Fujii, Emily Gorge, Garrett Coyan, Joan Dario Laubrie Soto, Gaetano Burriesci, William R. Wagner, Antonio D'Amore","doi":"10.1002/jbm.b.35529","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jbm.b.35529","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) were responsible for approximately 19 million deaths in 2020, marking an increase of 18.7% since 2010. Biological decellularized patches are common therapeutic solutions for CVD such as cardiac and valve defects. The preparation of biomaterials for cardiac patches involves two main processing methods: glutaraldehyde or photooxidation cross-linking (fixation) and noncross-linked (nonfixation) processing. Despite the variety of products available in the market, cardiac patches still suffer from significant limitations, failing to adequately mimic the properties of biological tissue and restore its function. This study assesses the impact of different processing methodologies on the biological and biomechanical outcomes of three commercially available cardiac patches (CorPatch, CardioCel, PhotoFix) and one newly developed decellularized cardiac patch (Adeka) when implanted as right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) repair material on a rat model. Four different patches for cardiovascular repair were selected based on their processing approaches and included: photooxidation crosslinked (PhotoFix), glutaraldehyde crosslinked (CardioCel), noncross-linked small intestine submucosa (CorPatch) or enzyme, and hydrostatic pressure (Adeka) processed decellularized biomaterials. Structure and function were characterized prior to implantation via thickness mapping, cross-section morphology, 2D surface topography, 3D volume microstructure, biaxial testing, uniaxial tensile testing, ball burst, and suture retention. Their host–biomaterials response was assessed in vivo using a relevant model for cardiovascular repair: a rat (RVOT) reconstruction with 8 and 16-week timepoints. Topological analysis showed that the crosslinked cardiac patches had a more homogeneous thickness distribution when compared to the noncrosslinked patches. This agreed with histological evaluation, where cross-linking processed materials better preserved collagen content than noncrosslinked patches who were also more delaminated. Biaxial data demonstrated that all patches, except CorPatch, recapitulated the anisotropic behavior of healthy left ventricle tissue. The Adeka patch in-plane mechanics at 16 weeks was the one who better resembled the mechanics of healthy cardiac tissue. All patches showed appropriate biocompatibility and function at 8- and 16-week timepoints for RVOT patching. This included echocardiographic assessment, biomechanics, macrophage infiltration and polarization, and angiogenesis. Consistently with a more porous laminae structure, explants histology showed higher cell infiltration in non-crosslinked Adeka when compared to the crosslinked PhotoFix. Overall, both in vitro and in vivo tests indicate that the material processing does not impact the function, biomechanical performance, and the host response of the patches that can be considered as equally effective as materials based cardiac repair solutions.</p>\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":15269,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials","volume":"113 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143033286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Self-Healing Hydrogels in the Treatment of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration","authors":"Cunliang Guo,&nbsp;Xinyi Jiao,&nbsp;Xiaoxun Du,&nbsp;Tongxing Zhang,&nbsp;Bing Peng,&nbsp;Baoshan Xu","doi":"10.1002/jbm.b.35532","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jbm.b.35532","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is one of the leading causes of chronic pain and disability, and traditional treatment methods often struggle to restore its complex biomechanical properties. This article explores the innovative application of self-healing hydrogels in the treatment of IDD, offering new hope for disc repair due to their exceptional self-repair capabilities and adaptability. As a key support structure in the human body, intervertebral discs are often damaged by trauma or degenerative changes. Self-healing hydrogels not only mimic the mechanical properties of natural intervertebral discs but also self-repair when damaged, thereby maintaining stable functionality. This article reviews the self-healing mechanisms and design strategies of self-healing hydrogels and, for the first time, outlines their potential in the treatment of IDD. Furthermore, the article looks forward to future developments in the field, including intelligent material design, multifunctional integration, encapsulation and release of bioactive molecules, and innovative combinations with tissue engineering and stem cell therapy, offering new perspectives and strategies for IDD treatment.