透过自助团体机制的妇女赋权之路
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摘要
女性占印度人口的48.10%，其中只有27%的成年女性有稳定收入，这使得女性成为穷人中的穷人(世界银行2019年)。有人断言，只有当妇女在发展辩论中被视为同等的代理人时，印度的全面进步和包容性发展才可能实现(Mazumdar 2004)。在这种说法下，发展机构越来越多地将“赋权”视为提高印度边缘化妇女地位的基本目标。虽然赋权作为一个过程诱导了社会环境，使个人能够做出一致的决定，但妇女赋权更进一步，使妇女能够变得自信、勇敢和自力更生，在家庭内外做出决定(Hulme和Moseley 1996;Buckley 1997)。在妇女赋权的大背景下，经济赋权对政策制定者产生了重大影响，这被确定为弥合减贫战略与妇女赋权之间的差距，最终目的是劝阻性别不平等和性别权力关系(World Bank 2017)。在这一进程中，由小额信贷、小额保险、小额储蓄和小额养老金等广泛服务组成的小额信贷项目被认为是可接受的工具(贝特曼和张2012:33)。尽管小额信贷项目已经成为加速妇女赋权的关键工具(Sankaran 2005)，但由于其“金融系统方法”的霸权以及妇女福利和代理的二分法，人们对其效力产生了怀疑(Johnson and Kidder 1999;Mayoux 1999;Kabeer 1998)。本文的目标是通过批判性地分析自助小组银行联系计划(“SHG”)的运作，检查小额信贷和妇女赋权的海市蜃楼，该计划是印度小额信贷计划的一个分支(“研究问题”)。当妇女在社会和经济上处于COVID - 19大流行的中心时，这种评估的必要性变得更加重要。我将从女性群体在机构、资源和成就方面的参与来探讨女性群体对女性赋权的影响(Kabeer 1999)。我将进一步调查SHGs提出的经济赋权是否会导致集体的经济发展和民主化。为了验证论文的假设，我将考察印度安得拉邦的SHG联盟Ankuram Sangamam Poram(“ASP”)的运作情况。我对研究问题的分析将分为五个部分:1。赋予妇女权力的原则和话语。印度未成年人群体的增长及其与妇女赋权的关系SHG的妇女赋权目标是-à-vis妇女民主化4。ASP5的案例分析。结论本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。
The Road to Women Empowerment through the Mechanism of Self Help Groups
Women constitute 48.10 percent of the population of India and only 27 percent of this adult women population has a steady income, which makes women ‘poorest of the poor (World Bank 2019). It has been asserted that comprehensive progression and inclusive development in India would be conceivable only when women are considered as equivalent agents in the development debate (Mazumdar 2004). In this parlance, the development agencies have increasingly regarded ‘empowerment’ as an essential objective to improve the status of marginalized women in India.
Though empowerment as a process induces the social environment which enables individuals to make coherent decisions, women empowerment takes a step further by enabling women to become confident, courageous, and self-reliant to make decisions in and outside the household (Hulme and Moseley 1996;Buckley 1997). Amidst the broad umbrella of women empowerment, economic empowerment has significantly influenced the policymakers, which is ascertained to bridge this gap between poverty alleviation strategy and empowerment of women which eventually aims to dissuade gender inequalities and gender power relations (World Bank 2017). In this stride, microfinance programs, consisting of a broad range of services such as microcredits, micro-insurance, micro-savings, and micro- pensions, are considered admissible tools (Bateman and Chang 2012: 33). Though the microfinance programs have emerged as a key vehicle to accelerate women empowerment (Sankaran 2005), there have arisen doubts about its potency due to hegemony of its ‘financial systems approach’ and dichotomy of women’s well-being and agency (Johnson and Kidder 1999;Mayoux 1999;Kabeer 1998).
The goal of this paper is to examine the mirage of microfinance and women empowerment by critically analyzing the workings of the Self Help Group Bank Linkage Programme (‘SHG’), an offshoot of microfinance programs in India (‘Research Question’). The need for this assessment becomes even more critical now when women are at the epicenter of the COVID 19 pandemic, both socially and economically. I will be exploring the impact of SHGs on women's empowerment as viewed from their participation in agency, resources, and achievements (Kabeer 1999). I will further investigate whether economic empowerment, as offered by the SHGs, leads to economic development and democratization for the collective. To test the hypothesis of the paper, I will be inspecting the workings of Ankuram Sangamam Poram (‘ASP’), an SHG federation, in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. My analysis of the research question will be split into five sections:
1. Tenets and discourses of women empowerment
2. Growth of SHGs in India and its co-relation with women empowerment
3. SHG’s women’s empowerment goal vis-à-vis women’s democratization
4. Case Study Analysis of ASP
5. Conclusion
Though empowerment as a process induces the social environment which enables individuals to make coherent decisions, women empowerment takes a step further by enabling women to become confident, courageous, and self-reliant to make decisions in and outside the household (Hulme and Moseley 1996;Buckley 1997). Amidst the broad umbrella of women empowerment, economic empowerment has significantly influenced the policymakers, which is ascertained to bridge this gap between poverty alleviation strategy and empowerment of women which eventually aims to dissuade gender inequalities and gender power relations (World Bank 2017). In this stride, microfinance programs, consisting of a broad range of services such as microcredits, micro-insurance, micro-savings, and micro- pensions, are considered admissible tools (Bateman and Chang 2012: 33). Though the microfinance programs have emerged as a key vehicle to accelerate women empowerment (Sankaran 2005), there have arisen doubts about its potency due to hegemony of its ‘financial systems approach’ and dichotomy of women’s well-being and agency (Johnson and Kidder 1999;Mayoux 1999;Kabeer 1998).
The goal of this paper is to examine the mirage of microfinance and women empowerment by critically analyzing the workings of the Self Help Group Bank Linkage Programme (‘SHG’), an offshoot of microfinance programs in India (‘Research Question’). The need for this assessment becomes even more critical now when women are at the epicenter of the COVID 19 pandemic, both socially and economically. I will be exploring the impact of SHGs on women's empowerment as viewed from their participation in agency, resources, and achievements (Kabeer 1999). I will further investigate whether economic empowerment, as offered by the SHGs, leads to economic development and democratization for the collective. To test the hypothesis of the paper, I will be inspecting the workings of Ankuram Sangamam Poram (‘ASP’), an SHG federation, in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. My analysis of the research question will be split into five sections:
1. Tenets and discourses of women empowerment
2. Growth of SHGs in India and its co-relation with women empowerment
3. SHG’s women’s empowerment goal vis-à-vis women’s democratization
4. Case Study Analysis of ASP
5. Conclusion
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