Journal of Biology and Life Science最新文献

{"title":"Incidence of Surgical Glove Perforations during Surgical Procedures at a Tertiary Care Hospital, Islamabad","authors":"Hina Idrees, Isbah Rashid, M. Aqib, S. Shah, Sana Sharafat Ali, M. Ahsan, S. Waqar","doi":"10.37185/lns.1.1.285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37185/lns.1.1.285","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To determine the rate and patterns of surgical glove perforation during surgical procedures and to compare the rates between emergency and elective surgeries at PIMS, Islamabad.Study Design:  A cross-sectional study.Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in the Department of General Surgery of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Islamabad, Pakistan from January 2021 to June 2021.Materials and Methods: Surgical gloves are worn in various major surgeries, elective and emergency, and were studied post-procedure, for six months’ period. Gloves were examined by standardized visual and hydro-insufflation techniques to check for perforations. Glove quality was also noted. The type of procedure carried out, the number of perforations, the location of perforations, and the roles of the surgical team were all recorded along with other relevant information. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22.Results: A total of 120 gloves were tested perforated, 69/100 for elective and 51/80 for emergency procedures. Perforations in emergency procedures were 57.5% ±0.44, while 42.5% ±0.52 in elective surgeries. Glove perforations were extremely common among first assistants (26.67%) and second assistants (9.17%) during emergency surgeries as well as among first surgeons (30%) and scrub nurses (11.67%) during elective procedures. Only 1.2% of inner glove perforations were recorded. The most commonly perforated parts of the glove were the left hand, the left index finger and the thumb. Residents had a lower rate of glove perforation than consultant surgeons.Conclusion: Calculated perforation rate is high, posing a clear threat to the surgical workforce. Preventive measures such as double gloving should be routinely adopted for all surgical procedures. Glove quality is also an important contributing element.","PeriodicalId":15254,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biology and Life Science","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83546263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship Between Internet Gaming Disorder and Emotional Intelligence Among Male Adolescents","authors":"Mishal Fatima, Hina Zulfiqar","doi":"10.37185/lns.1.1.251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37185/lns.1.1.251","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To assess the relationship between internet gaming disorder and emotional intelligence among male adolescents.Study Design: A cross-sectional and correlational study.Place and Duration of Study: The Study was carried out at the Department of Clinical Psychology of Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan from January 2021 to October, 2021.Materials and Methods: A targeted population was 500 Male with age of 12 to 18 years were gathered from government and private schools and colleges of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Three questionnaires and demographic proformas were used to obtain data about background information, internet gaming disorder and emotional intelligence. SPSS software 23 version was used to analyse data.Results: A negative relationship between internet gaming disorder and emotional intelligence among adolescents ((r=-.149**, p<0.01).  We found internet gaming addiction had a negative effect on emotional intelligence. The results showed that excess involvement on online games caused a variance of 2% in internet gaming disorder in adolescents.Conclusion: Adolescents who spend more time playing online games have internet gaming disorders which affect their emotional intelligence of them. These findings may help in the formulation of a policy for the efficient use of the internet and may develop awareness programs to educate parents about the detrimental use of internet games, can recognize and formulate intervention plans for adolescents with Internet Gaming Disorder and have low Emotional Intelligence.","PeriodicalId":15254,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biology and Life Science","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72657961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation of Depression, Anxiety with Perceived Social Support among Nursing Staff Working in COVID- 19 Pandemic","authors":"Asif Azeem, Sikandar Ali, S. Ali, Ayesha Shabbir, Sidra Usman","doi":"10.37185/lns.1.1.289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37185/lns.1.1.289","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To determine the correlation between perceived social support, anxiety and depression among nursing staff working in a COVID-19 dedicated hospital setup.Study Design: Cross-sectional study.Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the Armed Forces Institute of Mental Health (AFIMH), Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from August 2020 to July 2021.Materials and Methods: We consecutively sampled 128 subjects. Basic demographic data, including age, gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status, were recorded. All participants were requested to complete a brief demographic sheet, the Urdu version of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale 21 (DASS-21) and the Urdu version of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS).Results: The mean age of patients was 30.81 ± 6.56 years with range of 21-45 years. There were 80(62.50%) male and 48(37.50%) female nurses. ean total depression score was 7.90 ± 5.71. The mean total anxiety score was 8.49 ± 6.23. The mean multidimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS) score was 47.29 ± 22.53. There was a significant negative correlation between the MSPSS score and the depression score (r= -0.407, p-value < 0.001). There was a significant negative correlation between the MSPSS score and anxiety score (r= -0.365, p-value < 0.001).Conclusion: Results of this study highlight that there is a statistically significant negative correlation between perceived social support and depression, anxiety and stress levels found among nursing staff working in a COVID-19 dedicated hospital setup.","PeriodicalId":15254,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biology and Life Science","volume":"107 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84446851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic Accuracy of Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Value in Differentiating Benign and Malignant Brain Lesions Keeping Histopathology as Gold Standard","authors":"Bushra Iqbal, Nadia Gul, Khalid Mehmood, Sobia Jawwad, Kanza Afzal, Muhammad Yousaf","doi":"10.37185/lns.1.1.299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37185/lns.1.1.299","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the competence of preoperative Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) values in predicting brain tumors as benign or malignant, keeping histopathology as the gold standard.Study Design: Cross-sectional study.Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, POF Hospital, Wah Cantt, Pakistan, from December 12th 2020 to June 9th 2021.Materials and Methods: The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) sequence is based on the diffusion properties of water molecules within tissues and correlates with tissue cellularity. ADC may have a role in predicting tumor grade for gliomas and may in turn, assist in identifying tumor biopsy sites.A total of 140 patients were enrolled in the study. In all the images, the slice thickness was taken as 3mm, and the slice gap of 10. The mean age of the patients was 46.5±14.0 years. Males were predominant. The mean BMI was 26.8±5.5 kg/m2, and the mean duration of symptoms was 2.0±1.4 months.Results: The mean age of the patients enrolled in the study was 46.5±14.0 years. Males were predominant; there were 85 males (60.7%) and 55 females (39.3%). The mean duration of symptoms was 2.0±1.4 months. A history of chronic headache was found in 100 patients (71.4%), a history of seizures in 20 (14.3%), and a history of focal deficit was present in 111 patients (79.3%). Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value in differentiating benign and malignant brain lesions showed sensitivity 77.5%, specificity 91.6%, PPV 92.5%, NPV 75.3% and diagnostic accuracy 83.5%.Conclusion: Overall, malignant brain lesions display lower ADC values than benign ones. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values improved our abilities to differentiate benign from malignant brain lesions.","PeriodicalId":15254,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biology and Life Science","volume":"2 3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78407537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hand-Traced versus Digitally Traced Cephalometric Analysis: A Comparative Study","authors":"Rabia Naureen Khan, A. Tariq, A. Jan, H. Pasha, F. Ansari","doi":"10.37185/lns.1.1.292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37185/lns.1.1.292","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To determine the accuracy of digitally/computer-traced cephalograms compared to hand-traced cephalograms in terms of differences in mean angular and linear cephalometric measurements.Study Design: Observational (cross-sectional comparative).Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the Orthodontics Department of Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry (AFID), Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from June 2020 to December 2020.Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty patients aged 12 – 24 years undergoing treatment at the department were randomly selected. Cephalograms were recorded by a digital cephalographic system, keeping the distance between film and object at 5 feet and exposure time at 80 KV/0.5 sec. Both hard and soft copies were obtained. Hand tracings were done using the hard copy with a 0.5 mm lead pencil on 0.003-inch matte acetate paper. Digital tracings were performed using the soft copy of the same digital cephalometric system in the Viewbox software version 4.0. Linear and angular measurements were recorded. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 24. Descriptive statistics were calculated. For comparison between two methods, i.e., vs Computerized tracing, an independent sample t-test was applied while the p-value was kept ≤0.05.Results: No statistically significant difference was observed between cephalometric measurements obtained via the two methods for any of the linear or angular measurements.Conclusion: Computerized cephalometric analysis is reliable and time-effective, and its accuracy is comparable to manual analysis. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":15254,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biology and Life Science","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78496376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Outcome of COVID-19 Patients with Moderate to Severe Disease: A Single Institution Study","authors":"Iffat Rafeeq, Anees Ahmed Gardezi, Nuzhat Rafeeq, S. Parveen, Abeer Ahmad","doi":"10.37185/lns.1.1.261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37185/lns.1.1.261","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To determine the outcome of COVID-19 positive patients with moderate to severe disease.Study Design:  A cross-sectional study.Place and Duration of Study:  This study was conducted at the Department of Medicine of Combined Military Hospital, Malir Karachi, Pakistan, from 1st Jun 2020 to 31st Jul 2020.Materials and Methods:  Total 67 SARS-CoV-2 positive cases, including males and females, were studied. All patients were admitted with presenting complaints such as fever, cough, arthralgia, or shortness of breath. Investigations including complete blood count, serum ferritin, quantitative CRP, liver function tests, renal function tests, blood sugar fasting, and random chest radiographs and ECG were performed. Critical patients were admitted to COVID ITC and managed with high-flow oxygen and assisted ventilation. Patients with moderate disease were admitted to a high-dependency unit and managed with oxygen, intravenous dexamethasone, intravenous antibiotics, anticoagulants, and antiviral therapy patients accordingly. Supportive treatments, including zinc, vitamin C and vitamin D, were given to all patients.Results:  Out of total 67 patients, 56 were suffering from comorbidities. Eighteen patients have died. Forty-nine patients have recovered with uneventful recovery.Conclusion: All over the world advanced age and comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, and chronic kidney disease remain a major health hazard for an increased likelihood of adverse clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 infections outcomes. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment of moderate to severe COVID-19 cases could only be possible with good clinical acumen to prevent a catastrophic outcome.","PeriodicalId":15254,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biology and Life Science","volume":"2015 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86219325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Emerging Role of microRNAs as Novel Diagnostic and Therapeutic Tools For Breast Cancer: a systematic review","authors":"S. Mumtaz, R. Saeed, A. Qazi, N. Akhtar, U. Awan","doi":"10.37185/lns.1.1.268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37185/lns.1.1.268","url":null,"abstract":"  \u0000 Objective:  A systematic review was conducted to evaluate recent studies performed on miRNAs as a diagnostic and therapeutic biomarker in breast cancer.Study Design: Online standard databases like PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and COCHRANE library were searched to identify research articles relavant to the topic.  Place and Duration of Study: All online published studies between 2010-2020, in the scientific electronic databases were analyzed.Materials and Methods: This review was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. Databases were systematically analyzed to explore the diagnostic and therapeutic potentials of miRNAs in breast cancer.Results: We identified twenty-seven studies after literature search.  We found six studies focused on diagnosis, sixteen on therapeutics and five on both diagnosis and therapeutics of miRNAs in breast cancer.Conclusion: The combined data obtained in the present systematic review specify that miRNAs could serve as novel diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers in breast cancer, whereas the practical relevance of the current results has yet to be established. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":15254,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biology and Life Science","volume":"218 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75613741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Nanomedicine Revolution","authors":"Wasim Alamgir, A. Haider","doi":"10.37185/lns.1.1.389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37185/lns.1.1.389","url":null,"abstract":"Nanomaterials (NMs) have gained importance in technological advancement due to their changeable chemical, biological, and physical properties with improved efficacy compared to their bulk form. NMs are categorized according to their composition, size, shape, and origin with sizes ranging from 1 to 100 nm.1 NMs are being widely investigated for their potential use in  Nanomedicine, a multifaceted field where biological sciences intersect with nanoscience, nanoengineering and nanotechnology. \u0000Due to its adaptable platform and design, nanomedicine can be useful in many fields, either by employing a multimodal therapeutic strategy or by developing highly specialized multifunctional nanodevices for the clinical purpose at hand. Nanomedicine research covers a wide range of areas, including the development of vaccines, antibacterial agents, drugs, wearable devices, diagnostic and imaging tools, high-throughput screening platforms, implants, etc., using biological, hybrid, biomimetic, or non-biological materials. \u0000Nanomedicine has enabled many significant developments in both basic and translational research, particularly in cellular, preclinical, and clinical research. However, most of these developments have been in the area of cancer treatment and detection. Many of these developments are beginning to be translated into viable, commercially available clinical products. For example, in August 2020, a rapid optical sensor-based test for the detection of COVID-19 was developed by a group of researchers at the University of Georgia. \u0000Their test kit was based on an optical nanosensor based on silver nanotriangle arrays functionalized with the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) protein.2 Studies on functionalized (ligand) nanoparticles that interact with the epitopes of the virus, were shown to rendering it inactive and preventing it from entering cells.3 The lipid nanoparticle-based vaccine developed by Pfizer and BioNTech using COVID -19 mRNA was approved by the UK authorities for emergency use in 2020, followed by Moderna's vaccines. Later, both Pfizer and Moderna