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15269,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials","volume":"113 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143023533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microfluidics Based Particle and Droplet Generation for Gene and Drug Delivery Approaches","authors":"Deniz Onan,&nbsp;Melike Özder,&nbsp;Meryem İrem Sipahi,&nbsp;Nazlıcan Poyraz,&nbsp;Ceylin Apaydın,&nbsp;Gülşah Erel-Akbaba,&nbsp;Hasan Akbaba","doi":"10.1002/jbm.b.35530","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jbm.b.35530","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Microfluidics-based droplets have emerged as a powerful technology for biomedical research, offering precise control over droplet size and structure, optimal mixing of solutions, and prevention of cross-contamination. It is a major branch of microfluidic technology with applications in diagnostic testing, imaging, separation, and gene amplification. This review discusses the different aspects of microfluidic devices, droplet generation techniques, droplet types, and the production of micro/nano particles, along with their advantages and limitations. Passive and active methods for droplet formation are discussed, as well as the manipulation of droplet shape and content. This review also highlights the potential applications of droplet microfluidics in tissue engineering, cancer therapy, and drug delivery systems. The use of microfluidics in the production of lipid nanoparticles and polymeric microparticles is also presented, with emphasis on their potential in drug delivery and biomedical research. Finally, the contributions of microfluidics to vaccines, gene therapy, personalized medicine, and future perspectives are discussed, emphasizing the need for continuous innovation and integration with other technologies, such as AI and wearable devices, to further enhance its potential in personalized medicine and drug delivery. However, it is also noted that challenges in commercialization and widespread adoption still need to be addressed.</p>","PeriodicalId":15269,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials","volume":"113 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jbm.b.35530","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143006173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel Foamed Magnesium Phosphate Antimicrobial Bone Cement for Bone Augmentation","authors":"Jie Chen,&nbsp;Ziqing Cheng,&nbsp;Jiawen Wang,&nbsp;Huifen Ding,&nbsp;Kai Wang,&nbsp;Ping Deng,&nbsp;Ling Xu,&nbsp;Jiao Huang","doi":"10.1002/jbm.b.35492","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jbm.b.35492","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In dental implant surgery, infection is identified as the primary factor contributing to the failure of bone grafts. There is an urgent need to develop bone graft materials possessing antibacterial characteristics to facilitate bone regeneration. Magnesium phosphate bone cement (MPC) is highly desirable for bone regeneration due to its favorable biocompatibility, plasticity, and osteogenic capabilities. However, the limited porosity of conventional MPC hinders the nutrient supply, gas diffusion, and cell infiltration, thereby compromising its osteogenic efficacy. This research focused on the fabrication of a highly porous MPC (CaCO₃/CA-MPC) by incorporating citric acid (CA) and calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) as foaming agents. The resulting material demonstrated enhanced physicochemical properties, bioactivity, and antimicrobial effects. When compared with conventional MPC, human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) showed improved osteogenic differentiation when cultured with CaCO₃/CA-MPC. The inclusion of foaming agents significantly enhanced the antimicrobial efficacy of MPC against both Gram-positive bacteria (<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>) and Gram-negative bacteria (<i>Escherichia coli</i>). The results of in vivo anti-infection experiments in rats revealed that 3%CaCO₃/CA-MPC displayed superior bactericidal activity compared with Bio-Oss and control groups (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), thereby enhancing the anti-infective outcomes post-bone grafting and stimulating osteogenesis in the infected bone defect region. The study demonstrated that MPC containing 3%CaCO₃/CA exhibited excellent antimicrobial and osteogenic properties both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting its potential as a promising candidate as bone graft material for dental implant surgeries.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15269,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials","volume":"113 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142978561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Cartilage-Like Matrix Formation in a Nucleus Pulposus-Derived Cartilage Analog Scaffold","authors":"Vishal Joseph Thomas,&nbsp;Nathan Foster Buchweitz,&nbsp;Yongren Wu,&nbsp;Jeremy John Mercuri","doi":"10.1002/jbm.b.35534","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jbm.b.35534","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The formation of fibrocartilage in microfracture (MFX) severely limits its long-term outlook. There is consensus in the scientific community that the placement of an appropriate scaffold in the MFX defect site can promote hyaline cartilage formation and improve therapeutic benefit. Accordingly, in this work, a novel natural biomaterial—the cartilage analog (CA)—which met criteria favorable for chondrogenesis, was evaluated in vitro to determine its candidacy as a potential MFX scaffold. Human bone marrow stem cells (hBMSCs) were seeded onto the CA and cultured for 28 days in chondrogenic differentiation media. Sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) and hydroxyproline (HYP) contents were significantly higher than their non-seeded counterparts on both Days 14 and 28 (average sGAG on Day 28: 73.26 vs. 23.82 μg/mg dry wt. of tissue; average HYP on Day 28: 56.19 vs. 38.80 ± 2.53 μg/mg dry wt. of tissue). Histological assessments showed cellular infiltration and abundant sGAG formation for seeded CAs at both time points with new cartilage-like matrix filling up its laser-drilled channels. Polarized light microscopy of picrosirius red stained samples showed collagen fibrils aligning along the path of the laser-drilled channels. However, the seeded scaffolds were also found to have contracted by 20% by the end of the study with their average aggregate moduli significantly lower than non-seeded controls (10.52 vs. 21.74 kPa). Nevertheless, the CA was ultimately found to support the formation of a cartilage-like matrix, and therefore, merits consideration as a scaffold of interest for improving MFX.