Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery最新文献

{"title":"Understanding the Effects of Body Mass Index and Inhaler Mouthpiece Size on Human Upper Airway Geometry.","authors":"Christopher Burchell, Agisilaos Kourmatzis, Xinyu Cai, Hanieh Gholizadeh, Taye Mekonnen, Sammy Diasinos, Hak-Kim Chan, Shaokoon Cheng","doi":"10.1089/jamp.2024.0046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/jamp.2024.0046","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Understanding the geometries of the human upper airway and their impact on drug particle transport is important. This study investigates the impact of inhaler mouthpiece size on extrathoracic airway geometry across a diverse body mass index (BMI) range. <b><i>Methods and Materials:</i></b> Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed on 28 participants. Subjects were asked to bite on replicas of inhaler mouthpieces with incisal openings of 13.5 mm and 27 mm, and the effects of mouthpiece size on upper airway geometry were analysed. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Mouthpiece size affects the oral space, and the results show a significant linear correlation between oral space and BMI, with a reduction in the cross-sectional area (CSA) between the soft palate and the tongue of approximately 0.08 cm² per BMI unit increase. This trend contrasts with an increase in anterior-posterior (AP) length across three other pharyngeal regions of interest, with the largest increase observed in the oropharynx, where AP length increased by approximately 0.042 cm/(kg·m²). While the impact of device size was significant in the oral space across all participants, its effect in the oropharynx was significant only in the high BMI cohort. This group exhibited an expansion in the oropharynx when using the larger mouthpiece compared to the smaller one. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> These findings may have implications for inhaler design and prescription. The knowledge presented has the potential to improve inhaler efficacy in high BMI populations when accounting for mouthpiece size.</p>","PeriodicalId":14940,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144225492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Limited Knowledge on Asthma and Pressurized Metered-Dose Inhaler Technique Among Health Care Professionals Attending Asthmatic Patients in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.","authors":"Grace Ambrose Shayo, Aisha Awadh, Mwanaada Ahmed Kilima","doi":"10.1089/jamp.2024.0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/jamp.2024.0028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Receiving wrong health education from health care professionals (HCPs) might contribute to patients' poor inhaler technique. We set out to investigate HCPs' knowledge on asthma and metered-dose inhaler technique in selected health facilities in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> In a cross-sectional study done from August 2020 to February 2021, participant's demographics were recorded. The inhaler technique was assessed using a 12-step checklist. Participants had correct inhaler technique when all the steps were performed correctly; otherwise, the technique was poor. An 18-question questionnaire for health care professional knowledge was used to assess asthma knowledge. One point was awarded to each correctly answered question, whereas a zero point was given to a wrongly answered or unanswered question. Knowledge was adequate if the score was 13/18 or higher. Chi-square was used to compare categorical data, while analysis of variance was used for comparison of mean scores for asthma knowledge and inhaler technique. A <i>p</i> value ≤0.05 was considered significant. <b><i>Results:</i></b> A total of 114 participants were enrolled; 57% were medical officers, and 59.6% had work experience of <5 years. The majority (53.5%) had no training on inhaler technique, and 75% had inadequate knowledge on asthma. Good asthma knowledge was associated with age ≥40 years (<i>p</i> = 0.039) and being a medical specialist (<i>p</i> = 0.002). Only 4.4% of the participants did all the steps of inhaler technique correctly. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Knowledge on asthma and inhaler use technique is generally lacking among health care professionals. In-service training on asthma and inhaler demonstration should be considered for HCPs in asthma clinics.</p>","PeriodicalId":14940,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144199186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>N</i>-Acetylcysteine and Its Therapeutic Potential in an Animal Model of Allergic Asthma.","authors":"Lukáš Smieško, Jozef Mažerik, Eduard Gondáš, Matúš Dohál, Marta Jošková, Martina Šutovská, Soňa Fraňová","doi":"10.1089/jamp.2024.0049","DOIUrl":"10.1089/jamp.2024.0049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> <i>N</i>-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a classical mucolytic agent that, in addition to its mucolytic activity, also exhibits antioxidant activity. This could be beneficial in treating chronic inflammatory airway diseases, including asthma. <b><i>Background:</i></b> We evaluated the ability of NAC to modulate airway defense mechanisms, airway reactivity, inflammation, and remodeling after 10 days of administration [20 and 60 mg/(kg·d)] in an experimental guinea pig model of allergic inflammation. