Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery最新文献

{"title":"Usability of Levodopa Cyclops^® Compared to INBRIJA^® During an off Episode in Parkinson's Disease Patients.","authors":"Valesca Wangsawirana, Lara de Jong, Annebet van der Meulen, Paul Hagedoorn, Marianne Luinstra, Henderik Willem Frijlink","doi":"10.1177/19412711261456530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19412711261456530","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study compares the usability of two levodopa dry powder inhalers. The Inbrija^® inhaler involves several preparatory steps, including blister opening and capsule insertion. The Cyclops^® inhaler is preloaded and disposable, designed for immediate use. Ease of use is critical, as cognitive and motor impairments may hinder the patients' ability to operate an inhaler.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Sixteen patients with Parkinson's disease experiencing predictable and recognizable off episodes were enrolled. After receiving inhalation instructions, patients performed the inhalation maneuver during their off-episode to assess the correct execution. They completed a questionnaire evaluating the ease of use for both devices. Each patient used both the Cyclops^® and Inbrija^® inhalers in a randomized sequence and completed the questionnaire.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All 16 patients correctly performed the Cyclops^® inhaler steps during an off episode, while only 10 patients successfully completed the steps with the Inbrija^® inhaler. Twelve of the sixteen patients (75%) expressed a preference for the Cyclops^®, rating it higher in terms of ease of use and hygiene. However, concerns were raised regarding the environmental sustainability of its single-use design. For the Inbrija^®, patients reported difficulties with opening the peel-off blister packaging, assembling the mouthpiece, and puncturing the capsules.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The Cyclops^® inhaler was more user-friendly during off episodes due to its ease of use and simpler handling. Since the Cyclops^® is preloaded, it requires fewer and simpler steps. The preparation steps of Inbrija^® posed usability challenges, particularly with opening the peel-off blister packaging of the capsule and assembling the mouthpiece and handle.</p>","PeriodicalId":14940,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery","volume":" ","pages":"19412711261456530"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148301832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lung Deposition of Tanimilast, an Inhaled Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitor, in Patients with Asthma or COPD, Evaluated Using Functional Respiratory Imaging.","authors":"Navid Monshi Tousi, Romina Osello, Debora Santoro, Laura Campochiaro, Jason H T Bates, Dmitry Galkin, Jan De Backer, Hosein Sadafi, Gwen Skloot","doi":"10.1177/19412711251396759","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19412711251396759","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Tanimilast is a novel phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor under clinical development for the maintenance therapy of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Since tanimilast is inhaled, it is important to evaluate lung deposition as part of its clinical development. The current study, therefore, used functional respiratory imaging, a validated, noninvasive quantification imaging methodology, to evaluate the lung deposition of tanimilast in patients with asthma or COPD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study used data from 12 patients with asthma and 12 patients with COPD, primarily selected based on disease severity. Patients with COPD had chronic bronchitis, with minimal high-resolution computerized tomography evidence of emphysema. Total intrathoracic, central, distal, peripheral, and extrathoracic deposition of tanimilast 400 µg and 800 µg was evaluated using three inhalation profiles-inhalation durations of 1, 2, and 3 seconds, with associated peak flows of 100, 60, and 45 L/min, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Intrathoracic deposition as a percentage of the delivered dose was similar in asthma and COPD, with mean ± SD varying between 34.6 ± 8.5% and 44.9 ± 5.9%, increasing slightly with increasing inhalation duration (i.e., from 1 to 3 seconds), whereas extrathoracic deposition decreased progressively. Central deposition was low (<5%) regardless of inhalation duration (2.7 ± 0.9% to 4.4 ± 1.6%). Distal deposition was similar with the two tanimilast doses and although not impacted by inhalation duration was slightly higher in COPD than asthma. Peripheral deposition increased with increasing inhalation duration (e.g., in asthma for tanimilast 400 µg, from 14.1 ± 3.6% for a duration of 1 second to 19.9 ± 4.0% for a duration of 3 seconds) and was higher in asthma than in COPD.