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15269,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials","volume":"113 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142965134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chitosan/Alginate-Based Hydrogel Loaded With VE-Cadherin/FGF as Scaffolds for Wound Repair in Different Degrees of Skin Burns","authors":"Sainan Liu,&nbsp;Lai Wei,&nbsp;Jinquan Huang,&nbsp;Jiayan Luo,&nbsp;Yajun Weng,&nbsp;Junying Chen","doi":"10.1002/jbm.b.35533","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jbm.b.35533","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Burns are complex traumatic injuries that lead to severe physical and psychological problems due to the prolonged healing period and resulting physical scars. Owing to their versatility, hydrogels can be loaded with various functional factors, making them promising wound dressings. However, many hydrogel dressings cannot support cell survival for a long time, thereby delaying the process of tissue repair. Herein, based on chitosan (CS)/alginate (SA)/poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), a basic hydrogel with hemostasis and antibacterial properties was prepared, and loaded with vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) and fibroblast growth factors (FGF) to promote the co-culture of various skin cells, suitable for treating various skin injury types: (1) Construct a three-dimensional microenvironment conducive to the release of drugs and factors using natural biological macromolecules CS/SA. (2) Promote the cell growth by loading growth factors. (3) Establish skin burn models of different degrees and observe the repair process. From the results, the 3D microenvironment provided by hydrogel could support the active growth of cells for 12 days. Furthermore, deep burns with full-thickness skin were substantially repaired within about 24 days. Collectively, CS/SA hydrogel containing VE-cadherin and FGF can promote tissue healing in wounds with necrotic tissue, making it an ideal candidate for burn treatment.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15269,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials","volume":"113 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142949599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancements in Cartilage Tissue Engineering: A Focused Review","authors":"Breanne L. Welsh,&nbsp;Prabaha Sikder","doi":"10.1002/jbm.b.35520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.35520","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent joint disorder that is characterized by the degeneration of articular cartilage in synovial joints. Most of the current treatment options for this disorder tend to focus on symptom management rather than addressing the underlying progression of the disease. Cartilage tissue engineering has emerged as a promising approach to address the limitations of current OA treatments, aiming to regenerate cartilage and restore the natural function of affected joints. Like any other tissue engineering field, cartilage tissue engineering uses different fabrication techniques and biomaterials to develop the constructs. Numerous studies over the last few years have demonstrated the preclinical efficacy of tissue-engineered constructs in promoting cartilage regeneration and highlight the potential of tissue-engineered constructs as a viable therapeutic approach for OA. This paper aims to provide a focused review of advancements in tissue-engineered constructs over the past decade. Specifically, we highlight the constructs based on natural, synthetic, and composite biomaterials and the varying conventional and advanced fabrication techniques. We also highlight the challenges in <i>state-of-the-art</i> cartilage tissue engineering that must be overcome in the upcoming years to fully replicate the complex anatomy of the native cartilage. We believe that continued collaborative research efforts among researchers from various facets of engineering and clinicians are required to advance the field of cartilage tissue engineering and become a viable OA therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":15269,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials","volume":"113 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jbm.b.35520","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143112624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Antibacterial Hemostasis Sponge of Gelatin/ε-Poly-L-Lysine Composite","authors":"Yifan Lu,&nbsp;Xiangxin Lou,&nbsp;Wenxin Wang,&nbsp;Ziting Yang,&nbsp;Haochen Yao,&nbsp;Jinglei Wu","doi":"10.1002/jbm.b.35528","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jbm.b.35528","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Massive bleeding and bacterial infection of wounds may be life-threatening or even lead to death. Nowadays, gelatin-based hemostatic sponges have been widely used, but gelatin is not antibacterial and has poor structural stability. In this study, we mixed an antibacterial polypeptide, ε-poly-L-lysine (EPL), into gelatin. A gelatin/ε-poly-L-lysine (Gel/EPL) sponge with hemostatic and antibacterial functions was prepared by ultraviolet (UV) crosslinking lyophilized Gel/EPL composite. