Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers最新文献

{"title":"Green synthesis of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) Chitosan nanoparticles and evaluation of their anti-fungal, anti-hemolytic, and anti-cancer activities","authors":"M. Tuorkey, Y. Khedr, Samar M Aborhyem, Xiang Xue","doi":"10.1177/08839115221126737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08839115221126737","url":null,"abstract":"Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) is widely consumed as a food plant in many regions of the world and has been involved in traditional medicine due to its unique contents of phytochemicals. We aimed to investigate the anti-fungal, anti-hemolytic, and anti-cancer activities of chicory roots and leaves ethanolic extracts, and their Chitosan nanoparticles (Chit NPs) formulations. The ethanolic extract of chicory roots and leaves were microencapsulated into Chit NPs. The anti-hemolytic, anti-fungal, and anti-cancer activity of chicory extracts and their Chit-NPs were investigated, along with an in vitro toxicological study. Chicory extracts encapsulation into Chit NPs increased their anti-fungal activity against two fungal pathogens, Candida albicans and Aspergillus flavus. Chicory extracts and their Chit NPs appeared strong anti-hemolytic activity in hypotonic media. Due to microencapsulation of roots and leaves extracts into Chit NPs, the IC50 was decreased 2.49 and 2.6-folds in HepG2 and MCF-7 cell lines, and 6.31 and 5.50-folds in HepG2 and MCF-7 cell lines, respectively. The in vitro toxicological study revealed that the IC50 of chicory roots (56.84 ± 6.4 μg/ml) and leaves (45.51 ± 4.2 μg/ml) decreased 8.45 and 6.77-folds in the normal human fibroblasts (WI38) cell line, compared to Doxorubicin (6.72 ± 0.5 μg/ml). Microencapsulation of extracts into Chit NPs increased their toxicity 2.43-folds for Chit-Roots NPs (IC50 = 23.35 ± 2.3 μg/ml) and 1.22-fold for Chit-Leaves NPs (IC50 = 37.29 ± 2.9 μg/ml). Chicory-Chit NPs possess promising anti-cancer and anti-hemolytic activities. It is worth for further testing their efficacy and toxicity in pre-clinical animal models as well as clinical trials.","PeriodicalId":15038,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84337969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of pH on salicylic acid-based poly(anhydride-ester): Implications for polymer degradation and controlled salicylic acid release","authors":"Sammy Gulrajani, S. Snyder, Jason D. Hackenberg, K. Uhrich","doi":"10.1177/08839115221121844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08839115221121844","url":null,"abstract":"Salicylic acid (SA)-based poly(anhydride-esters) (SAPAEs) hydrolytically degrade to release SA in a controlled manner over extended time periods. While these polymers have been well investigated under in vivo conditions, this study is the first detailed, systematic assessment of in vitro polymer degradation over a range of pH values. To investigate the effect of pH conditions on SAPAE degradation, in vitro degradation studies were conducted on SAPAE disks over a wide pH range (2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 7.4, 8.0, 9.0, and 10.0) for 30 days. Several parameters were evaluated, including SA concentrations in the degradation media, polymer mass loss, water uptake in the polymer matrices, and SA solubility at different pH values to substantiate SA release results and characterize the in vitro polymer degradation process. Complete SA release was achieved at more basic conditions (pH 9.0 and 10.0) over 9 days, whereas less than 41% SA was released over the same time period at neutral pH conditions (pH 8.0 and 7.4). By comparison, SA release was minimal in acidic pH conditions. Overall, we present quantitative data of polymer degradation as defined by SA in vitro release, which increased with increasing pH values. More basic conditions promoted polymer degradation, whereas acidic conditions minimized polymer degradation.","PeriodicalId":15038,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90369172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Upon a potential approach to regulate the targeting region of inhalable liposomes","authors":"Lei Shu, Zhengwei Huang, Ying Huang, Chuanbin Wu, Xin Pan","doi":"10.1177/08839115221121862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08839115221121862","url":null,"abstract":"Liposomes for inhalation have high biosafety and can achieve slow and controlled delivery, which are especially suitable for the treatment of lung diseases and have a promising clinical application prospect. However, liposomes for inhalation have the key bottleneck problem of the lack of strategies to control the targeting region, which restricts its clinical transformation. The root cause is the inability to control the bio-corona (BC) generation upon liposomes, which dominates the specific targeting regions. In order to overcome the above bottleneck, a high density hybrid liposome system based on distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)] (DSPE-PEG) may be a potential choice. The PEG