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The Economic Crisis of 2008 and the Added Worker Effect in Transition Countries 2008年经济危机与转型期国家的额外工人效应
ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic) Pub Date : 2013-05-15 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2265487
T. Khitarishvili
{"title":"The Economic Crisis of 2008 and the Added Worker Effect in Transition Countries","authors":"T. Khitarishvili","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2265487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2265487","url":null,"abstract":"Following the financial crisis of 2008, transition countries experienced an increase in female labor force participation rates and a decrease in male labor force participation rates, in part because male-dominated sectors were hit the hardest. These developments have prompted many to argue that women have been spared the full-blown effects of the crisis. In this paper, we critically evaluate this claim by investigating the extent to which the increase in the female labor force participation rate may have reflected a distress labor supply response to the crisis. We use the data on the 28 countries of the transition region assessed in the 2010 Life in Transition Survey. We find the presence of the female added worker effect, driven by married 45- to 54-year-old women with no children in the household. This effect is the strongest among the region's middle-income countries. Among men, a negative relationship between labor force participation and household-specific income shocks is indicated. Unlike the differences in the response to household-specific income shocks, the labor supply response to a weaker macroeconomic environment is negative for both men and women—hinting at the presence of the \"discouraged worker\" effect, which cuts across gender lines. We conclude that the decrease in men's labor force participation observed during this crisis is likely a combined result of the initial sectoral contraction and the subsequent impact of the discouraged worker effect. For women, on the other hand, the added worker effect appears to outweigh the discouraged worker effect, contributing to an increase in their labor force participation rate. Our findings highlight the presence of heterogeneity in the way in which household-specific shocks, as opposed to economy-wide conditions, affect both female and male labor force participation rates.","PeriodicalId":151778,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic)","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116974324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 17
Expanding Social Protection in Developing Countries: A Gender Perspective 扩大发展中国家的社会保护:性别视角
ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic) Pub Date : 2013-03-11 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2231716
Rania Antonopoulos
{"title":"Expanding Social Protection in Developing Countries: A Gender Perspective","authors":"Rania Antonopoulos","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2231716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2231716","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses social protection initiatives in the context of developing countries and explores the opportunities they present for promoting a gender-equality agenda and women's empowerment. The paper begins with a brief introduction on the emergence of social protection (SP) and how it is linked to economic and social policy. Next, it reviews the context, concepts, and definitions relevant to SP policies and identifies gender-specific social and economic risks and corresponding SP instruments, drawing on country-level experiences. The thrust of the paper is to explore how SP instruments can help or hinder the process of altering rigid gendered roles, and offers a critical evaluation of SP interventions from the standpoint of women’s inclusion in economic life. Conditional cash transfers and employment guarantee programs are discussed in detail. An extensive annotated bibliography accompanies this paper as a resource for researchers and practitioners.","PeriodicalId":151778,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic)","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131313198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 21
Cognitive Skills, Gender and Risk Preferences 认知技能，性别和风险偏好
ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic) Pub Date : 2013-03-01 DOI: 10.1111/1475-4932.12014
P. Katic
{"title":"Cognitive Skills, Gender and Risk Preferences","authors":"P. Katic","doi":"10.1111/1475-4932.12014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-4932.12014","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we utilise data from a unique new birth-cohort study to see how the risk preferences of young people are affected by cognitive skills and gender. We find that cognitive ability (measured by the percentile ranking for university entrance at age 18) has no effect on risk preferences measured at age 20. This is in contrast to experimental studies that use IQ measures to proxy cognitive skills. However we do find that gender matters. While young women are significantly more likely than young men to assess themselves as being prepared to take risks, women choose to invest significantly less when they are confronted with a clearly specified investment decision based on hypothetical lottery winnings. This difference between the impact of gender on risk attitudes and the hypothetical lottery investment suggests that impatience and framing affect young women and men differently.","PeriodicalId":151778,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116775183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 39
Is There a Gender Bias in Crime Against Firms for Developing Economies? 发展中国家针对企业的犯罪是否存在性别偏见?
ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic) Pub Date : 2012-09-17 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1974085
Asif M. Islam
{"title":"Is There a Gender Bias in Crime Against Firms for Developing Economies?","authors":"Asif M. Islam","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1974085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1974085","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the relationship between firms with a presence of female ownership and losses due to crime experienced by firms using data for about 12,000 firms in 27 developing countries. The results suggest that there may be a positive association between the losses experienced by firms due to crime and the presence of female ownership, a result consistent with findings in the literature of crimes and female headed households. The results are retained for firms with a female owner and a top female manager. These results provide some support for gender based policies given the potential inefficiencies if crime targeting female owned and managed firms discouraged female labor participation. Several macro-economic factors weaken or strengthen this relationship, implying that gender based policies in tandem with certain macro factors may be more effective.","PeriodicalId":151778,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic)","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126976603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Delayed Entry into First Marriage: Further Evidence on the Becker-Landes-Michael Hypothesis 第一次婚姻的延迟进入:贝克-兰德-迈克尔假说的进一步证据
ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic) Pub Date : 2012-07-21 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2114909
E. Lehrer, Yu Chen
{"title":"Delayed Entry into First Marriage: Further Evidence on the Becker-Landes-Michael Hypothesis","authors":"E. Lehrer, Yu Chen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2114909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2114909","url":null,"abstract":"In their pioneering research, Becker, Landes and Michael (1977) found that beyond age 30 there is a positive relationship between women's age at first marriage and marital instability. They interpreted this finding as a \"poor-match\" effect emerging as the biological clock begins to tick. In analyses of the 2006-2010 National Surveys of Family Growth (NSFG), we find evidence of the existence of this effect: women who delay marriage disproportionately make unconventional matches, which are generally associated with high marital instability (N = 3,184). We also find, however, that their unions are very solid. We develop and test competing hypotheses that can account for these patterns. In addition, noting that women's delayed transition to first marriage has been accompanied by higher proportions of women entering marriage with 16 years of schooling or more, we examine changes across the last three NSFG cycles in the education - marital instability association.","PeriodicalId":151778,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128138540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
