Journal of Aerosol Science最新文献

{"title":"Bipolar coagulation in bipolar electrosprays: Optimizing coagulation efficiency and hetero-agglomerate composition","authors":"Matthias Kawalek,&nbsp;Wolfgang Peukert,&nbsp;Christian Lübbert","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106557","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106557","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work investigates the bipolar coagulation of oppositely charged nanoparticles, a few nanometers in size, generated by a bipolar electrospray. These particles form after highly charged droplets produced by the electrospray evaporate, carrying a fraction of the initial droplet charge. The particle charge fraction depends on the non-volatile volume fraction of the feed solution. However, during evaporation, ions and charged clusters form that carry the remaining droplet charge, competing with particle-particle coagulation and thus reducing coagulation efficiency. To enhance coagulation efficiency, the non-volatile volume fraction of the feed solution was increased by adding diethylene glycol (DEG). Additionally, the number of salt particles in the agglomerates was tuned by changing the conductivity ratio of the feed solutions. Experiments were conducted using glucose and sodium chloride particles as a model system for material based applications. Notably, glucose evaporates completely from the coagulated particles, making this system suitable for our tandem DMA setup with a tube furnace between the two DMAs. This setup allowed us to obtain 2D distributions containing information on agglomerate concentration and composition and to optimize coagulation efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Science","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106557"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143610080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-objective Bayesian optimization for the retrieval of aggregated aerosol structures from microscopic images","authors":"Abhishek Singh,&nbsp;Smruti Ranjan Jena,&nbsp;Abhishek Gupta,&nbsp;Thaseem Thajudeen","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106556","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106556","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aerosol particles are increasingly recognized for their significant impacts on human health and climate. Often found in aggregated form, the morphology of these particles plays a crucial role in influencing their physicochemical properties. Owing to the sub-micron size, electron microscopy is the most commonly used technique to visualize the aggregated particles. In a prior study, we proposed a combination of forward modelling coupled with optimization techniques for the prediction of 3-dimensional structures from microscopic images. Here, we extend the methodology to a multi-objective optimization approach for the specific cases where aggregated particles are classified and sampled based on specific properties such as mobility diameter, aerodynamic diameter etc. The comparison of 2-dimensional features of the microscopic image with the projections of computationally generated aggregates forms the first objective function, while the comparison of the measured 3-dimensional property, mobility diameter, is used as the second objective function. The estimation of the mobility diameter often requires the calculation of the hydrodynamic radius (R_h) and the orientationally averaged projected area (PA), which can be computationally expensive for larger aggregates and for frequent calculations. Bayesian optimization is used for the retrieval process, as it can provide much faster convergence with significantly fewer function evaluations compared to metaheuristic algorithms. The multi-objective Bayesian optimization-based retrieval algorithm has been validated using synthetically generated and experimentally collected microscopic images. The process is found to be about 5–10 times faster than previously reported methods. The algorithm is further extended to retrieve aggregates with polydisperse and overlapping monomers. The retrieval process demonstrated strong accuracy, with fractal parameters showing around 10–15% error compared to the original values. This includes a mobility diameter difference of less than 10%, indicating high similarity between retrieved and input structures. Furthermore, tests are conducted on welding fume particles of varying mobility diameters, where retrieved structures consistently exhibited mobility diameters within a 10% difference from original values.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Science","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106556"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143580310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ToF-SIMS analyses of brake wear particles in human epithelial Caco-2 cells","authors":"Robin Rydbergh ,&nbsp;Lisa-Marie Witte ,&nbsp;Jonas Sjöblom ,&nbsp;Nathalie Scheers ,&nbsp;Amir Saeid Mohammadi ,&nbsp;Eric Voortman Landström ,&nbsp;Tore V. Vernersson ,&nbsp;Per Malmberg","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106553","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106553","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Air pollutants, especially fine particulate matter (diameter of &lt;2.5 μm), are associated with severe health risks including increased cardiopulmonary and lung cancer mortality and development of neurodegenerative diseases. This study introduces a novel methodology that begins with <em>in situ</em> particulate pollution collection, proceeds to exposing non-animal human epithelial