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the sponge had an interconnected porous structure. The incorporation of EPL increased the hydrophilicity and water absorption capacity of the Gel/EPL sponge. The sponge had better structural stability after UV crosslinking. The antibacterial assay showed that bacteria could not grow normally around the Gel/EPL sponge. The contact between blood components and the sponge initiated coagulation via exogenous pathway activation, and no hemolysis occurred. In addition, in vivo experiments confirmed that the sponge has a faster clotting time and lower blood loss. These findings show that the developed Gel/EPL sponge has great potential as a novel hemostatic agent that can quickly stop bleeding and fight bacterial infections.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15269,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials","volume":"113 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142931907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Ceramic Bonding to Cobalt–Chromium, Zirconia and Nickel–Chromium Alloys Fabricated Using of Various Techniques","authors":"Elie E. Daou,&nbsp;Mutlu Özcan","doi":"10.1002/jbm.b.35522","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jbm.b.35522","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of the ceramic bonding to cobalt–chromium (Co–Cr) alloys fabricated by casting, milling, and additive manufacturing, compared with zirconia and nickel–chromium. One hundred specimens (<i>N</i> = 100), prepared with the dimensions of 25 × 3 × 0.5 mm³, were assigned to five groups (<i>n</i> = 20): presintered milled Co–Cr (Group M), additively manufactured Co–Cr (Group SLM), cast Co–Cr (Group C), presintered zirconia (Group Zi), and cast Ni–Cr (Group Ni). The bar specimens were prepared to receive porcelain on their central area (8 × 3 mm²) of one side of each alloy strip. Only half of the specimens from each group were exposed to thermocycling (5°C–55°C for 5000 times). All specimens were placed in a bending device. Specimen surface morphology was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The bonding values between materials and the aging treatment effect groups were compared with two-way ANOVA. Variances were compared using the Levene test, the Bonferroni adjustment was used for multiple pairwise comparisons. The shape (<i>m</i>) and scale (<i>σ</i>₀) parameters of the two-parameter Weibull distribution values were calculated. Thermocycling did not affect the results of all the groups tested (<i>p</i> = 0.237). Statistical difference was found between the Co–Cr groups, and between groups Ni and Zi when compared to groups C and SLM (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Ni had the lowest adhesion values and cast Co–Cr the highest. A statistical difference was found between the three Co–Cr groups (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), with the highest ceramic adhesion found in Group C and the lowest found in Group M. All specimens from Groups M, C, and Ni showed adhesive failures, whereas mixed failures were observed in Groups Zi and SLM. The fit of the maximum-likelihood line was a poor fit in the distribution of the aged SLM group (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.010). Ceramic adhesion and failure types varied with the alloy choice and the manufacturing technique.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15269,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials","volume":"113 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142931922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring Elastic Lipid Nanovesicles for Enhanced Skin Permeation of Whole Plant Extract: A Comprehensive Investigation","authors":"Rahul Maheshwari,&nbsp;Mayank Sharma,&nbsp;Sankha Bhattacharya","doi":"10.1002/jbm.b.35527","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jbm.b.35527","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A new method is developed using elastic lipid nanovesicles (ELNs) loaded with ethanolic extract of <i>Lantana camara</i> (LC) to enhance skin permeation of plant actives. The ELNs contained cholesterol, 1, 2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, span 80, and tween 80. Firstly, 15 formulations were produced to examine critical factors likely affecting formulation characteristics. In addition, surface characteristics, vesicle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, degree of deformability, and % entrapment efficiency (% EE) of ELN were examined. As a significant parameter, skin permeation was measured (using Start-M; it highly resembles human skin). The influence of size, hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB), and surface ratio were vital to permeation through Start-M. In particular, the % LC extract permeation decreased at more extensive size ranges, 400, and 350–450 nm. In contrast, the % LC extract permeation increased significantly at smaller size ranges, such as 200 and 100 nm. More than 75% of the LC extract was permeated within 8 h when the surfactant ratio was (span 80:tween 80; 25%:75%). Permeation studies conducted based on HLB values revealed that 78% of LC extract was permeated in 8 h when HLB was 12.2, and that permeation decreased with an increase in HLB. Cell viability assay using SK-MEL-37 cells (skin cancer) revealed that ELN reduced the viability by ~80% in 24 h, further validating the formulation. Future research could investigate the long-term safety and therapeutic potential of these ELNs in clinical settings and their effectiveness in delivering other plant-based extracts for transdermal applications via ELNs.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15269,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials","volume":"113 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142931926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}