ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Parental Investments and Early Childhood Development: Short and Long Run Evidence from India","authors":"Saravana Ravindran","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3928352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3928352","url":null,"abstract":"The overall impacts of early childhood programs depend on the indirect impacts that arise due to intra-household reallocation of parental investments. Using historical administrative data from the rollout of the largest early childhood development program in the world, I find that adults exposed to the program when young showed significant improvements in various measures of health, education, and labor market outcomes. Parents reallocated their investments toward children exposed to an increase in program intensity, as evidenced by negative spillovers on siblings. Accounting for the negative spillovers on siblings reduces the internal rate of return of the program by 9%.","PeriodicalId":151778,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic)","volume":"46 38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122112566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Científicas a la sombra, también en el espacio virtual (Women Researchers in the Shade, Also in Virtual Space)","authors":"Irma Lorena Acosta Reveles","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3873634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3873634","url":null,"abstract":"Spanish Abstract: La brecha laboral entre mujeres y hombres es persistente. Las diferencias en remuneraciones y liderazgos exteriorizan órdenes estructurales de corte patriarcal que rigen el desenvolvimiento de cada gremio, siempre en sintonía con su entorno público y privado. El trabajo científico no es la excepción. Este artículo remite a la condición de minoría y segregación de investigadoras adscritas a universidades mexicanas, pese al terreno ganado –a paso lento– en inclusión y equidad. Para evidenciar lo anterior se profundizó en el rubro del reconocimiento teórico, que hoy se disputa también en el espacio virtual; con ese objetivo se recurrió a datos de tres repositorios internacionales especializados en literatura científica. La exploración reveló que tanto la presencia como la posición jerárquica de las investigadoras mexicanas respecto a los investigadores, son más opacas en internet que en el espacio físico-institucional. Se concluye que, si bien el empleo de herramientas digitales no es una solución definitiva al problema, sí es una vía con potencial para coadyuvar a una mayor interlocución y notoriedad de las mujeres en el oficio. English Abstract: The labor gap between women and men is persistent. The differences in remuneration and leadership externalize structural orders of a patriarchal court that govern the development of each union; always in coordination with his public and private environment. Scientific work is no exception. This article refers to the minority and segregation status of academics attached to Mexican universities, despite the ground gained gradually in inclusion and equity. The subject of theoretical recognition was studied in depth, which today is disputed in virtual space; to do this, we reviewed the data from three international repositories, specialized in scientific literature. The exploration revealed that the presence and hierarchical position of the researchers women are even more opaque in internet than in the physical-institutional space. From the above, the use of digital tools is called as a way to improve dialogue and notoriety in the trade.","PeriodicalId":151778,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic)","volume":"298 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131514406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does Birth Spacing Affect Female Labor Market Participation? Evidence from Urban China","authors":"Xiandeng Jiang, Zheng Pan, Ningru Zhao","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3508699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3508699","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper investigates the impact of birth spacing on female labor market participation in urban China. Employing household panel surveys between 1989 and 2011 and exploiting variations in time intervals between the first and second child, we find that spacing births at longer intervals significantly increases female labor market participation. The effects of birth spacing are robust to various examinations that consider nonlinear specifications, selection on observed and unobserved variables, and the plausibly exogenous instrument. The heterogeneous analysis suggests that the effects of birth spacing are more pronounced in women with a daughter as the first birth, women with late first birth, and less-educated women. We examine potential mechanisms and document that women with longer birth intervals are likely to invest more in continuing education and have better health status.","PeriodicalId":151778,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132869633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Colonial and Socio-economic History and HIV Prevalence in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Multi-Level Model Analysis","authors":"Maxime Agbo, Agnès Zabsonré","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3842624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3842624","url":null,"abstract":"The present study shows that in sub-Saharan Africa, besides some individual characteristics (including gender, age, education, marital status, place of residence and the wealth index), the colonial and socio-economic history of an individual’s living country significantly determines his/her current-day probability of being HIV positive. As a matter of fact, by using, essentially, the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) data of 16 African countries, we noticed that the risk of infection is higher among people living in Southern or Eastern Africa and lower in Western African countries. Those relatively high risk countries are generally land-locked and got their independence very early. They had relatively high fertility and HIV prevalence rate in the 80’s and their legal system is derived from Common Law and Custom regulations. Compared to people in France former colonial countries, inhabitants of Belgium or both France and the United Kingdom former colonial countries have higher prevalence.","PeriodicalId":151778,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic)","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131338687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"WOMEN EMPOWERMENT THROUGH ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INDIA : A CASE STUDY ANALYSIS","authors":"Manvee Sharma","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3838232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3838232","url":null,"abstract":"In today’s world women entrepreneurs play a significant role and have made vital contributions to economic growth and poverty reduction. In the traditional Indian culture, women were restricted to four walls. Notwithstanding, in modern India, they come out and take an interest in a wide range of activities including Entrepreneurship. Despite the fact that they are assuming a key function in the general public, however, their entrepreneurial capacity has not been appropriately tapped due to judgemental social orders. In India, business is mainly dominated by menfolk only but women have now realized the criticality of survival and the need of coming at par with men. They are standing for their rights, freedom, and equality in the business domain.","PeriodicalId":151778,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic)","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114834467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Road to Women Empowerment through the Mechanism of Self Help Groups","authors":"P. Mahajan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3916229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3916229","url":null,"abstract":"Women constitute 48.10 percent of the population of India and only 27 percent of this adult women population has a steady income, which makes women ‘poorest of the poor (World Bank 2019). It has been asserted that comprehensive progression and inclusive development in India would be conceivable only when women are considered as equivalent agents in the development debate (Mazumdar 2004). In this parlance, the development agencies have increasingly regarded ‘empowerment’ as an essential objective to improve the status of marginalized women in India.