cell models which are then analyzed through high spatial resolution mass spectrometry imaging to differentiate the chemistry of particles among exposed cells. During regular train operations, brake wear particles (BWP) are primarily generated from brake pad abrasion. For this work, a custom train brake rig was used to generate BWP, which were then introduced to human epithelial Caco-2 cells. First, the BWP size distributions were characterized using an Electrical Low-Pressure Impactor and particles ranging from 1.1 to 2.7 μm were collected with a gravimetric impactor. A suspension of these BWP, characterized by Dynamic Light Scattering, was added to Caco-2 cells cultured on coverslips. After incubation, the cells were washed and fixed by freeze-drying to preserve the epithelial structure. Subsequent analyses with SEM and Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) established substantial, partially agglomerated, BWP deposits on the surface of the epithelial cellular structures. Further analysis of the ToF-SIMS data using Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least Squares, achieved a better separation of underlying chemical distributions. This enhanced image contrast facilitated the observation of particle-cell interactions. The results demonstrate the efficacy and potential of ToF-SIMS mass spectrometry imaging in distinguishing and potentially characterizing particle-cell interactions. This methodology may be further refined by incorporating complementary analytical techniques such as ICP-MS to better quantify metal content in particles and attempts with smaller particles might help assess cellular particle penetration and accumulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Science","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106553"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143563692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indoor air sampling for detection of viral nucleic acids","authors":"Lennart J. Justen ,&nbsp;Simon L. Grimm ,&nbsp;Kevin M. Esvelt ,&nbsp;William J. Bradshaw","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106549","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106549","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Detecting and monitoring airborne viruses is critical for mitigating the spread of infectious diseases and safeguarding public health. Indoor air sampling has emerged as a promising but underexplored approach to the surveillance of viral pathogens, complementing more established methods such as clinical diagnostics and wastewater-based epidemiology. Indoor air contains viral particles originating from human occupants through exhaled respiratory droplets, skin shedding, and resuspension of contaminated dust, making it a valuable target for viral biosurveillance. Although viruses typically account for less than 1% of total sequences in metagenomic data from air samples, a wide range of human-infecting viruses, including respiratory and skin-associated pathogens, can be detected using various capture mechanisms. This review provides a comprehensive examination of indoor air sampling for viral nucleic acid detection, focusing on the sources and composition of viruses indoors; sampling technologies; and strategies for effective implementation. We examine three complementary approaches to viral collection: active air sampling using dedicated collection devices; passive sampling primarily through settled dust analysis; and monitoring of building heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. For active sampling, we assess previously published results on the efficacy of filtration, impaction, impingement, cyclonic separation, electrostatic precipitation, and condensation for viral collection, highlighting challenges in optimizing sampling efficiency for submicrometer particles and recovering sufficient viral nucleic acids for analysis. For passive and HVAC-based approaches, we evaluate their potential for providing temporally-integrated, building-wide viral surveillance data while requiring minimal additional infrastructure. We examine potential strategies for implementing these approaches, particularly in airports and healthcare facilities. Future studies should focus on addressing such knowledge gaps, optimizing sampling methodologies, and developing best practices for integrating air sampling into public health surveillance systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Science","volume":"187 ","pages":"Article 106549"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143738619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Condensational growth of spherical water droplets altered under external electric fields","authors":"D.N. Gabyshev","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106554","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106554","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The article explores the theoretical aspects of the growth of small water droplets by condensation in significant electric fields, commonly present in cumulonimbus and thunderstorm clouds. The research investigates the impact of exposure to electric fields on growth using a comprehensive thermodynamic approach, which incorporates various sources of the field, such as the cloud’s field, electrokinetic potential within the diffuse layer, droplet’s charge and polarisation. The model considers the anisotropy of field superposition and demonstrates analytical integration techniques across the droplet’s surface. Overall, the study expands our understanding of electric-field-driven droplet growth and corroborates prior findings of enhanced