were fully approved by the FDA. In addition, researchers involved in nanodevice manufacturing have turned their research interests to other ideas such as artificial organs and antibiotic resistance. \u0000Given its enormous potential, we believe that nanomedicine will eventually play a central role in all areas of medicine and enter clinics to become part of conventional clinical practice, provided that all aspects of implementation, including safety, regulatory, and ethical criteria, are met. Once this is the case, Nanomedicine should pave the way for the development of improved drugs and tools that can be used for the early detection and treatment of a wide range of diseases with high efficacy and specificity. This will ultimately improve the quality of life of patients. \u0000Although Nanomedicine offers exciting potential and opportunities to solve many medical problems, there are also cert","PeriodicalId":15254,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biology and Life Science","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84762795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge about COVID-19 and Perception of the Role of Media Among Non-Medical Students","authors":"Saadia Maqbool, I. Manzoor, Bilal Humayun, Eidah Majeed, Fatima Aftab, Ayesha Ansar","doi":"10.37185/lns.1.1.282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37185/lns.1.1.282","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The study aimed to determine the knowledge about disease and perception of the role of media regarding COVID-19 among non-medical students.Study Design: Cross-sectional analytical study.Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in educational institutions of Punjab including University of Lahore, National University of Science and Technology, COMSATS University, Forman Christian College University, University of Management and Technology, Punjab University, GC University Faisalabad, The University of Agriculture Faisalabad, University of Engineering & Technology, University of Central Punjab, Islamia University Bahawalpur and Lahore College of Women University from June 2021 to November 2021.Materials and Methods: Using the convenience sampling technique, a sample of 400 non-medical students was included in the study. A self-constructed pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect data. Data was entered and analyzed in SPSS version 23. Independent t-test and ANOVA were applied to find the association between variables. A p-value of ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: Mean age of participants was 21.45± 2.16 years. About 38.7% used three or more sources of information. The most reliable source of media (37.75%) was social media updates. About 77.5% of participants used mass media daily and an increase in social media usage was reported by 88% of participants. The mean score related to knowledge was 14.09±4.5 out of 20. A statistically significant difference was found in the knowledge score of groups based upon sources of information (p = <0.001), communication practices (p = <0.001), gender (p=0.01), reported an increase in social media usage (p=0.04) and habit of seeking medical advice from media influences (p =0.05). The majority of participants agreed that media is creating awareness but also increasing fear and anxiety. Conclusion: Respondents had good knowledge about COVID-19.  Gender, information sources, communication practices, increase in media usage and taking medical advice from media influenced the knowledge. Participants agreed that media is creating awareness but also increasing fear and anxiety.   \u0000","PeriodicalId":15254,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biology and Life Science","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82233610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Summary of Newly Found Ants’ Cognitive Abilities, and Their Occurrence in Humans","authors":"M. Cammaerts, R. Cammaerts","doi":"10.5296/jbls.v14i2.20867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5296/jbls.v14i2.20867","url":null,"abstract":"Authors studied the cognitive abilities of the ant Myrmica sabuleti Meinert 1861, and in addition to the separate publications of their findings, they also summarized them in until now three papers. Here, the authors summarize their eight last findings, and report similar abilities in humans as well as advices for acquiring and using them. The ants can associate visual cues, numbers of elements, and odors with the time periods of their occurrence, and do so taking into account the characteristics of the elements. Humans should do so for ameliorating their daily life. For adding two numbers, the ants must see them with a time gap not exceeding 8 minutes. The ants discriminate recent and previously perceived events, locating the recent but not the old ones on a ‘time line’. Humans must learn to evaluate the passing time, to have a ‘time line’. The ants’ time perception is underestimated when they are more active. This is true for humans, and must be considered while working, playing or doing nothing (e.g., elderly persons). The ants can navigate using a learned (memorized) sequence of odors. Humans must learn sequences of cues for finding their way. The ants discriminate even and odd numbers until the number 7. Humans are sensitive to numbers’ parity, and this should freely impact their choice. Shortly, the authors revealed four cognitive abilities in ants which should occur in humans, natively or acquired through experiences, at a more precise, complex and extended level, in order to provide them with an as comfortable as possible live.","PeriodicalId":15254,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biology and Life Science","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76651116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}