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Tanimilast effectively reached all levels of the airway in patients with asthma or COPD. Peripheral deposition was enhanced by lower inspiratory flows (i.e., longer inhalation durations), suggesting that specific inhalation strategies may have the potential to improve therapeutic outcomes in obstructive lung diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":14940,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery","volume":" ","pages":"133-140"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145564012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of Dry Powder Inhalers: 2. The Impact of Suboptimal Peak Inspiratory Flow Rates on Bronchodilation in Patients with Obstructive Lung Diseases.","authors":"Jeffry G Weers, Thomas E Tarara, Danforth P Miller","doi":"10.1177/19412711251415063","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19412711251415063","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Suboptimal peak inspiratory flow rate (sPIFR) has been proposed as a biomarker of disease progression in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Furthermore, sPIFR has been claimed to result in poor drug delivery, which in turn leads to poor clinical outcomes with passive dry powder inhalers (DPIs).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Breathing studies suggest that most patients with COPD-including those with severe disease or experiencing an acute pulmonary exacerbation-can generate a pressure drop of at least 1.0 kPa. Across the 1.0-6.0 kPa range, variations in mean total lung dose of inhaled bronchodilators delivered with passive DPIs are modest: typically, no > 3-fold, and only 1.1 to 1.4-fold for most lactose blend-based products. Due to their large therapeutic indices, inhaled bronchodilators are formulated on the plateau of the dose-response curve, where comparable bronchodilation is typically achieved across a 2- to 4-fold dose range. Head-to-head comparisons of active delivery devices with passive DPIs show no differences in bronchodilation for the same drug, even in patients with sPIFR.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>There is no compelling evidence to support the assertion that sPIFR with inhaled bronchodilators in asthma and COPD patients leads to inadequate drug delivery that results in marked decreases in lung function. On the contrary, the variations in PIFR typically observed with inhaled bronchodilators lead to consistent bronchodilation across a range of PIFR. Reductions in forced expiratory volume in one second with disease progression reflect reduced responsiveness to bronchodilators, not impaired drug delivery due to sPIFR. Options exist to dramatically improve lung targeting and dose consistency with inhaled medicines. These options are particularly valuable for treatments where the drug has a narrow therapeutic index or a high cost of goods.</p>","PeriodicalId":14940,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery","volume":"39 3","pages":"155-167"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148199052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Replacing Inhalation Devices on Medication Adherence.","authors":"Yusuf Aydemir, Sahinur Aycan Alkan, Damla Serçe Unat, Çağla Koç, Mustafa Buğrahan Gürbüz, Esen Sayın Gülensoy, Figen Ergür, Makbule Özlem Akbay, Yasemin Söyler, Mecit Süerdem","doi":"10.1177/19412711261425941","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19412711261425941","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aim: </strong>In the treatment of respiratory diseases, the skill and adherence to inhaler device use are very important. Therefore, frequent replacements of devices that patients are accustomed to are not recommended due to concerns that it may disrupt adherence. The purpose of the study is to determine the frequency of inhaler device replacement, the reasons for replacement, and to evaluate inhaler adherence and usage skills after replacement.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Patients who had been receiving inhaler treatment for at least 1 year due to chronic respiratory diseases (COPD and asthma) were consecutively included in the study. Patients' inhaler device satisfaction, skill status, device education status, and whether their devices were changed were noted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 260 patients were included in the study. Thirty-one patients (11.9%) stated that they did not receive device training, and 40 patients (15.4%) stated that they received insufficient training. Device replacement had been performed in 158 patients (60.8%). 138 (87.3%) of the patients whose devices were changed were satisfied with their new devices. The most common reason for the change was that the patient wanted the change (54/34.2%). In 45 of the patients, the change was made without any explanation (28.4%). In 27 patients (17.1%), the replacement had been made because the formulation needed to be replaced. In 17 patients (10.8%), the device had been replaced due to side effects of the old device, and in 15 patients (9.5%), the device had been replaced because they could not use the device with the correct technique. Device usage skills were found to be better in the group whose devices were replaced than in the group whose devices were not replaced. (<i>p</i> = 0.04).