ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Bahraini Working Women in Selected Business Industries","authors":"Amelia P. Balasan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3247075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3247075","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study is to investigate Bahraini Working Women in Selected Business Industries in the Kingdom of Bahrain. To determine the profile of the respondents; to know the level of employability of Bahraini women in terms of the variables cited; to validate current findings of job opportunities of Bahraini women; and to provide recommendations as to the problems encountered by Bahraini women in relation with their job opportunities. \u0000The researcher conducted interview to the following number of categories, such as banking, education, and marketing, in which the number of years of Bahraini working women (BWWSBI) starts from three (3) years employment onward. The findings revealed that 65% of the BWW engaged in banking sectors, 21% on education, and 14% on marketing aspect relative to the profile of the Bahraini women. \u0000On the motivations of Bahraini working women in terms of the salary benefits; indemnity; and seminars/ travel abroad. It was noted that 73% enjoyed salary benefits and 17% received an indemnity, while only 10% attended seminars/travel abroad. This implies that very few Bahraini women have a chance to travel abroad to attend seminars and trainings as part of their professional as revealed by the respondents. \u0000On the level of performance of Bahraini working women along human relations; leading; and planning. It was noted that 31% employed in human relations and 21% on leading. This implies that some Bahraini women are entrepreneurs; and they have their own business, while only 14% on planning. Hence, the BWWSBI assigned in planning section.","PeriodicalId":151778,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic)","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115044869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender-Based Differences in Wage Distribution and Education in Nepal","authors":"Yuki Yamamoto, S. Kaneko","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2980195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2980195","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes the gender wage gap for regular and casual workers in Nepal using a data representing over 6,000 workers from the Nepal Living Standard Survey. Nepal is a country with one of the widest gender gaps worldwide and required to improve girls' education. In our analysis, we find a higher wage gap in regular employment for rural workers, though the gap decrease in casual employment. Our results show that the gap is attributed with discrimination effects. We also find that women in rural areas have difficulty finding regular work, meaning that most are engaged in casual work or unemployment. This indicates that women in rural areas, despite high education levels on par with men or women in urban area, suffer from both large wage discrimination and less opportunity for finding regular work. This may explain the lower incentive to give education among rural girls in Nepal.","PeriodicalId":151778,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic)","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121612168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Underage Brides and Grooms' Education","authors":"Sylvain Dessy, Setou M. Diarra, Roland Pongou","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2956941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2956941","url":null,"abstract":"Public intervention addressing the issue of underage marriage emphasizes policies such as girls' education and enforcement of age-of-consent laws as promising avenues for ending this harmful practice. It has been argued, however, that such policies will work better in societies where they are supported by men. Yet, there is no study analyzing the role of males' characteristics in relation to early marriage. This paper examines the causal effect of a male's education on the likelihood that he marries an underage girl. Using micro-level data from Nigeria in combination with plausible instrumental variables that address potential endogeneity issues, we find that having more years of schooling significantly reduces the probability of marrying an underage girl. Importantly, we show that this negative relationship is not a mere mechanical effect reflecting the endogeneity between schooling and marriage-timing decisions. Moreover, we find that this relationship is weaker in communities where norms that cast women in submissive roles are stronger. We develop a model that explains this causal effect as resulting from the complementarity between father's and mother's education in the production of child quality.","PeriodicalId":151778,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic)","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130564515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determinants of Contraceptive Choice in Nepal","authors":"Yuki Yamamoto, Ken’ichi Matsumoto","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2956137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2956137","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated how improvement in women's status affects the choice of contraceptive methods in Nepal. We regressed the choice of contraceptive methods on the variables of women's status and household characteristics by employing large-scale microdata representing over 12,000 married women aged 15-49 in Nepal. Years of schooling and literacy were defined as women's status variables. We estimated how educational attainment affects the choice of contraceptive methods. We also analyzed how fear of their partners affected women's choice. Female sterilization is the most common choice of contraceptive methods (25.5% of the methods users) in Nepal, followed by injections (19.9%). However, our estimation results showed that these results changed according to improvement in women's status. An additional year of education increased the probability that women would choose condoms by 1.2 percentage points (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.7, 1.6) and decreased the probability of choosing female sterilization by 1.4 percentage points (95% CI: -1.9, -0.8). For the well-educated women, condoms became the second choice (21.5%), while female sterilization was the third option (17.8%) for contraceptive methods. Women's fear of their partners also affected the choice of contraceptive methods. The women who feared their partners were 7 percentage points more likely to choose female sterilization than condoms. The selection of contraceptive methods is associated with women's status. Women with higher status are more likely to avoid choosing female sterilization in Nepal.","PeriodicalId":151778,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic)","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115284909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender Differences and Inequality in the U.S. Labor Market","authors":"Aboozar Hadavand, Sarah Thomas","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2945435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2945435","url":null,"abstract":"Gender differences in the labor market can be better understood by looking at specific trends within and between each gender group. In this paper, we look specifically at income inequalities that exist between certain segments of the male and female labor force in addition to examining inequalities that exist within each gender group. Dividing male and female workers into cohorts first by age, and then by characteristics such as marital status, unionization rates, and occupational category, we find evidence to support a number of leading hypotheses that help explain the narrowing of the gender gap in the American workforce between 1979-2013.","PeriodicalId":151778,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic)","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124596070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Gender Composition and Fertility on Mothers’ Marital Status and Labor Supply: Using Twin Births As a Natural Experiment","authors":"Zhengjia