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The concentrations of inflammatory cytokines (interleukins: IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-13), granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid using a multiplex detection method. The concentration of remodeling marker transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) was measured in lung homogenates using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. <i>In vivo,</i> changes in specific airway resistance and number of cough efforts were determined. Tracheal smooth muscle reactivity was evaluated <i>in vitro</i>. Ciliary beat frequency (CBF) indicated mucociliary clearance. <b><i>Results:</i></b> A 10-day administration of NAC at a higher dosage led to a significant decrease in the regulatory cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and GM-CSF. NAC, in both dosing schedules, decreased the levels of TGF-β1. NAC at a higher dosage reduced the number of chemically induced cough reflexes and CBF. NAC did not affect airway hyperreactivity parameters. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> NAC is a multifactorial drug, and under our experimental conditions of allergic inflammation, it showed positive effects on the levels of regulatory cytokines and growth factors, which probably led to a reduction in the intensity of airway defense mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":14940,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery","volume":" ","pages":"118-126"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143648657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Influence of Pressurized Metered Dose Inhaler Actuator Orifice Diameter on Regional Extrathoracic Deposition of Inhaled Epinephrine.","authors":"Conor A Ruzycki, Scott Tavernini, George Luciuk, Kevin W Stapleton, Warren H Finlay, Andrew R Martin","doi":"10.1089/jamp.2024.0039","DOIUrl":"10.1089/jamp.2024.0039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Extrathoracic deposition is a large source of <i>in vivo</i> variability in dosing for pressurized metered dose inhaler (pMDI) aerosols. A majority of previous studies have focused on only total extrathoracic deposition for pMDIs. The present work evaluates regional deposition within the extrathoracic region to better understand the impact of actuator orifice diameter and inhalation flow rate on extrathoracic deposition of a suspension pMDI formulation of epinephrine. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Regional deposition of a commercially available HFA (hydrofluoroalkane) suspension pMDI formulation of epinephrine was evaluated using plastic and metal versions of the newly developed sectioned Alberta Idealized Throat (s-AIT), divided into analogs of the oral cavity, the pharynx/larynx, and the upper trachea. Influences of actuator orifice diameter and inhaler insertion angle on regional extrathoracic deposition were evaluated in the plastic s-AIT at a 30 L/min flow rate, followed by additional testing in the metal s-AIT to evaluate effects across a range of flow rates (from 10 to 100 L/min). <b><i>Results:</i></b> Actuator orifice was found to strongly influence regional extrathoracic deposition of a commercially available epinephrine HFA suspension pMDI aerosol, with smaller actuator orifices yielding reduced oral cavity deposition and increased distal-filter (<i>in vitro</i> lung) deposition in both the plastic and metal s-AIT. Inhalation flow rate was found to strongly influence deposition in the metal s-AIT, with higher flow rates associated with reduced oral cavity deposition, increased pharynx/larynx deposition, and increased upper trachea deposition. Smaller orifices showed less variability in results as a function of inhaler insertion angle. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Actuator orifice diameter (spanning 0.22-0.42 mm) can strongly influence regional deposition of an HFA epinephrine suspension pMDI aerosol within the extrathoracic region. Smaller actuator orifices may provide reduced oral cavity deposition and increased delivery to the lungs. Smaller actuator orifices may also reduce variability in extrathoracic deposition that is associated with patient use aspects such as inhaler insertion angle.</p>","PeriodicalId":14940,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery","volume":" ","pages":"106-117"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143997211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Letter:</i> Respiratory Effectiveness Group Position Statement: Inhaler Choice: Balancing Personalized Health Care and Environmental Responsibility.","authors":"Omar S Usmani, Mona Al-Ahmad, Keith Allan, Antonio Anzueto, Fulvio Braido, Giorgio W Canonica, Trevor Lambert, Thérèse Lapperre, Alan Kaplan, Marc Miravitlles, Nikolaos G Papadopoulos, Chin Kook Rhee, Nicolas Roche, Joan B Soriano","doi":"10.1089/jamp.2024.0060","DOIUrl":"10.1089/jamp.2024.0060","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14940,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery","volume":" ","pages":"145-147"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143730111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preclinical