How Well are Women Represented at the AEA Meeting? A Study of the 1985-2010 Programs 女性在AEA会议上的代表性如何?1985-2010年项目研究
ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic) Pub Date : 2012-06-16 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2085184
Rosemary Thomas Cunningham, M. Zavodny
{"title":"How Well are Women Represented at the AEA Meeting? A Study of the 1985-2010 Programs","authors":"Rosemary Thomas Cunningham, M. Zavodny","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2085184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2085184","url":null,"abstract":"The proportion female in the economics profession in the U.S. has been low historically compared with other disciplines. Although the percentage of Ph.D. degrees awarded to women and the representation of women on faculties have increased over time, economics still lags many other fields. Previous research has documented gender gaps in tenure, promotion and publication, some of which have narrowed over time. This study examines another aspect of women's representation within the economics profession: their participation in a session at the American Economic Association annual meeting. We examine the gender of participants on the program at the 1985-2010 meetings to determine how women's participation at this important venue has changed over the past 25 years. The results show that women's participation has increased over time, particularly since 2002. However, women appear to be underrepresented on the program relative to other measures of their representation in the profession.","PeriodicalId":151778,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic)","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127254598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Position of Women Under Muslim Law 穆斯林法律下妇女的地位
ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic) Pub Date : 2012-05-31 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.2071129
Ameyavikrama Thanvi
{"title":"Position of Women Under Muslim Law","authors":"Ameyavikrama Thanvi","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2071129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2071129","url":null,"abstract":"The position of women under the Muslim Law has for long been pitied upon. There have been beliefs about women being treated no better than animals and properties of men.However, the position of law is quite different. Muslim law, in fact, is one of the more progressive ones to have written it down in black and white what women are entitled to.This paper deals with the legal position of women under the Muslim law and highlights Women's Position under the Muslim law in various aspects of the society.","PeriodicalId":151778,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic)","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121371965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Impact of Micro Finance on the Capacity Building of Rural Women - A Study in Vellore District (Tamil Nadu, India) 小额信贷对农村妇女能力建设的影响——以印度泰米尔纳德邦Vellore地区为例
ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic) Pub Date : 2012-01-31 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1996578
R. Karuppannan, R. Raya
{"title":"Impact of Micro Finance on the Capacity Building of Rural Women - A Study in Vellore District (Tamil Nadu, India)","authors":"R. Karuppannan, R. Raya","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1996578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1996578","url":null,"abstract":"Capacity is the ability of the people to manage their affairs and capacity development is the process where they strengthen and maintain their abilities over a period of time. Capacity building refers to strengthening the ability to undertake economic, social and political activities and enhance self confidence, self worth, self esteem and self respect. Capacity building makes women to move from marginality to centrality in decision making process.","PeriodicalId":151778,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic)","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128697605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Micro Credit as Catalyst to Women Empowerment: Evidences and Observations 小额信贷作为妇女赋权的催化剂:证据与观察
ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic) Pub Date : 2010-06-25 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.1630108
B. Lyngdoh, A. P. Pati
{"title":"Micro Credit as Catalyst to Women Empowerment: Evidences and Observations","authors":"B. Lyngdoh, A. P. Pati","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1630108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1630108","url":null,"abstract":"Socio-economic prosperity of a developing nation, like India, demands an active participation of all, particularly women. Credit availability is one of the important conditions to this prosperity. In this regard micro credit through microfinance has been a catalyst in empowering its clients, prevalently women of rural areas. Experiences, national and international show the potency and efficacy of microfinance in transformation. This article delves into the empowerment impact of micro credit in North Eastern Region (NER) of India in general and specifically concentrates on the state of Meghalaya as a micro case. The NER shows ample scope for further growth of the activity in future. An analytical study of 150 samples is done on one of the districts of Meghalaya in order to analyze the impact of microfinance on women empowerment. Findings suggest that microfinance has transformed the lives of the clients to the better over a period of time. Evidences of economic empowerment are observed in form of increase in income, asset accumulation, more participation in economic decision making of household etc. Similarly, more participation in family planning decisions and decisions of health and nutrition concerning family members and in children education are found significant. Clients have got more access to several social amenities and derived more respect in family and outside. These evidences are very encouraging which demand a systematic and well planned micro finance intervention in this region.","PeriodicalId":151778,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115969387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Gender, Transnational Networks and Remittances: Evidence from Germany 性别、跨国网络和汇款:来自德国的证据
ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic) Pub Date : 2010-04-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1611603
E. Holst, Andreas Schäfer, M. Schrooten
{"title":"Gender, Transnational Networks and Remittances: Evidence from Germany","authors":"E. Holst, Andreas Schäfer, M. Schrooten","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1611603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1611603","url":null,"abstract":"Remittances from Germany are substantial. Cross-border transfers to family and friendship networks outside Germany are not only made by foreigners. Many naturalized migrants send money home as well. Here, we focus on international networks and gender-specific determinants of remittances from the senders' perspective, based on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) for the years 2001-2006. Our findings show, above all, that foreign women remit less money than foreign men. Using information on the social network in the home country we find, first, that the social network abroad explains part of gender differences in remittance behavior. Second, employing gender interaction terms for the social network effects suggests that remittance behavior is affected by traditional gender roles. Third, the migrant's social integration in the destination country matters. Remittance decisions of naturalized migrants do not show the aforementioned gender effect.","PeriodicalId":151778,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic)","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132200455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 15
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