Sun","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2939471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2939471","url":null,"abstract":"I employ the twin-first methodology to analyze the exogenous relationship between fertility, gender composition, and mothers’ marital status and labor supply. The regressions are based on the combination of genders and fertility in the first birth. The results show that white mothers with first birth as single boy are more likely to be involved in marriage than those with single girl. Comparing with non-twin mothers, holding the same gender, twin mothers have lower probabilities of marital dissolution, and they are less likely to participate in the labor market when the children were under 6. There is no impact of gender composition on mothers’ labor supply. Among twin mothers, there is no significant impact of gender composition on either mothers’ marriage stability or labor supply. For black mothers, neither the gender composition, nor birth of twins has impact on mothers’ marriage stability and labor supply.","PeriodicalId":151778,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic)","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126377975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engineering a Woman: Marketing Opportunities and Challenges in India","authors":"P. Mahajan, Golahit Suresh","doi":"10.11648/J.AJMSE.20170201.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJMSE.20170201.12","url":null,"abstract":"Engineering plays a key role in supporting the growth and development of a country's economy as well as in improving the quality of life for citizens. Most of developed countries witnessed economic growth with the contribution of women in engineering field. In developing countries like India women remained under-utilized resource. Women in engineering are probably the single best investment that can be made in the developing world. There is clearly room for improvement – not only in recruiting women into engineering, but also in retaining and promoting those women who wish and do enter the profession. This study was designed to investigate a perception and determination of undergraduate women towards accessing Engineering Education. The study has highlighted women's perceptions and experiences on accessing engineering education through institute's Marketing Mix strategies which enables women to take up strategic positions to enjoy success in engineering education and career. Findings of this study revealed that women students in engineering are better satisfied and act of referring services/program to others is higher than men students in terms of numbers for a particular set of marketing mix applied to gender. A qualitative research survey through a structured questionnaire for the students who are studying or have recently completed their engineering education from reputed engineering institutes affiliated to the North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon, India was conducted. The study discloses women's approach to engineering education in terms of marketing mix; program, price, place, promotion, people, physical evidence and process. Women tended to rate most the marketing criteria as having a higher level of importance than men. Women needed more communal support while making decision making of selection of engineering education. The survey is delimited to the engineering education belonging to North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon and Khandesh region, a rural part of India. Findings of the study will be useful for the institutes and direct and indirect service providers of engineering education in developing a communication program and should be utilized and integrated into all aspects of the marketing program to attract women in engineering.","PeriodicalId":151778,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124211156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investing in Social Care Infrastructure and Employment Generation: A Distributional Analysis of the Care Economy in Turkey","authors":"Kijong Kim, Ipek Ilkkaracan, Tolga Kaya","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2924794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2924794","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the aggregate and gender employment impact of expanding the early childhood care and preschool education (ECCPE) sector in Turkey and compares it to the expansion of the construction sector. The authors' methodology combines input-output analysis with a statistical microsimulation approach. Their findings suggest that the expansion of the ECCPE sector creates more jobs and does so in a more gender-equitable way than an expansion of the construction sector. In particular, it narrows the gender employment and earnings gaps, generates more decent jobs, and achieves greater short-run fiscal sustainability.","PeriodicalId":151778,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic)","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116429565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Financing and Performance of Female-Owned Firms in Middle Eastern and African Economies","authors":"M. Baliamoune-Lutz, Stefan Lutz","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2907977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2907977","url":null,"abstract":"Empirical evidence suggests that lack of access to financing is a major constraint to performance by female-owned firms in most countries. Firm performance, financing structure, and constraints have been well explored for firms in developed economies but this is not the case for firms in developing economies, especially in Africa and the Middle-East. Largely due to lack of data availability, existing literature on African firms has presented some survey-based evidence on firm performance and financing structures while detailed financial evidence is lacking. This paper aims at filling this research gap. We identify female-owned firms and examine the impact of ownership structure on financing and firm performance. We use cross-sectional financial data covering 25,500 companies in the Middle East and Africa for the years 2006 to 2014. Our results reveal a clear, but perhaps surprising, gender-specific pattern.","PeriodicalId":151778,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126685016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenomenology of Divorce in Kosovo for the Period between 2004-2014","authors":"Ferdi Kamberi, A. Shala","doi":"10.22178/POS.17-12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22178/POS.17-12","url":null,"abstract":"Family is considered as a nucleus, cell of the society, which is created by the sexual union of two partners (heterosexual) – marriage with the purpose of biological reproduction, approved by the society. Divorce is the opposite of marriage, it represents a social and legal problem, and is part of the society itself. This phenomenon is being considered as one of the oldest, old as humanity itself. In Kosovo, as in other parts of the world, divorce exists from very old times, and it was passed from a generation to another and still remains one of the social problems of Kosovo society. In the past this phenomenon was less present in our society because of political, economical social and cultural circumstances. After year 1999 we see that number of cases of divorce grow in comparison with previous years. The data taken from different researches and studies show that in year 2004, in Kosovo there were 16.989 marriages and 1.293 cases of divorce, so with 7.6% at national level, whereas the average age of divorced people is 29.5% women ans 31.8% men. Some of the factors that have influenced the growth/development of divorce are: transition period, crisis of the system of values, socio-economical factors, migration and immigration, emancipation of women, and other factors. The consequences of divorce are: individual, familial, economical, cultural and in general – social consequences. Therefore, this study does analyze the phenomenology of divorce in Kosovo in the period between 2004-2014 years, causes and consequences.","PeriodicalId":151778,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Women & Gender Issues (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128976918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}