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings suggest that device replacement seems to be a good option for patients who are not satisfied with their device. Although frequent device replacement is not recommended, it may be useful for patients with insufficient prior education, as the new device will provide a new training opportunity.</p>","PeriodicalId":14940,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery","volume":" ","pages":"168-172"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147306270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of Dry Powder Inhalers: 1. Does Size Matter?","authors":"Jeffry G Weers, Thomas E Tarara, Danforth P Miller","doi":"10.1177/19412711251412999","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19412711251412999","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Regional deposition of inhaled medicines in the respiratory tract is heavily influenced by inertial impaction. Despite this, the current convention is to convert impaction parameter cutoffs on stages in impactors to size cutoffs by operating the impactor at a fixed flow rate. While such a practice has utility when using impactors as a quality control tool, a focus on size metrics (e.g., mass median aerodynamic diameter [MMAD] and fine particle fraction [FPF_<5µm]) may lead to misconceptions in the interpretation of impactor data. In contrast, using metrics based on impaction parameter cutoffs (MMIP and FPF_S3-F) enables a more accurate prediction of trends in <i>in vivo</i> deposition with variations in device resistance, flow rate, airway size, and other dependent variables. Using impaction parameter cutoffs also eliminates the need to run the impactor at a fixed flow rate, thereby allowing realistic inspiratory flow profiles to be utilized. This, combined with the use of more realistic anatomical throats and impaction parameter metrics, enables improved <i>in vitro-in vivo correlations</i> to guide early formulation and device development in the spirit of Quality by Design principles.</p>","PeriodicalId":14940,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery","volume":"39 3","pages":"141-154"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148199018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inhaler Adherence and Treatment Behaviors in COPD: A Study from Both Sides of the Aegean Sea.","authors":"Onur Turan, Andriana Papaioannou, Nalan Ogan, Stavrina Zanelli, Esra Ertan Yazar, Zoi Sotiropoulou, Burcu Arpınar Yigitbas, Stamatoula Tsikrika, Konstantinos Bartziokas, Petros Bakakos, Mukadder Calıkoglu","doi":"10.1177/19412711261452804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19412711261452804","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Patient adherence is a key factor in the effectiveness of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) treatment. The Test of Adherence to Inhalers (TAI-12) scoring system, which evaluates adherence in patients with obstructive lung diseases, consists of 10 patient-rated items. This study aims to assess inhaler adherence levels and their association with COPD outcomes among patients living on both sides of the Aegean Sea-Turkey and Greece-and to identify the main differences among COPD patients in each country.</p><p><strong>Material-method: </strong>The cross-sectional study included 300 COPD patients who completed the TAI-12 questionnaire between June and December 2024 from 6 centers in Turkey and Greece (152 Turkish 148 Greek patients). Demographic data, COPD characteristics, and quality of life assessed with the St. George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) were also evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was a significant difference between Turkish and Greek COPD patients regarding age (<i>p</i> = 0.001), presence of comorbidity (<i>p</i> < 0.001), exacerbation history (<i>p</i> < 0.001), and adherence according to the TAI-12 score (<i>p</i> = 0.014). Frequent exacerbation rate and usage of triple therapy were found statistically higher in the Greek COPD group (<i>p</i> < 0.001 and <i>p</i> = 0.021, respectively). There was a positive correlation between TAI-12 score and COPD duration (<i>r</i> = 0.165, <i>p</i> = 0.004) and negative correlations with the number of medications (<i>r</i> = -0.147, <i>p</i> = 0.011), COPD Assessment Test (CAT) score (<i>r</i> = -0.166, <i>p</i> = 0.004), and SGRQ score (<i>r</i> = -0.121, <i>p</i> = 0.036). Good inhaler adherence was observed in COPD patients with lower cumulative tobacco exposure (<i>p</i> = 0.028), longer illness duration (<i>p</i> = 0.009), and lower MRC and CAT scores (<i>p</i> = 0.006 and 0.034, respectively). Inhaler treatment compliance was lower in patients with cough symptoms (<i>p</i> = 0.046). According to binary logistic regression, only disease duration was a significant independent predictor of inhaler adherence (Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.953, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.01-3.39; <i>p</i> = 0.023).