Journal of Biology and Life Science最新文献

{"title":"Neonatal Sepsis; Incidence and Microbiological Profile along with Antibiotic Sensitivity of Causative Microorganisms","authors":"M. A. Hussain, Sumera Akram, Muhammad Ahmed Khan, S. Nawaz, Shamshad Ali, Mumtaz Amir","doi":"10.37185/248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37185/248","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To find the incidence of neonatal sepsis, microorganisms involved and their antibiotic sensitivityamong neonates admitted with neonatal sepsis during the study period.Study Design: Prospective observational study.Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of combinedmilitary Hospital (CMH), Kharian, Pakistan from January 2019 to December 2020.Materials and Methods: After getting permission from Ethical Review Board of hospital, all the neonates whowere admitted in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of hospital with neonatal sepsis were included in subjectstudy. All the neonates with fever, irritability, difficulty in feeding, respiratory distress, fits, bulging fontanels,jaundice, bleeding etc. were suspected as case of \"Neonatal sepsis\". Venous blood sample of neonates wasdrawn under aseptic technique and collected in sterile BacT/ALERT (PF) blood collecting culture bottles andsent to laboratory immediately for culture, sensitivity procedure and reporting.Results: A total of 4892 neonates were admitted in neonatal intensive care unit from January 2019 toDecember 2020. Out of these, 342 neonates were clinically diagnosed as cases of neonatal sepsis. Incidence ofneonatal sepsis was 6.99%, comprising 185 males (54.1%) and 157 females (45.9%). The age range was from 2days to 88 days with a mean age 35.47+23.40 days. Staphylococcus aureus was found to be the most commonlyinfectious microorganism (33.9%) followed by Candida species (18.5%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (14.5%) andCoagulase negative Staphylococci (12.3%). Non-fermenting Gram negative bacteria were found to be infecting26 (11.5%) out of the total positive cases (Acinetobacter baumannii complex 8.4%, Stenotrophomonasmaltophilia 3.1% and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2.6%).Conclusion: Staphylococcus aureus was the most prevalent organism found to be responsible for neonatalsepsis with majority being resistant to Methicillin. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a100% percent sensitive to vancomycin and Teicoplanin. On the other hand, Gram Negative organisms haveshown promising sensitivity to Colistin.","PeriodicalId":15254,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biology and Life Science","volume":"152 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77307374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic Accuracy of MRI in Delineation of Ultrasonographically Indeterminate Female Adnexal Lesions keeping Histopathology as Gold Standard","authors":"M. Madiha, Farkhanda Jabeen, Nadia Gul, Khalid Mehmood, Salma Umbreen, F. Raza","doi":"10.37185/279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37185/279","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: This study was performed to check the diagnostic accuracy of MRI in the detection and delineationof sonologically indeterminate adnexal masses as benign or malignant, keeping histopathology as goldstandard.Study Design: Cross-sectional study.Place and Duration of Study: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Diagnosticst st Radiology of POF Hospital, Wah Cantt, Pakistan, from 1 December 2018 to 31 May 2019.Materials and Methods: All female patients (15-80 years) with sonographically diagnosed indeterminateadnexal masses, both symptomatic and incidental, were included in the study. Patients who were unfit forsurgery and those for whom MRI is contraindicated (cardiac pacemakers, intracranial metal clips,claustrophobic patients, hypersensitivity to contrast) were excluded. Total of 115 patients meeting theinclusion criterion underwent an MRI examination. All patients had undergone surgery in the concerned ward,and a histopathology report was followed. MRI findings were compared with histopathological findings. Datawas entered and analysed via SPSS version 26.Results: Mean age of the patients was 48.22±10.5. Out of 115 patients, there were 74 (64.3%) cases related tothe uterine mass category, 35 (30.4%) were related to ovarian mass category, and 6 (5.2%) fell in theExtraovarian/Extrauterine mass category. Out of 115 patients, 74 (64.3%) patients had a mass size <3cm, 35 hadthe size of 3-5 cm (5.2%), and 6 had size >5 cm (5.2%). The sensitivity of MRI was calculated to be 77.14%,specificity was 87.5%, positive predictive value was 72.9 %, and negative predictive value was 89.7 %.Conclusion: MRI has high sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing adnexal masses and therefore, can serve as agood choice in the delineation of sonographically indeterminate adnexal masses.","PeriodicalId":15254,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biology and Life Science","volume":"2020 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89197944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Practices of Dentists during Covid-19 Pandemic","authors":"Bushra Rehman, Vasiqa Bano, A. Syed, Afsheen Ali Khan","doi":"10.37185/260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37185/260","url":null,"abstract":"Background: China's city Wuhan originated Coronavirus disease or COVID-19 is a contagious viral impacting allsegments of life. Developed countries like America and China are also suffering due to this pandemic. Thisinfectious disease has collapsed the medical and health care system of developing and developed nations aswell.Objective: Present research study has focused on the SARS-CoV-2 impact on dental clinics, dental practitioners,and dental assistants' comparative practices. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 syndrome, transmission patterns, andpre-visit and post-treatments practices of dental clinics and hospitals have been also considered in light ofpolicy guidelines and standard operating procedures recommended by major global healthcare organizations.Materials and Methods: Present research study is qualitative and designed to explore the comparativepractices of dental practitioners according to PRISMA guidelines. All relevant data is obtained from secondarysources. Relevant data has been collected via different electronic databases i.e. Science Hub, Google Scholar,Research Gate, PubMed, Scopus, Medline, and Embase. Peer-reviewed and high-impact factors journals arefocused on snowball sampling techniques. Major global health bodies, WHO, ADA, CDCP reports, policyguidelines, and standard operating procedures are included in this review. Data analysis is carried out in thedescriptive form. Findings: Effective SARS-CoV-2 is an infectious disease and common symptoms of COVID-19 are cough, throat soaring, fever, headache, flu, and diarrhea. Personnel having short breathing, chest pain, loss of smell, taste and reddened face symptoms are given immediate available treatment and attention by doctors. Dental practitioners and assistants working at dental clinics and hospitals are much aware of remedial andprecautionary measures to restrain the spread of SARS-CoV-2.Conclusion: Present study concludes that SARS-CoV-2 is a contagious virus. Healthcare professionals and clinicsare facing major threats of this contagious disease as these employees are the front foot fighters against thiscontagious disease. Research shows that during this unprecedented time, dentists and other health care mustcomply with global major healthcare organizations' standard operating procedures, policy guidelines, andnecessary safety measures to overcome the risk of covid-19 transmission.","PeriodicalId":15254,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biology and Life Science","volume":"126 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88940289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fear – Shifting from the Virus to the Vaccine","authors":"Afnan Naeem, J. Usman, Warda Furqan","doi":"10.37185/265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37185/265","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To determine the reasons for hesitancy against the COVID-19 vaccine in the Rawalpindi/Islamabadregion of Pakistan.Study Design: Cross-sectional study.Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Department of Microbiology, Army MedicalCollege, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from 1 June 2021 to 1 July 2021.Materials and Methods: A questionnaire of socio-demographic variables and factors leading to vaccinationhesitancy was administered to the participants after obtaining informed consent. Data were analyzed by usingSPSS version 27.0.Results: Out of total of 1067 participants, 41 % declined vaccination. The main reason for refusal of the vaccinewas fear of death 25.6% followed by fear of infertility 16.5%. Social media also played a major role in leading tovaccine hesitancy as 46.3 % of the study population expressed distrust in vaccines because of social mediainfluence, followed by 44.5% having concerns about the safety and efficacy of vaccines.Conclusion: The vaccine acceptance rate was sub-optimal among participants. As almost 41 % of theparticipants were hesitant. The success of any vaccination program largely depends on the public willingness toaccept the vaccine therefore policy makers and stake holders should try to address the apprehensions of thegeneral public.","PeriodicalId":15254,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biology and Life Science","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74142536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploration of Teachers' Attitudes toward Brain-Based Learning at the University Level","authors":"Fozia Fatima, Muhammad Imran Hanif, Safia Fatima, Asiya Zahoor, Sobia Fatima","doi":"10.37185/207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37185/207","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: This study looks at how instructors feel about brain-based learning and analyses the impact ofdemographics on those feelings.Study Design: A standardized questionnaire was used to conduct a descriptive design using the surveyapproach.Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted from 2016 to 2018 at different universities at Islamabad, Pakistan.Materials and Methods: Through a multilevel mixed sampling procedure, 311 university instructors wereselected as a sample. This survey only included faculty members at universities in Islamabad who are majoringin the social sciences, management sciences, or arts and humanities.Results: The mean value of teachers' attitudes toward brain-based learning was 136.12. The male mean, whichis 126.24, is higher than the female mean, which is 121.06, and the difference in means was sizable. Similarly,academic qualification (p=.024), disciplines (p=.000), age (p=.001), Teaching experiences (p=.006), anduniversities (p=.006) have a significant effect on teachers' attitudes toward brain-based learning.Conclusion: Teachers at the university level were not fully confident in the use of brain-based learningprinciples because they were implementing them haphazardly and could not clearly explain why their actionswere beneficial to the teaching-learning process. The attitudes of teachers regarding brain-based learning weresignificantly influenced by their gender, age, teaching experiences, universities, teachers' employment in thepublic or private sector, their academic specializations, or their educational background. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":15254,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biology and Life Science","volume":"71 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86395246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic Accuracy of Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography (CECT) and Ultrasonography (USG) in Diagnosing Carcinoma Gallbladder keeping Histopathology the Gold Standard","authors":"Raza Haider, Muhammad Qasim Butt, Muhammad Babar Khan, Jamil Salamat Ullah, Mansoor Tariq Azim, Sadia Ibrar Khan","doi":"10.37185/270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37185/270","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To evaluate the comparative role of ultrasonography and contrast-enhanced computed tomographyin diagnosis of carcinoma gallbladder. Early experience at a hepatobiliary unit in a tertiary care hospitalStudy Design: Cross sectional study.Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the Hepatobiliary Unit of the Pak Emirates MilitaryHospital, Rawalpindi from July 2021 to June 2022.Materials and Methods: USG and CECT scans were used to assess the diagnostic accuracy of CarcinomaGallbladder. 30 patients, with an average age of 54 years, were part of this study. Patients were included in thestudy based on radiological findings pertinent to gallbladder cancer which include gallbladder fossa massreplacing gallbladder, focal/intraluminal/polypoidal gallbladder growth and asymmetrical/diffuse thickness ofgallbladder. All resected specimens were sent for histological investigation after the operation, histopathologyserving as the Gold standard.Results: On USG and CECT examination, 13.3% of the gallbladders were contracted and reduced in size, while70% were large and distended. CECT has a sensitivity and specificity of 96% and 80%, respectively, in identifyingGB carcinoma. USG scan had a sensitivity and specificity of 92% and 60%. There was a test of agreement isexcellent (Kappa value 0.819) between the two techniques, indicating that the two diagnostic modalities arenearly equivalent in terms of diagnosing carcinoma Gallbladder.Conclusion: The study findings indicate that both USG and CECT scans are ideal, non-invasive, safe imagingmodalities for diagnosing gallbladder carcinoma. CECT scan has an additional advantage in defining theextension of the disease and involvement of surrounding structures including lymph nodes and hepatoduodenal ligament.","PeriodicalId":15254,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biology and Life Science","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82732846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparative Study on Mortality of Trauma – Our Experience in Peshawar","authors":"I. Ahmed, Z. Baig, A. Farukh, Umberin Koukab Qazi, M. Safdar, Tariq Bashir Tareen","doi":"10.37185/235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37185/235","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To compare the mortality among different modes of trauma and different areas/parts of the bodyinvolved by trauma.Study Design: Comparative descriptive study.Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out in the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Combined Military Hospital (CMH) Peshawar, from October 2015 to September 2017.Materials and Methods: All the patients with trauma admitted to in the Intensive Care Unit (ITC) of CMHPeshawar were included in this study. All the data including their cause of injury and the areas involved werecollected on computerized forms using Microsoft Access 2007 and patients were followed till their death ordischarge from ITC. The data collection was prospective and cross-sectional.Results: During the study period a total of 448 trauma patients were admitted in the ITC of CMH Peshawar.Males (93.3 %) outnumbered females (6.7%) by almost 14:1. Mean age of patients was 31 ± 13.4 years (range1.5 to 88 years). The mean ITC stay of patients was 6.8 ± 6.5 days. Out of these 448 patients, 394 (87.9%)survived and were shifted from ITC to lower levels of care. The survival ratio was slightly higher in femalescompared to males with a p-value of 0.348. Patients who survived were relatively younger (30 years+ 13) thanthe patients who expired (37 years+ 15) with a p-value of 0.071. The trauma patients who survived stayed oneday longer (7 days) than the patients who expired (6 days), p-value 0.057. Depending upon the cause of trauma,the highest mortality was seen in patients of burns (40%) followed by RTA (17.2%) and GSW (10.6) P-value0.011. Similarly depending onthe area of the body involved highest mortality is seen in patients with burns(40%), followed by polytrauma (16.7%) and head injury (16.1%).Conclusion: Trauma is a problem of young adults which can lead to disabilities and loss of life years in its victims. RTA is the commonest cause of trauma with a high fatality rate. Depending on body area involvementpolytrauma and head injury due to any cause are common and carry a high mortality. Burns are the lesscommon but the deadliest cause of trauma.","PeriodicalId":15254,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biology and Life