chain in DSPE-PEG has “stealth” effect that can hinder the adsorption of biological molecules. When the density of DSPE-PEG hybridization is high, the “stealth” effect is more significant, and the total adsorption amount of liposomal BC can be effectively reduced. By optimizing the PEG chain structures of DSPE-PEG, viz PEG chain length and terminal group modification, DSPE-PEG high density hybrid liposomes can be endowed with the function of targeting site regulation based on BC domination effect. It is believed that this proposed system can promote the profound reform of the research paradigm of inhalational liposomes, and accelerate the development of related products.","PeriodicalId":15038,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86928489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virucidal properties of new multifunctional fibrous N-halamine-immobilized styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers","authors":"B. Murashevych, D. Stepanskyi, V. Toropin, A. Mironenko, H. Maslak, K. Burmistrov, Nataliia Teteriuk","doi":"10.1177/08839115221121852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08839115221121852","url":null,"abstract":"Virucidal properties of N-chlorosulfonamides immobilized on fibrous styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers have been studied. Corresponding materials with different functional group structures and chlorine content have been synthesized on FIBAN polymer carriers in the form of staple fibers and non-woven fabrics. The study has been conducted in general accordance with EN 14476 standard on poliovirus type-1 and adenovirus type-5. It has been found that all tested samples exhibit pronounced virucidal activity: regardless of the carrier polymer form, sodium N-chlorosulfonamides inactivated both viruses in less than 30 s, and N,N-dichlorosulfonamides—in 30–60 s. The main mechanism of action of these materials, obviously, consists in the emission of active chlorine from the functional group into the treated medium under the action of the amino groups of virus fragments and cell culture. Considering the previously described antimicrobial and reparative properties of such materials, as well as their satisfactory physical and mechanical properties, the synthesized polymers are promising for the creation of medical devices with increased resistance to microbial contamination, such as protective masks, filter elements, long-acting wound dressings, and others.","PeriodicalId":15038,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87597158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of novel chitosan Schiff base and its ZnO nanocomposite for removal of synthetic dye, antimicrobial, and cytotoxicity activity","authors":"Mostafa M Gaafar, Fathy M Eltaweel, H. A. Fouda, M. Abdelaal","doi":"10.1177/08839115221119212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08839115221119212","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, a novel chitosan Schiff base 4-(2-Hydroxyaniline)pent-3-en-2-one chitosan (2-HyA-CS) and its ZnO nanocomposite (2-HyA-CS/ZnO) were sensitized and characterized by appropriate methods; FTIR, XRD, Elemental analysis, SEM, TEM and TGA. The result of characterization methods confirms the preparation of 2-HyA-CS and 2-HyA-CS/ZnO. The SEM images reveal that chitosan, 2-HyA-CS, and 2-HyA-CS/ZnO have a varied roughness and porous surfaces. The reason for this difference was attributed to the formation of Schiff base 2-HyA-CS and the presence of ZnO nanoparticles in 2-HyA-CS/ZnO. The patterns of XRD and FTIR confirm the formation of 2-HyA-CS and 2-HyA-CS/ZnO. The degree of substitution (DS) of modified chitosan 2-HyA-CS was calculated using Elemental analysis and FTIR.ATR, it was found to be 74%. The adsorption efficiency of the produced adsorbents was compared with pure chitosan to remove of Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) from an aqueous medium and antimicrobial activity. The removal percentage of RBBR by chitosan, 2-HyA-CS, and 2-HyA-CS/ZnO are 47.12%, 91.9%, and 96.56%, respectively with the following order: 2-HyA-CS/ZnO > 2-HyA-CS > chitosan. Their antimicrobial activities were studied against two Gram negative bacteria (E. coli and P. aeruginosa), two Gram positive bacteria (S. aureus and B. cereus) and (C. albicans) as a yeast strain, the inhibitory zone measurements revealed that the activity of 2-HyA-CS/ZnO is excellent and higher than 2-HyA-CS and pure chitosan. The cytotoxicity of the prepared compound 2-HyA-CS and 2-HyA-CS/ZnO along with pure chitosan was estimated against two human cancer cells MCF-7 cells and HepG-2 cells, the result indicates that 2-HyA-CS/ZnO having higher Inhibitory activity against both MCF-7 and HepG-2 cells with 53.5 ± 2.86 and 27.4 ± 1.23 µg/mL respectively and 2-HyA-CS possessing moderate Inhibitory activity against both MCF-7 and HepG-2 cancer cells with IC50 = 216.5 ± 7.48 and 135.6 ± 6.49 µg/ml respectively.","PeriodicalId":15038,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76694964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of gelatin modification