<br><br>Though empowerment as a process induces the social environment which enables individuals to make coherent decisions, women empowerment takes a step further by enabling women to become confident, courageous, and self-reliant to make decisions in and outside the household (Hulme and Moseley 1996;Buckley 1997). Amidst the broad umbrella of women empowerment, economic empowerment has significantly influenced the policymakers, which is ascertained to bridge this gap between poverty alleviation strategy and empowerment of women which eventually aims to dissuade gender inequalities and gender power relations (World Bank 2017). In this stride, microfinance programs, consisting of a broad range of services such as microcredits, micro-insurance, micro-savings, and micro- pensions, are considered admissible tools (Bateman and Chang 2012: 33). Though the microfinance programs have emerged as a key vehicle to accelerate women empowerment (Sankaran 2005), there have arisen doubts about its potency due to hegemony of its ‘financial systems approach’ and dichotomy of women’s well-being and agency (Johnson and Kidder 1999;Mayoux 1999;Kabeer 1998).<br><br>The goal of this paper is to examine the mirage of microfinance and women empowerment by critically analyzing the workings of the Self Help Group Bank Linkage Programme (‘SHG’), an offshoot of microfinance programs in India (‘Research Question’). The need for this assessment becomes even more critical now when women are at the epicenter of the COVID 19 pandemic, both socially and economically. I will be exploring the impact of SHGs on women's empowerment as viewed from their participation in agency, resources, and achievements (Kabeer 1999). I will further investigate whether economic empowerment, as offered by the SHGs, leads to economic development and democratization for the collective. To test the hypothesis of the paper, I will be inspecting the workings of Ankuram Sangamam Poram (‘ASP’), an SHG federation, in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. My analysis of the research question will be split into five sections: <br><br>1. Tenets and discourses of women empowerment<br>2. Growth of SHGs in India and its co-relation with women empowerment <br>3. SHG’s women’s empowerment goal vis-à-vis women’s democratization<br>4. Case Study Analysis of ASP<br>5. Conclusion <br>","PeriodicalId":151778,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic)","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124159661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mining and Gender Gaps in India","authors":"Amanda Guimbeau, James Ji, Nidhiya Menon, Yana Rodgers","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3734749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3734749","url":null,"abstract":"This study on the economics of gender differences examines whether the mining industry acts as a blessing or curse for women's well-being and economic status. The analysis focuses on the impact of proximity to mineral deposits and active mines on various measures of women's agency and health in India. Identification leverages the plausibly exogenous spatial variation in the occurrence of mineral deposits across districts. Results indicate that women's outcomes improve in the vicinity of mines with improvements in shared decision-making, reductions in barriers to accessing medical care, and reduced tolerance of physical violence. These benefits are pronounced among younger women, and in the proximity of mines that employ relatively high shares of women. The underlying mechanisms include employment gains for women and improvements in women's health near mines. Their children also experience gains in nutritional status. Men's likelihood of making decisions jointly with partners increases, and men are less likely to justify domestic violence. A key explanation for these results is the sharing of mining royalties with local groups that support investments in women and children. Findings imply that mineral mining can bring substantial benefits to women's well-being, which is critical for sustainable development.","PeriodicalId":151778,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125230724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Women Dislike Competing Against Men","authors":"Diogo Geraldes","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3741649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3741649","url":null,"abstract":"A prominent finding in the literature on gender competition is that women are less inclined to compete in comparison to men. In this paper, we conduct a laboratory experiment to examine the relevance of beliefs about the sex of potential competitors on men’s and women’s decision to enter competition. Specifically, we test whether women have a weaker preference to compete per se, or rather just shy away from competing against men. The results support the latter hypothesis. When given the possibility of choosing a competitor’s sex, or when being in the lab surrounded only by female participants, the percentage of women entering competition is high and similar to the figures commonly reported for men. Moreover, only women are sensitive to the different cues we provide about the sex of potential competitors, and their competitiveness is largely driven by their beliefs about other women’s competitive attitude. These findings have distinctive policy implications for the labor markets in which women are underrepresented. Above all, we argue that on-going interventions that highlight women’s underrepresentation in job advertisements, which are intended to encourage women to apply, could be triggering the opposite effect. Instead, we advocate a nudge in the form of persuasive references to recent female applicants and/or existing female workers.","PeriodicalId":151778,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129673929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Female Labor Force Participation in Five Selected Mena Countries: An Age- Period-Cohort Analysis (Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Palestine and Tunisia)","authors":"Moundir Lassassi, A. Tansel","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3718780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3718780","url":null,"abstract":"This paper considers the female labor force participation (FLFP) behavior over the past decade in five MENA countries namely, Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Palestine and Tunisia. Low FLFP rates in these countries, as it is in other MENA countries, are well documented. We conduct synthetic panel analysis using age-period-cohort (APC) methodology and decompose FLFP rates into age, period and cohort effects. We present our results with Hanoch-Honig/Deaton-Paxson normalization and maximum entropy estimation approaches to the APC methodology in order to observe robustness of our results. We first study the aggregate FLFP and note the differentials in age, period and cohort effects across the countries we consider.The analysis is carried also out by rural/urban regional differentiation, marital status and educational attainment. Implications of our results for possible government policies to increase FLFP rates are discussed.","PeriodicalId":151778,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic)","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122407568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19 in International Business and How It Has Affected Women Worldwide","authors":"S. Reynoso","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3718467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3718467","url":null,"abstract":"This paper talks about how women are being affected by the COVID-19 pandemic economically and socially. It includes how International Business has affected women and how data has been inaccurate towards gender and poverty. It also talks about the long-term effects women will suffer if no action is taken against gender inequalities worldwide.","PeriodicalId":151778,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic)","volume":"122 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122333634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}