ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"'It's Real': Experiences of Family Homelessness in Fort Worth, Texas","authors":"B. Scheffler","doi":"10.31237/osf.io/u2n6p","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31237/osf.io/u2n6p","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the common public image of homelessness (read: a single “vagrant” person), families with children represent one-third of the homeless population—an especially-serious social problem, since family homelessness has long-term negative impacts on two generations simultaneously. This interdisciplinary study examined the complexities of family homelessness in Fort Worth, Texas. A literature review outlined pathways into family homelessness, shared experiences, and common intervention strategies. An original qualitative study followed, employing a phenomenological approach to interview families in a local rapid-rehousing program. Open-ended question allowed free description of personal realities. Audio-recorded responses were analyzed for relevant themes, commonalities, and variations. Findings suggested that Fort Worth families’ pathways into homelessness are consistent with “life shock theory,” whereby those already financially-strained suddenly experience compounding stresses, leading to homelessness. The study found local and national experiences to be similar; however, it was limited by a convenience sample exclusively comprised of women nearing a housing goal, potentially coloring their outlooks. Finally, the study raised the question whether rapidly-rehoused Fort Worth families are well-positioned for stability. The similarity of participants’ concerns pre- and post-homelessness suggested that some families may transition to a status still “at risk,” rather than “stably-housed.” Considered in the context of previous research, findings supported further interdisciplinary inquiry into how longer-term, post-housing support might promote housing stability.","PeriodicalId":151778,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129628847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Status and Role of Women in Marwa Village: A Sociological Study in the State of Jharkhand","authors":"Sakshi Sharma","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3604006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3604006","url":null,"abstract":"Rural women are vital players in the development of the nation’s economy, however, their role is often undermined and not given due acknowledgment. Traditionally, an Indian woman had four fold status-role which included her role as a daughter, wife, housewife, and mother. The status and role of women has traditionally been defined and steady in the society, however it is now changing significantly. On the other hand, the status and role of women in rural areas are still tangled in the old norms of patriarchy. Therefore, it is important to understand the real picture of the rural women in the era of women empowerment and rising voices of female rights activism across the world. The villages, which comprises of the majority of the population of the country, act as the basis for cultural orientation of the country and therefore, the study of the status and role of women in rural areas find its significance in the determining the status and role of women in the country. The paper is a sociological study of the status and role of women in the Marwa village of Jharkhand and highlights the results based on the data collected from the women residing in the said village.","PeriodicalId":151778,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic)","volume":"298 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133840090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Employment of Women and Causes of Fewer Shares in Different Countries of the World","authors":"N. Khan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3546582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3546582","url":null,"abstract":"The study was carried out since March, 2020. The major objective was to examine the employment of women and causes of fewer shares in different countries of the world. Total 10 articles were downloaded from the net and read 5 to 10 times and drew the conclusion. The result indicates that everywhere women is discriminated and did not give due right to them in employment. Majority women work at their home as a house wives and always consider care taker of the home. Its major role is produce the young one and care of children and transfer knowledge to them and train to them for future activities. Mother is considered the prime minister of the house and father is the president. The mother works inside the home while the father work outside the home for earning the money. Father is mostly considered more powerful in the world. They decided everything in the home and governed over the family. Without father no one has right for exercising power for any work. The trend before of the women in employment was less while now it goes upward and majority women work in different zone of the economy. They work in industries while they work mostly in the field of agriculture while also work in school and colleges. Similarly in few countries conduct duties in the assemblies as ministers. Though in few countries work as managers in the bank, while it was also observed few women work in the armies. Few work as typist and secretary in the office while the total trend is less than the men in the world. Averagely 40 percent women contributed in the total labor force of the world. The lowest level in the world is Saudi Arabia which is 16 percent while the highest percent share is in the Nepal which is 55 percent. The most favorable countries for women work in the world is Ice Land, Norway, New Zealand, Luxemburg, Belgium, and United State. The causes of fewer shares in the world is religion, culture, Income, harassment, illiteracy and maternity in the world. They produce young one so it take time for maturity of children, So the husband does not allow to them for employment. On the basis of problems it is recommended to make women educated and provide skill for high wage in the world; Two or one children policy should be applied in the countries for less children; Safety should be provided for work to women in the world; Due right should be given in land to women; Fixed quota system should be provided to women in employment in the world; More facility and scholarship should be provided for education to women in the world; Culture and religion barriers should be removed; Separate colleges and universities should be constructed for women in the world; More opportunities should be provided in employment. Justice and equal treatment should be provided in the world for uplifting the countries because without women development the development of the world is impossible.","PeriodicalId":151778,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic)","volume":"186 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115494866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Financial Inclusion and Gender Barriers for Rural Women","authors":"Arpita Manta","doi":"10.34218/ijm.10.5.2019.