condensation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Science","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106554"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143563691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of environmental aging processing on bioaerosol detection using circular intensity differential scattering (CIDS)","authors":"Daniel N. Ackerman ,&nbsp;Yong-Le Pan ,&nbsp;Aimable Kalume ,&nbsp;Elizabeth A. Klug ,&nbsp;Ashley R. Ravnholdt ,&nbsp;Kevin K. Crown ,&nbsp;Joshua L. Santarpia","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106555","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106555","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Circular intensity differential scattering (CIDS) has recently been used to discriminate biological from non-biological particles based on direct detection of nucleic acids in single individual particles. Most sensors that discriminate biological from non-biological particles are based on laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). Although LIF can be used to sample and analyze aerosol particles continuously, but its detection signatures are altered by different atmospheric conditions, complicating the interpretation of LIF sensor data. Since CIDS signals are based on the chirality of nucleic acids, environmental damage to nucleic acid is not likely to impact the CIDS return in the same way that it impacts the LIF signal. To test this hypothesis, MS2 aerosol particles were generated and exposed to both simulated sunlight and ozone in a Biological Aerosol Reaction Chamber (Bio-ARC). These rapidly aged particles were measured by a Wideband Integrated Bioaerosol Sensor (WIBS-4a), which measures aerosol fluorescence excited at 280 and 370 nm, and a novel aerosol measurement system that relies on CIDS. The impact of this simulated aging on both LIF and the CIDS returns will be evaluated. Since LIF and CIDS returns were impacted differently by environmental aging processes, the results showed a greater stability of CIDS measurements and highlighted its potential application in rapid detection and characterization of bioaerosols.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Science","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106555"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143529825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance evaluation of a miniature UV particle charger","authors":"Jitong Zhou ,&nbsp;Gehang Huang ,&nbsp;Xiaoqi Lei ,&nbsp;Qiang Sun ,&nbsp;Fajun Yu ,&nbsp;Huaqiao Gui ,&nbsp;Jianguo Liu ,&nbsp;Huanqin Wang ,&nbsp;Da-Ren Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106550","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106550","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A mini-UV aerosol charger was designed, and its charging performance was investigated in this work. The performance of a mini-UV aerosol charger was evaluated using DMA-classified silver (Ag) particles in the sizes ranging from 7 to 100 nm under varying exposure times and irradiation intensities. The intrinsic and extrinsic charging efficiencies, and charge distribution of test particles under different operational conditions were measured. It was found that the particle charging with 5 W UV lamps, emitting both wavelengths of 185 and 254 nm, achieved the optimal performance for the charger when operated at a flowrate of 0.3 LPM. The intrinsic and extrinsic charging efficiencies of sodium chloride (NaCl) and Di-Ethyl-Hexyl-Sebacat (DEHS) particles were also measured. The extrinsic charge distribution of test particles was lastly measured. This study further proposed the improvement of the photo-charging model based on the Fowler-Nordheim law (for the calculation of charge distribution of particles) by considering the field distribution of particle residence time in the charger.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Science","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106550"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143488824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aerosol hygroscopicity influenced by seasonal chemical composition variations in the Arctic region","authors":"Hyojin Kang ,&nbsp;Chang Hoon Jung ,&nbsp;Bang Yong Lee ,&nbsp;Radovan Krejci ,&nbsp;Dominic Heslin-Rees ,&nbsp;Wenche Aas ,&nbsp;Young Jun Yoon","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106551","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106551","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we quantified aerosol hygroscopicity parameter using aerosol microphysical observation data (κ_phy), analyzing monthly and seasonal trends in κ_phy by correlating it with aerosol chemical composition over 6 years from April 2007 to March 2013 at the Zeppelin Observatory in Svalbard, Arctic region. The monthly mean κ_phy value exhibited distinct seasonal variations, remaining high from winter to spring, reaching its minimum in summer, followed by an increase in fall, and maintaining elevated levels in winter. To verify the reliability of κ_phy, we employed the hygroscopicity parameter calculated from chemical composition data (κ_chem). The chemical composition and PM_2.5 mass concentration required to calculate κ_chem was obtained through Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2) reanalysis data and the calculation of κ_chem assumed that Arctic aerosols comprise only five species: black carbon (BC), organic matter (OM), ammonium sulfate (AS), sea salt aerosol less than a diameter of 2.5 μm (SSA_2.5), and dust aerosol less than a diameter of 2.5 μm (Dust_2.5). The κ_chem had no distinct correlation