Science","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90122808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibiotic Residues in Foods of Animal Origin: Review","authors":"F. Mgonja, Kaswija John Paul","doi":"10.5296/jbls.v14i1.20659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5296/jbls.v14i1.20659","url":null,"abstract":"Antibiotic residue in food is a serious public health issue that demands much attention and has a harmful impact on consumer health. The presence of antibiotic residue in food of animal origin creates challenges in global trade in animals and animal products. Public health implications of antibiotic residue in food include the development and propagation of antimicrobial drug resistance, hypersensitivity reactions, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity, bone marrow suppression, and disruption of normal intestinal flora. Improper use of antibiotics in animals results in the existence of residues beyond maximum limit levels and is associated with harmful health effects in humans. Supervision of antibiotics is required to ensure the safety of animal products. In this review, the use of antibiotics in food animals, antibiotic residues in foods of animal origin, and the effect of different cooking techniques on antibiotic residue levels are discussed.","PeriodicalId":15254,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biology and Life Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84063690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19 Infection and Prevention Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Among Arabs in the Arab World and Abroad","authors":"Qablan Almutazballlah, Yakti Nosaiba, Al Tatari Moyasar, Alnajjar Anas, Elmasri Esmanur, Khatatbeh Abdallah, Alfatlawi Furqan, Dawood Amal, Alyousef Lama, En-Naouaouy Asma, Habbaba Wafaa, A. Samah, Saqfalhait Zain, Gablan Mohammad, Al-Tatari Hossam","doi":"10.5296/jbls.v14i1.20443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5296/jbls.v14i1.20443","url":null,"abstract":"Humanity is currently living in one of its worst pandemics due to Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). Measures to control this pandemic are affected by the people’s misinformation. This study aims to evaluate the global knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of the Arab population regarding COVID-19. Establish any connections between demographic information and the KAP of individuals. A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted for a period of 4 months from September to December 2021. A 24-question survey was randomly distributed in 16 different countries. Most of the participants (45.1%) were unsure whether the COVID-19 virus was man-made and released for political purposes. Only 39.6% of the participants believed the vaccine was safe (38.5% responded unsure, and 21.9% responded no). Reassuringly, most of the participants displayed a positive attitude towards the precautionary measures. Most of the study participants had high academic qualifications. Although most of the participants utilized reliable knowledge sources-certified governmental sources (41%) and the WHO and international scientific institutions (23.1%)-, there seems to be a sense of mistrust and uncertainty regarding the origin of the COVID-19 virus. This study identified major gaps in the knowledge of the Arabs which has negatively affected their attitude and practices when it comes to vaccination. More is to be done by authorities to reach the public to assure a proper source of knowledge.","PeriodicalId":15254,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biology and Life Science","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86336252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-Toxic Flavonoids of Artemisia annua can be used as Anti-Cancer Compounds: A Computational Analysis","authors":"Erum Dilshad, M. Idrees, Bareera Sajid, Anum Munir, S. Fazal","doi":"10.37185/lns.1.1.195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37185/lns.1.1.195","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To identify potential flavonoids of Artemisia annua effective against cancer using computationalapproaches.Study Design: Computational approaches were used to predict the anticancer activity of flavonoids throughCDRUG, comparing it with the standard anticancer drug, followed by determining physiochemical propertiesand toxicity prediction of the selected flavonoids.Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at Department of Bioinformatics and Biosciences ofCapital University of Science and Technology (CUST) Islamabad, from December 2017 to July 2018.Materials and Methods: The flavonoids of Artemisia annua L were downloaded and computational techniques such as similarity search, toxicity prediction, targets identification etc. were applied to investigate their anti-cancer activities.Results: Luteoline, Cirsilineol, Cirsiliol, Eupatorin, Crisimaritin and Artemetin showed positive results among allthe tested flavonoids. These compounds have the potential to replace anti-cancer drugs because of anti-canceractivity, toxicity against cancer cells and similarity with approved anti-cancer agents.Conclusion: The screened compounds are good candidate for future drugs to be used against cancer. However,this is an in-silico study requiring further laboratory and enzymatic assays confirmation, which can be done invitro in future.","PeriodicalId":15254,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biology and Life Science","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76048878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}