on enzymatically-gellable pectin-gelatin hydrogel properties for soft tissue engineering applications","authors":"Asal Ebrahimzadeh, Elnaz Khanalizadeh, Shahla Khodabakhshaghdam, D. Kazemi, Ali Baradar Khoshfetrat","doi":"10.1177/08839115221119210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08839115221119210","url":null,"abstract":"Injectable in situ-forming hydrogels appears to be a promising approach for tissue engineering applications. In this study, the effect of phenol moiety (Ph) addition to gelatin in enzymatically-gellable modified pectin hydrogel (Pec-Ph) was studied. Addition of gelatin-Ph to Pec-Ph (Pec-Ph/Gel-Ph) altered the physical properties of Pec-Ph-based hydrogels as compared to unmodified gelatin (Pec-Ph/Gel) addition. Swelling ratio and degradation rates of the Pec-Ph/Gel-Ph hydrogel decreased 35% and 50%, respectively, and the elasticity of Pec-Ph/Gel-Ph hydrogel was higher than the Pec-Ph/Gel hydrogels. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the existence of phenolic groups in gelatin decreased the pore size of Pec-Ph/Gel-Ph hydrogels. Culture of chondrocyte cells in the Pec-Ph/Gel-Ph hydrogels showed more metabolic activity (4×) during a 14-day culture period. Hydrogels subcutaneously implanted in rats could also be identified readily without complete absorption and signs of toxicity or any untoward reactions after 1 month. The work showed the potential of Pec-Ph/Gel-Ph hydrogels as a promising in situ injectable hydrogel for soft tissue engineering applications.","PeriodicalId":15038,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85972169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on properties of 3D-printed GelMA hydrogel scaffolds with different nHA contents","authors":"Yaocheng Wang, Chengxiong Lin","doi":"10.1177/08839115221119211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08839115221119211","url":null,"abstract":"Biological 3D printing is a reliable technology for 3D printing bone repair scaffolds with simple operation, high efficiency, and relatively low cost. Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels have attracted much attention due to their good biocompatibility, but the poor mechanical properties limit their application in bone reconstruction engineering. In this study, nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) particles were added to GelMA hydrogels, and the performances of composite hydrogel scaffolds with different nHA contents were investigated in terms of rheological properties, light transmission properties, surface morphology, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility. The experimental results showed that the incorporation of nHA particles could effectively improve the printability and mechanical properties of the scaffolds, the scaffold fibers had better resistance to deformation, improved degradation rate, and biological experiments confirmed that nHA particles had no significant cytotoxicity. However, the addition of HA particles also reduced the light transmission properties of the slurry, and when its content exceeds a certain value, the hydrogel scaffolds show incomplete curing and eventually affect their test performance. The results can offer guidance and reference for the selection of ink and function for 3D printing bone repair scaffold.","PeriodicalId":15038,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76548994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pullulan and Pluronic F-127 based in situ gel system for intranasal delivery: Development, in vitro and in vivo evaluation","authors":"H. Mahajan, V. Jadhao, Sachin M. Chandankar","doi":"10.1177/08839115221110284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08839115221110284","url":null,"abstract":"The current work seeks to use Pullulan and Pluronic F-127 (PF-127), a new gel-forming material, for sildenafil citrate (SLC) intranasal delivery. The cold approach was used to develop an SLC-loaded in situ gel based on thermoreversible polymer PF-127 and mucoadhesive polymer Pullulan. In situ gel systems based on Pullulan responds intelligently to environmental stimuli like charge, pH, temperature, light, and redox. To achieve gelation at physiological temperature formulations were modified to have gelation temperatures lower than 34.1°C. Physical appearance and rheological measurements were used to calculate the temperature of gelation. With the addition of increasing quantities of Pullulan, the gelation temperatures fell (from 34.1°C for 8% w/v, 10% w/v, and 12% w/v 0.5% Pullulan). In the goat nasal mucosal membrane, Pullulan concentration increased the mucoadhesive force in terms of detachment stress. The results of drug permeation testing in vitro investigations over the goat nasal mucosa showed that utilizing an in situ gelling formulation with a Pullulan content of 0.5% or higher can greatly boost the effective penetration coefficient. The formulation was shown to be safe for the nasal mucosa after a histological investigation. Conclusively, Pullulan and PF-127 may be appropriate carriers for SLC intranasal