but had a similar seasonal trend compared to κ_phy. The κ_chem value followed a trend of SSA_2.5 and was much higher by a factor of 1.6 ± 0.3 than κ_phy on average, due to a large proportion of SSA_2.5 mass concentration in MERRA-2 reanalysis data. This may be due to the overestimation of sea salt aerosols in MERRA-2 reanalysis. The relationship between monthly mean κ_phy and the chemical composition used to calculate κ_chem was also analyzed. The elevated κ_phy from October to February resulted from the dominant influence of SSA_2.5, while the maximum κ_phy in March was concurrently influenced by increasing AS and Dust_2.5 associated with long-range transport from mid-latitude regions during Arctic haze periods and by SSA mass concentration obtained from in-situ sampling, which remained high from the preceding winter. The relatively low κ_phy from April to September can be attributed to low SSA_2.5 and the dominance of organic compounds in the Arctic summer. Either natural sources such as those of marine and terrestrial biogenic origin or long-range-transported aerosols may contribute to the increase in organic aerosols in summer, potentially influencing the reduction in κ_phy of atmospheric aerosols. To our knowledge, this is the first study to analyze the monthly and seasonal variation of aerosol hygroscopicity calculated using long-term microphysical data, and this result provides evidence that changes in monthly and seasonal hygroscopicity variation occur depending on chemical composition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Science","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106551"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143488823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A mechanistic analysis code for aerosol migration behavior associated with a large-scale bubble during a core disruptive accident","authors":"Zeren Zou,&nbsp;Wei Liu,&nbsp;Koji Morita","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106545","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106545","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The potential release of radioactive materials is a crucial design consideration for advanced reactors, especially for minimizing environment impact during severe accidents. In this context, studying the release of radioactive materials from the sodium pool during a core disruptive accident (CDA)—the most severe accident in a sodium-cooled fast reactor—is of significant value. During a CDA, fission products can migrate as aerosol particles through the sodium pool to the cover gas region in a short time (approximately a few hundred milliseconds) along with a large-scale, multi-phase, multi-component bubble generated after the core recriticality. To address this issue, we developed a code to simulate the migration behavior of aerosols with the large-scale bubble within the sodium pool. The code is based on a one-dimensional two-phase multi-component CDA bubble model and integrates an aerosol migration model to explain the process of aerosol particle absorption by the coolant. Using analysis results of the core provided by the internationally recognized severe accident analysis program SIMMER as boundary input conditions, the code was used to implement a trial calculation of the in-vessel migration of the representative fission product cesium during a CDA in a prototype sodium-cooled fast reactor. In the case where cesium and sodium were immiscible, the overall computational results showed good consistency with the results from the SIMMER code, indicating the applicability of our code. Therefore, by accounting for the unique miscibility characteristics of cesium and sodium in the code, the final amount of cesium migration could be determined.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Science","volume":"185 ","pages":"Article 106545"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143429013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shear lift forces on convex non-spherical particles in the free molecular regime","authors":"Xinquan Chang ,&nbsp;Song Yu ,&nbsp;Kexue Zhang ,&nbsp;Shaobin Zhuo ,&nbsp;Jun Wang ,&nbsp;Guodong Xia ,&nbsp;Zhigang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106546","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106546","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For the theoretical description of the lift forces on particle suspended in a gas, a real particle is usually simplified as a sphere. However, most real particles are non-spherical particles. The influence of the geometric shape and orientation on the transport of the suspended particle is unambiguously non-negligible. In the present paper, the shear lift forces exerted on non-spherical particles are studied in the free molecular regime. Based on the gas kinetic theory, the expressions for effective forces are obtained by integrating the forces on the surface element over the whole particle surface. It is theoretically found that the effective forces are proportional to the surface area of the particle, and the proportion coefficient is independent of the particle size or shape, providing that the particle orientation distribution is uniform. These findings in the present paper has been verified by direct simulation Monte Carlo and can simplify the calculation of the shear lift forces on non-spherical particles in the free molecular regime with a wider range of practical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Science","volume":"185 ","pages":"Article 106546"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143445861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}