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34218/ijm.10.5.2019.006","url":null,"abstract":"This paper tries to examine the gendered nature of barriers faced by rural women which intersects financial inclusion worldwide. Although financial inclusion for rural women has been linked with poverty eradication and economic empowerment, the delivery of financial products and services to rural women has been at a disadvantageous position. Some of the barriers women experience in accessing financial resources are embedded in the patriarchal bias of the society.<br><br>Gender related barriers are those barriers that are specific to women which arise due to discrimination and societal norms. Gender related barriers that inhibit women's ability to access to financial services and block women empowerment should be considered carefully while preparing these programs. A feminist analysis was done to understand the causes of gender related barriers and measures adopted worldwide to devise innovative strategies.<br><br>Gender-transformative approaches to financial inclusion go beyond focussing on access to financial services to challenging the existing gender inequalities that impede women’s financial inclusion and economic empowerment.","PeriodicalId":151778,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic)","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128083554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Missing Women in India: Gender-Specific Effects of Early-Life Rainfall Shocks","authors":"Jagadeesh Sivadasan, Wenjian Xu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3311255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3311255","url":null,"abstract":"We link over a century of monthly precipitation data (1911-2011) to the population by gender and age at the district level in the 1991, 2001, and 2011 Indian censuses to study how differential impact of early-life (around birth year) rainfall shocks on women affect cohorts' population sex ratios. Using an approach that generates separate indices for excess (wet) as well as negative (dry) rainfall shocks and adjusts for the level of persistence in monthly shocks, we find that both too much and too little rainfall are associated with lower relative female population. The results are robust to using alternative rainfall shock indices and different sets of fixed effects. Using sex ratio at age 0 in year 2011 and the district-level gender literacy gap in 1991 as proxies correlated with social preference for males, we find that the differential negative effects of birth year rainfall shocks on women are indeed larger in places with stronger male preference, suggesting a significant role for male-biased resource allocation in the face of negative shocks. Population-weighted regressions yield an aggregate estimate of about 1.156 million missing women due to differential effects of early-life rainfall shocks, which is about 3.01% of the estimate of 38.46 million missing women from Bongaarts and Guilmoto (2015).","PeriodicalId":151778,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115371766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"성별 교육불평등의 기회비용에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Opportunity Costs of Gender Educational Inequality)","authors":"So-Yun Kim, Geunhwan Park, Seung-Gyu Sim, Gihoon Hong","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3248242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3248242","url":null,"abstract":"Korean Abstract: 본 연구는 성별 교육 기회의 불평등의 원인을 탐구하고 지속가능한 경제성장의 관점에서 성별 교육불평등이 갖는 기회비용을 실증적으로 추정하고자 한다. 먼저 Barro and Lee Educational Attainment Data를 근거로 성별 교육격차는 초등학교 수준에서 가장 크게 나타나지만 점차 감소하여 대학교 수준에서 사라지는 경향이 존재함을 확인하였으며 이를 근거로 교육 투자와 관련한 가구 내 주인-대리인 문제를 성별 교육불균형의 원인으로 식별하였다. 성별 교육수준의 불평등이 야기하는 기회비용을 추정하기 위하여 2010년 기준 143개 국가를 대상으로 실증분석을 시행한 결과, 성별 교육불평등이 전통적 개념의 경제성장지표에는 통계적으로 유의한 영향을 미치지 않는 반면 경제발전과 관련된 대안적 지표라 할 수 있는 영아사망률, 기대수명, 인간개발지수 및 환경성과지수에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 것을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 여성의 교육 투자가 인적자본 및 임금의 증가로 나타나는 사적 혜택을 넘어 지속가능한 성장과 삶의 질에 긍정적인 영향을 주는 외부경제를 유발하고 있음을 함축하고 있다는 점에서 중요한 정책적 시사점을 제공한다. \u0000English Abstract: In this study, we explore the causes of the educational gender gap that is prevalent in developing countries and estimate the economic costs of the gender inequality in educational attainment on economic development. Based on a descriptive analysis on the Barro and Lee Educational Attainment Data, we first identify the intra-household principal-agent problem as the main driving force of the gender gap in educational investment. In order to estimate the opportunity costs associated with the gender inequality in educational attainment, we construct cross sectional data on various measures of economic development for 143 countries in 2010. The results from regression analysis suggest that the gender inequality has no discernable effect on the traditional measure of economic growth. In contrast, we find that a rise in gender inequality in educational investment has statistically significant detrimental impacts on various alternative measures of economic growth such as infant mortality, life expectancy, Human Development Index and Environment Performance Index. The result offers important policy insights in that investment in women’s education is associated with substantial external benefits in terms of achieving sustainable growth and improving the standard of life.","PeriodicalId":151778,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic)","volume":"246 