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Sociocultural differences and demographic features have been recognized as factors that influence inhaler compliance in COPD, even across two opposite sides of the Aegean. Our study highlights the need for targeted, culturally sensitive strategies to improve inhaler adherence in COPD populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":14940,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery","volume":" ","pages":"19412711261452804"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148030615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formulation and Development of Spray-Dried Atorvastatin Nanoparticles for Potential Antifungal Applications.","authors":"Fai Alkathiri, Njoud Altuwaijr, Rihaf Alfaraj, Rawan Fitaihi, Sara I Bukhari, Lama Alsulaiman, Aljawhara Alomran, Alyaa Alsalhi, Noura Aldosari, Eram Eltahir, Alanoud Altalal","doi":"10.1177/19412711261448438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19412711261448438","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Atorvastatin (ATR), traditionally prescribed as an antihyperlipidemic agent, has shown promising therapeutic potential beyond its primary indication, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antifungal properties. However, its clinical application is limited by poor solubility and low bioavailability.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To address these limitations, ATR-loaded nanoparticles were prepared using Gelucire^® 44/14 and Gelucire 50/13 at ratios of 1:1 and 1:3 through spray-drying. The formulations were evaluated for particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, solubility, morphology, dissolution, and antifungal activity against four fungal strains of clinical relevance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Increasing the Gelucire ratio from 1:1 to 1:3 significantly reduced particle size (227.30 ± 4.1 to 150.71 ± 3.8 nm) and improved encapsulation efficiency, reaching 83.53%. Dissolution was markedly enhanced, with ATR-GR 44/14 (1:3) achieving nearly complete release within 5 hours. Morphological analysis confirmed the formation of uniformly dispersed nanoparticles. Importantly, antifungal assays demonstrated that ATR-GR 44/14 (1:3) exhibited superior activity against multiple fungal strains compared with other formulations and pure ATR.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Spray-dried ATR-GR nanoparticles offer an effective strategy to overcome solubility barriers while enhancing antifungal efficacy. These findings support their potential as a repurposed therapeutic platform for fungal infections and justify further preclinical and clinical investigation, including future exploration of these spray-dried systems as candidates for inhaled antifungal delivery.</p>","PeriodicalId":14940,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery","volume":" ","pages":"19412711261448438"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148005475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of an Inhaled Pulmonary Selective PDGFR Inhibitor with Sustained Target Engagement.","authors":"Glenn Marsboom, Tianbao Lu, Zhigang Hong, Kimberly Holt, Makhosi Edmondson, Chin-Hu Huang, Amanda M Del Rosario, Salam Ibrahim, Victoria Wong, Michael Harbut, Steffen Jaensch, Zhijie Liu, Yifan Shi, Paul Shaffer, Pravien Abeywickrema, David Duda, Ji-Hoon Cho, Elsie Diaz, Weixue Wang, Harris Bell-Temin, Daniel Riley, Shefali Patel, Seonghee Park, Simon A Hinke, Andrea R Nawrocki, Lai-Ming Yung, Alexandra Schlicker Spain, Christopher John, Daniel Krosky, Shiyao Sherrie Xu, David R Bauman","doi":"10.1177/19412711261449635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19412711261449635","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Inhalation of corticosteroids, bronchodilators, antivirals, and antibiotics is well established to treat a variety of pulmonary diseases; however, no inhaled receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitors have so far been approved for clinical use despite the key role of RTKs in several pulmonary diseases. We describe a detailed roadmap to identify, optimize, and derisk an inhaled platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) inhibitor with extended activity in the lungs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, stable isotopes were used to model receptor turnover <i>in vivo</i>, a high-resolution crystal structure was generated to support structure-based drug design and enhancement of both potency and specificity, and critical physicochemical parameters that drive lung retention were identified. Since some RTK inhibitors are linked to adverse interstitial lung disease in humans, we developed a cell painting assay that helped to eliminate compounds with non-specific effects.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We describe the steps we took to optimize the conditions for nebulized delivery to the deep lung and confirmed that >90% of PDGFR inhibition was maintained for at least 6 hours after nebulization of a 1 mg/kg dose in rats. Finally, modeling was used to calculate the projected human dose for this molecule.