Safety.","authors":"Ronald K Wolff, James D Blanchard","doi":"10.1089/jamp.2025.52511.isam","DOIUrl":"10.1089/jamp.2025.52511.isam","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Several inhaled proteins and peptides have been developed to treat indications in the respiratory tract or systemically with varying degrees of success. This section will summarize the preclinical and clinical studies for inhaled Pulmozyme® (recombinant human deoxyribonuclease, rhDNase), insulin, human growth hormone (hGH), cyclosporine, alpha-1 antitrypsin, measles vaccine, and anti-immunoglobulin E (IgE). For Pulmozyme® (rhDNase), monkeys had positive serum antibody titers to rhDNase and allergic/hypersensitivity (type I) lung lesions in response to foreign protein likely due to differences in homology between monkey and human DNases. However, in patients, the levels of rhDNase antibodies were low and of no consequence. For inhaled insulin in rats, dogs and monkeys, there were no adverse effects related to insulin or excipients. In clinical trials, over 13,000 patients were safely treated with inhaled insulin for an average of 1 year. Some patients had higher antibody levels than comparators, but these antibodies did not decrease the effectiveness, safety or tolerability of inhaled insulin over time and/or affect clinical outcomes. Inhaled hGH had no adverse effects in monkeys, healthy volunteers or pediatric patients, but its absorption from the lungs was too low (<5%) in pediatric patients to be successful as a medical product. Inhaled cyclosporine had no unexpected systemic toxicity or clinically limiting findings in the respiratory tract in rat and dogs; it also had promising Phase 2 clinical data but failed in Phase 3. Inhaled alpha-1 antitrypsin also failed in a recent Phase 2/3 trial. A liquid inhaled measles vaccine was safe, well tolerated and produced an appropriate immune response in Phase 2/3 studies for children ages 10-35 months, but not younger. A dry powder inhaled vaccine in monkeys had no adverse effects and produced an immune response; Phase 1 trials are underway. Inhaled anti-IgE was well tolerated in monkeys and asthma patients, but systemic delivery had superior results in patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":14940,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery","volume":"38 3","pages":"136-144"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144187078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"History of the International Society of Aerosols in Medicine (ISAM): Celebrating the 25th Congress.","authors":"Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser, Chantal Darquenne, David Cipolla, Omar Usmani","doi":"10.1089/jamp.2025.0007","DOIUrl":"10.1089/jamp.2025.0007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14940,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery","volume":" ","pages":"103-105"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144002055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Respiratory Therapy with Digital Inhalers: Insights from Multimodal Experimental and <i>In Vitro</i> Analysis.","authors":"David Ney Gonzalez, Martijn Grinovero, Luca Ponti, Cristina Cova, Valeria Sesana, Marco Franza, Mauro Citterio, Yannick Baschung","doi":"10.1089/jamp.2024.0042","DOIUrl":"10.1089/jamp.2024.0042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> The RS01X is a digital dry powder inhaler (DPI) that records inhalation parameters such as technique or adherence. This offers patients and health care providers a way to have a feedback on inhalation treatments. This study used real-life data gained from 28 healthy volunteers for adherence assessment, technique evaluation, and <i>in vitro</i> testing. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The study enrolled 28 healthy volunteers. Participants were shown how to use an inhaler and provided with empty capsules. The inhalers record several inhalation parameters such as peak inspiratory flow (PIF), volume, duration, and orientation. Half of the participants were selected to be in an \"intervention\" group with access to their inhalation data as well as feedback to improve their inhalation. The other half were a \"control\" group without access to their data nor any feedback. The data were then used for <i>in vitro</i> testing. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Overall, 28 participants were enrolled, and inhalation data were available for 13 interventions and 15 controls. Average adherence was 82.0% and 69.5% for intervention and control, respectively. The technique of inhalation was 65.58% good, 19.89% fair, and 14.53% poor for the intervention group and 36.73% good, 26.99% fair, and 36.28% poor for the control group. The variability of PIF was 9% for intervention and 30% for control. <i>In vitro</i> simulations showed the importance of proper angle orientation in inhalation, which was supported by <i>in vivo</i> data. The fine particle fraction of active pharmaceutical ingredients was similar to the inhalation profile of the intervention in comparison with a theoretical perfect inhalation. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> This study results showed clear improvement in inhalation technique and adherence for patients using digital DPI. In addition, <i>in vitro</i> testing provided concrete data illustrating the measurable advancements digitalization offers in enhancing patient adherence and inhalation technique.</p>","PeriodicalId":14940,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery","volume":" ","pages":"127-135"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144010457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inhaler Technique, Critical Errors, and Effective Inspiratory Flow in COPD Patients: A Prospective Study Comparing Patients Over and Under 65 Years of Age.","authors":"Abraham Bohadana, Amir Jarjoui, Rona Lujan, Sabri Jaffal, Ariel Rokach, Gabriel Izbicki","doi":"10.1089/jamp.2025.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/jamp.2025.0002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Proper inhaler use is critical to the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and age plays a significant role in determining the appropriate device. This study evaluated inhaler technique, critical errors, and peak inspiratory flow (PIF) required to activate the inhaler in elderly patients with COPD. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A total of 81 patients with COPD, 41 aged ≤65 years and 40 aged >65 years, using at least one pressurized metered-dose inhaler (pMDI), dry powder inhaler (DPI), or soft mist inhaler (SMI) were included in the study. Inhaler technique was assessed using a checklist and critical errors were identified. PIF was measured with the In-Check DIAL device and compared with the optimal reference value for each type of inhaler. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Patients over 65 years of age had lower technique scores (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and a higher incidence of critical errors (<i>p</i> < 0.001) compared with younger patients. Older patients using three inhalers had lower technique scores than those using one or two inhalers (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and had five times more critical errors than younger patients (<i>p</i> < 0.02). A strong correlation between the number of critical errors and technique score was observed in the older group (<i>r</i> = 0.74; <i>p</i> < 0.001). In both groups, critical errors were identified in patients with good or high technical score. With the exception of four older patients, all participants, regardless of age or obstruction severity, achieved the required PIF for proper inhaler activation. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> In conclusion, patients over 65 years of age with COPD showed a tendency to misuse inhalers, especially pMDIs and multiple inhalers. Patients with adequate or high technique scores in both age groups made critical errors highlighting the importance of investigating the nature of the error regardless of the technique score. By considering the minimum flow value for each inhaler, almost all patients were able to achieve an effective PIF for inhaler activation.</p>","PeriodicalId":14940,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144078116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lung Deposition of Extrafine Versus Nonextrafine Aerosols at Low Inhalation Flow Rates in Adult Asthma Patients: A Composition Study.","authors":"Maciej Kupczyk, Michał Panek, Hosein Sadafi, Wilfried De Backer, Maciej Wojakiewicz, Tomasz Dębowski","doi":"10.1089/jamp.2024.0052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/jamp.2024.0052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Backgroud:</i></b> A key attribute in selecting an oral inhaler device for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma is its ability to dispense a high degree of pulmonary deposition of the drug at low inspiratory flows. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> In this study, the lung deposition of extrafine formulations of beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) and formoterol fumarate (FF) (pressurized metered-dose inhaler [pMDI] and dry powder inhaler [DPI], NEXThaler) was compared with that of nonextrafine formulations of fluticasone/salmeterol (FP/SAL) Diskus DPI and budesonide/formoterol (BUD/FF) Turbuhaler DPI in 10 patients. Diskus intrathoracic (peripheral and central) lung deposition was estimated at low inhalation flow rates (30 and 40 L/min) <i>via</i> validated functional respiratory imaging (FRI) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The BDP/FF NEXThaler and BDP/FF pMDI had the highest median percentages of intrathoracic deposition, with consistent mean values of approximately 50% and 40%, respectively. The median percentage of peripheral deposition from extrafine inhalers was above 30% with BDP/FF NEXThaler and pMDI, 5% or less with the FP/SAL Diskus at both flow rates, and ranged between 12% and 22% with the BUD/FF Turbuhaler DPI at flow rates of 30 and 40 L/min, respectively. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Extrafine BDP/FF using NEXThaler and pMDI resulted in greater peripheral deposition of both the inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting beta-agonists moieties than the nonextrafine FP/SAL Discus and BUD/FF DPIs did.</p>","PeriodicalId":14940,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143991262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}