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134057573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On a Firm's Optimal Response to Pressure for Gender Pay Equity","authors":"David Anderson, M. Bjarnadóttir, Cristian L. Dezső, David Gaddis Ross","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2798938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2798938","url":null,"abstract":"We present a theory of how a rational, profit-maximizing firm would respond to pressure for gender pay equity by strategically distributing raises and adjusting its organizational structure to reduce the pay gap between its female and male employees at minimum cost. Using mathematical reasoning, simulations, and data from a real employer, we show that:(a) employees in low-paying jobs and whose job-related traits typify men at the firm are most likely to get raises; (b) counter-intuitively, some men will get raises and giving raises to certain women would increase the pay gap; (c) a firm can reduce the gender pay gap as measured by a much larger percentage than the overall increase in pay to women at the firm; and (d) “ghettoizing” women in select jobs can help a firm reduce its pay gap. Our analysis yields a rich set of implications for empirical research and policy.","PeriodicalId":151778,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131477903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Women's Empowerment on Child Nutrition in India","authors":"Poulami Chatterjee, A. Dubey","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3144587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3144587","url":null,"abstract":"Child malnutrition remains a pervasive problem in India though there are significant improvements in several health indicators with country’s consistent economic growth. Along with other factors, maternal autonomy is considered to be critical in influencing health outcome of a child. This paper attempts to examine the determinants of nutritional measures of children under age five with the focus on the role of mother’s autonomy in India. There are many literature which link characteristics of mother, like education, age, with nutrition of her children. But maternal autonomy is a complex subject as this variable is not tangible. Women’s autonomy in daily life is more likely to result in their better healthcare which in turn influences children’s birth weight and infant nutrition. We used nationally representative India Human Development Survey 2004-05 (IHDS- 1) and 2011-12 (IHDS 2) data for the analysis. Logistic regressions are used to study the effect after controlling for child-specific variables (age, sex), mother-specific variables (age, height, education, age at marriage,), demographic information (caste, religion), household characteristics (wealth, region). We have used the panel data with two waves and used mothers fixed effect model to evaluate the impact of maternal autonomy. A child’s height-for-age (stunting) is an indicator of chronic malnutrition. Our sample is restricted to children below five years. Final sample contains 9,389 children below five for which height and weight both are available to calculate Z-score. The autonomy index is created using four dimensions- women’s decision making, freedom of movement, financial autonomy and attitude towards domestic violence. Logistic regression models were used to test associations between indicators of female autonomy and the risk of having a stunted child.","PeriodicalId":151778,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic)","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124967178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Unpaid Work on Employment Status in Mexico","authors":"Franziska Dorn, A. Silbersdorff","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3080932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3080932","url":null,"abstract":"Women in Mexico spent at least three times as much time on unpaid work compared to men. It is argued that these duties restrict women in their time use and channel them into flexible working arrangements, which are predominantly in the informal economy. This motivates the hypotheses investigated in this paper, that unpaid work impacts employment status of women in Mexico. The empirical investigations are made using the national occupation and employment survey of Mexico. The results obtained from the sequential logit model suggest that hours spend on unpaid work decrease the probability of being formally employed for women.","PeriodicalId":151778,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128801334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Women and Work in India: Descriptive Evidence and a Review of Potential Policies","authors":"Erin K Fletcher, R. Pande, C. Moore","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.3116310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3116310","url":null,"abstract":"Sustained high economic growth since the early 1990s has brought significant change to the lives of Indian women, and yet female labor force participation has stagnated at under 30%, and recent labor surveys even suggest some decline since 2005. Using a nationally representative household survey, we lay out five descriptive facts about female labor force participation in India that help identify constraints to higher participation. First, there is significant demand for jobs by women currently not in the labor force. Second, willing female non-workers have difficulty matching to jobs. Third, obtaining vocational training is correlated with a higher likelihood of working among women. Fourth, women are more likely to be working in sectors where the gender wage gap and unexplained wage gap, commonly attributed to discrimination, is higher. Finally, female-friendly policies, including quotas, are correlated with higher female participation in some key sectors. Combining these facts with a review of the literature, we map out important areas for future investigation and highlight how policies such as employment quotas and government initiatives focused on skilling and manufacturing should be better investigated and leveraged to increase women’s economic activity.","PeriodicalId":151778,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic)","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125080248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}