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>While the focus of this article is on the identification of an inhaled PDGFR inhibitor, our approach to develop a highly potent inhaled compound that has extended lung retention to minimize systemic effects could be adopted for other RTK drug discovery or lung targeting approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":14940,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery","volume":" ","pages":"19412711261449635"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147838196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flow Control When Testing Dry-Powder Inhalers.","authors":"Daryl L Roberts","doi":"10.1177/19412711261448446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19412711261448446","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>International compendia specify setting the flow for testing dry powder inhalers (DPIs) with the pressure ratio across the flow control valve ≤0.5. This guidance derives from thermodynamic theory, but there is no requirement that the flow control equipment demonstrates adherence to this theory. There is therefore a need to define and test for acceptable flow control valve performance, enabling DPI manufacturers to determine whether their test equipment is achieving the expected flow control. Herein, we present flow control data for two valves common in the inhaler testing community and describe the need for qualification specifications for flow control equipment with such valves.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We devised a simple laboratory apparatus and method for determining the mass flow rate through two common flow control valves in their commercial configuration. In the test method, the pressure ratio across the valve is lowered from ∼0.7 to 0.3. This range of pressure ratio covers the standard test requirement that the pressure ratio must be 0.5 or less and maps the transition of compressible flow through the valve to the point where the air flow theoretically remains constant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A common industrial valve, mentioned specifically in Pharm. Eur. 2.9.18 and in earlier editions of United States Pharmacopeia 601, exhibits nearly constant flow when the pressure ratio is <0.5. Another valve in widespread use exhibits a continued slight increase in mass flow rate even as the pressure ratio is decreased below 0.5.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Inhaler testing laboratories should test whether their equipment exhibits the constant flow condition that is often assumed when the pressure ratio across the flow control valve is 0.5 or smaller. Quantitative specifications, yet to be developed, for qualifying commercial flow control equipment must account for both the transient start-up and the steady-state flow in DPI testing.</p>","PeriodicalId":14940,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery","volume":" ","pages":"19412711261448446"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147838154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in the Application of Additive Manufacturing in Respiratory Inhalation Therapy.","authors":"Chao Zhang, Xinyu Zhang, Junhui Zhang, Changhong Huo","doi":"10.1177/19412711261442505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19412711261442505","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Inhalation therapy has become a cornerstone in the treatment of respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cystic fibrosis, owing to its rapid onset, direct pulmonary targeting, and avoidance of first-pass metabolism. Its clinical scope has expanded beyond conventional respiratory indications to emerging applications, including vaccine delivery, systemic disease management, and localized tumor therapy. However, traditional inhalation systems are often designed for the average patient, overlooking physiological variability that results in inconsistent drug deposition and therapeutic efficacy-particularly in children, elderly patients, and individuals with airway abnormalities. Additive manufacturing (AM), with its high design flexibility and capacity for personalization, offers new possibilities for structural optimization, particle engineering, and <i>in vitro</i> model fabrication in inhalation therapy. Growing evidence indicates that 3D-printed inhalation devices and formulation platforms can enhance drug deposition control, patient compliance, and delivery precision. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in AM applied to inhalation therapy, highlighting its roles in personalized device fabrication, microdose particle design, and <i>in vitro</i> model construction, as well as in the exploration of emerging therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, it discusses current technical challenges and translational barriers. Overall, AM is propelling the transition of inhalation therapy from standardized approaches toward intelligent, patient-centered delivery systems, offering both theoretical and technological foundations for next-generation respiratory healthcare.</p>","PeriodicalId":14940,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery","volume":" ","pages":"19412711261442505"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147690175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}