administration.","PeriodicalId":15038,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72382176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vivo therapeutic evaluation of a cellulose acetate hydrogel cross linked with ethylenediaminetetraacetic-dianhydride containing propolis ethanolic-extract for treating burns","authors":"M. Hausen, A. Melero, J. Asami, L. M. Ferreira, Guilherme Borges Gomes da Silva, Mariana Cesar de Azeredo Bissoli, V. R. Marcato, B. D. Nani, P. Rosalen, S. M. Alencar, V. Botaro, D. Komatsu, A. Senna, E. Duek","doi":"10.1177/08839115221106869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08839115221106869","url":null,"abstract":"An increasing interest in regenerative medicine has been an approach with natural products used for assorted skin treatments. Propolis from Apis mellifera species of bees have shown high acceptance due to antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. However, just a few propolis types presents stronger effects in controlling inflammation. The current work describes an organic propolis recently isolated, named as OP6, that presented strong anti-inflammatory influences in vivo when associated with EDTA cross-linked hydrogel, used as a curative device in second-degree burns in a murine model. We developed a cellulose acetate hydrogel cross-linked with ethylenediaminetetraacetic dianhydride (HAC-EDTA) as a polymeric matrix for a bandage based on an ethanolic extract of propolis at 15%, 30%, and 60% (w/v) for treating second-degree burns. In vivo studies were carried out in Wistar rats divided into three groups: negative control (only lesion), positive control (lesion with HAC-EDTA film), and treatment group (lesion with the HAC-EDTA + OP6 at 15%, 30%, and 60%). Each group was randomized and equally subdivided into two subgroups according to the period of bandage wearing (7 and 14 days). Previous work of this research group selected the propolis OP6 sample source as the best candidate for the in vivo study. HAC-EDTA + OP6 15%, 30%, and 60% films demonstrated a concentration-dependent release rate, with the highest amount of propolis released after tests (484.3 mg) by HAC-EDTA enriched with the highest concentrated extract of propolis. HAC-EDTA + OP6 films were efficient in preventing infections, promoting lesion retraction, and tissue regeneration. The HAC-EDTA + OP6 30% treatment was more efficient, revealing a reduced inflammatory process and stimulating skin regeneration. The designed HAC-EDTA + propolis films were shown as promising tools for second-degree burns treatment, accelerating healing process to a full recovery tissue repair after 14 days.","PeriodicalId":15038,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82583159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bi-layered PLGA electrospun membrane with occlusive and osteogenic properties for periodontal regeneration","authors":"Meiling Zhong, Jixia Lin, Zhimin He, Wuchao Wu, De-hui Ji, Richao Zhang, Jiali Zhang","doi":"10.1177/08839115221095257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08839115221095257","url":null,"abstract":"Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) membranes not only can hamper undesirable tissues down-growth into the defects but also can selectively promote the in-growth of regenerative bone tissue, playing a critical role in periodontal regeneration. Herein, a bi-layered electrospun membrane with different sized pores was designed and fabricated by adjusting electrospinning parameters combing with facile two-step electrospinning. The small-sized pore layer (SL) as occlusive layer consisted of electrospun poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanofibers, while the macroporous osteoconductive layer (ML) was attained via introducing the nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) particles into PLGA nanofibers during electrospinning. Morphological results such as surface topography, nanofiber size, and pore size distribution, showed that the SL exhibited a dense structure with pore size mainly from 4 to 7 μm. In contrast, the ML possessed a loosely packed structure with pore size mainly from 20 to 28 μm, which was beneficial to the infiltration of the cells. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) results showed that nHA particles were evenly loaded in PLGA nanofibers. In vitro biodegradation tests suggested that the bi-layered membrane possessed a proper degradation timeframe, which must function for at least 4 to 6 weeks. The cell experiments indicated that the bi-layered electrospun membrane possessed good cytocompatibility and proved the effective barrier potency of the small-sized pore layer. Furthermore, as revealed by the alkaline phosphate activity test, the PLGA/nHA layer possessed an improved osteogenic capacity for Human osteosarcoma cells (MG63). These results indicate that the bi-layered electrospun membrane may have potential for periodontal tissue regeneration. Graphical Abstract","PeriodicalId":15038,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72849629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}