Journal of Aerosol Science最新文献

{"title":"Initial size distribution of cough particles for CFD simulations based on particle sizer measurements and evaporation model","authors":"Yunchen Bu ,&nbsp;Hideki Kikumoto ,&nbsp;Wonseok Oh ,&nbsp;Chao Lin ,&nbsp;Ryozo Ooka","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106678","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106678","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Expiratory particles are known to be capable of carrying viruses that cause respiratory diseases. To predict exposure to these particles, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations can be used, with the initial size distribution of particles as an important input parameter. This study aims to explore the appropriate initial size distribution of cough particles to enhance the prediction accuracy. A novel inference method is proposed, based on experimental measurements with an optical particle sizer and a CFD simulation. The CFD simulation employs the Lagrangian method to track the dispersion of cough particles, incorporating an evaporation model; thus, the response relationship between the initial size distribution and measurements can be established. In the previous experiment by the authors, the number concentration of cough particles (0.3–10 μm) was measured at distances ranging from 1 to 60 cm from the mouth. The CFD results provided the response relationship for particle size (shrinkage factor) and particle number (relative number) at different distances. Under the current model, particles with initial diameters less than 32 μm reached a quasi-equilibrium size at all distances, and the shrinkage factors were 0.26–0.27 under a relative humidity of 34 %. Consequently, the initial size distribution for cough particles can be determined using measurements at 30–60 cm from the mouth, along with CFD derived response relationships. This distribution has been verified for reliability and can be used to predict particle size distributions at interpersonal conversation distances. In addition, this study further investigates the necessity of integrating the evaporation model into predictions of particle exposure. The results show that adding the evaporation model in CFD simulations has little impact on the predicted exposed particle number concentration. However, it significantly affects the predicted exposed particle size, which in turn influences the exposure to cough particles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Science","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 106678"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145048091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In situ and on-line measurement of soot size using the light-based method","authors":"Jingjing Xia ,&nbsp;Chaohao Yang ,&nbsp;Jin Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106679","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106679","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In situ and on-line measurement of soot's particle size distribution (PSD) is crucial for comprehending its physical and chemical properties. The non-contact nature and high sensitivity of optical techniques have led to their widespread adoption in soot characterization. To overcome the computational burden associated with modeling fractal structures, this study utilizes the discrete dipole approximation (DDA) to represent soot as ellipsoids. Meanwhile, a miniaturized prototype sensor was utilized to collect the light scattering phase function (LSPF), providing sufficient optical information to retrieve soot's PSD. Experiments with Di-Ethyl-Hexyl-Sebacate (DEHS) demonstrated that the prototype sensor can accurately collect the LSPF, with a maximum relative error (RE) below 15 %. The Kullback-Leibler divergence (<em>D</em>_<em>KL</em>) of the PSD retrieved by the hybrid iterative inversion algorithm that was proposed in this study is no larger than 0.05. Further testing with open-flame combustion confirmed that the method proposed in this study can accurately sense soot's PSD and decouple its ovality parameter (OP). The method proposed in this study exhibits significant potential for in situ and on-line measurement of soot's PSD and provides a reliable framework for characterizing irregular particles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Science","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 106679"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145048090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing the impacts of aerosolization and sampling techniques on the structural integrity and antigenicity retention of influenza A virus-like particles","authors":"Yuezhi (August) Li ,&nbsp;Ananya Benegal ,&nbsp;Joseph V. Puthussery ,&nbsp;Shu-Wen You ,&nbsp;Michael D. Vahey ,&nbsp;Rajan K. Chakrabarty","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106673","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106673","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Laboratory experiments studying respiratory virus aerosols rely on the reproducibility of aerosolization and sampling techniques. Conventional techniques could compromise viral structure and antigenicity, particularly for pleomorphic viruses like influenza A (IAV), yet very little information is available on this issue. Here, we evaluate three aerosolization methods: Collison, Blaustein Atomization Modules (BLAM), and jet nebulizers, and three bioaerosol samplers: liquid spot sampler (LSS), wet cyclone, and SKC BioSampler, to determine their efficiency in retaining the structural stability and antigenicity of filamentous IAV virus-like particles (VLPs). VLPs provide a safe and practical alternative for studying highly pathogenic airborne viruses. The BLAM and jet nebulizers maintain 12–21 % of filamentous structures, whereas the Collison nebulizer, which generates higher shear stress, reduces filament recovery to ∼10 %. The liquid spot sampler (LSS), owing to gentle condensation-based sampling technique, retains approximately 30 % of filamentous VLPs. The SKC BioSampler and wet cyclone sampler cause greater structural disruption due to higher shear stress and impaction forces and retain ∼10 % and ∼7 % of filamentous VLPs, respectively. Higher relative humidity (85 %) improves filament retention by ∼20 % compared to dry conditions (25 % RH). The antigenicity of Neuraminidase (NA), the IAV surface protein responsible for viral release, followed a bimodal distribution, with up to 20 % of small VLPs showing undetectable NA signal post-aerosolization, indicating greater susceptibility to structural degradation. These results point to the necessity of improving upon contemporary aerosolization and sampling strategies to characterize airborne filamentous viruses in controlled laboratory environments more accurately.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Science","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 106673"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145048092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of particle size-related artifacts in analyte quantification of particulate samples using infrared spectroscopy methods","authors":"Kabir Rishi ,&nbsp;Orthodoxia Zervaki ,&nbsp;Bon-Ki Ku ,&nbsp;Nicholas Pugh ,&nbsp;Chen Wang ,&nbsp;Vasileia Vogiazi ,&nbsp;Pramod Kulkarni","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106669","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106669","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Infrared absorption spectroscopy is commonly used to quantify chemicals in the particulate phase for environmental and occupational aerosol exposure measurements. Unlike gas-phase analyte quantification, the analytical figures of merit depend on the characteristics of the particulate phase, in particular the aerosol size distribution. In the Mie scattering regime, where the particle size is comparable to the incident infrared wavelength, the bias in analyte quantification can depend on particle size. This error may depend on how well the size distribution of the aerosol matches with that of the reference material used to calibrate the method. While the impact of packing densities, and spectral interferences from the substrate and other minerals in the aerosol has been assessed in previous work, the impact of aerosol size distribution has not been explored. In this work, the Lorenz-Mie solution to Maxwell's equation was used to determine the bias in mass quantification of quartz in typical occupational aerosols for which the IR method is commonly used. Our experimental findings were benchmarked with the Lorenz-Mie solution using model spherical polystyrene particles. Practical deviations due to the asymmetric shape of quartz particles size-fractionated using different cascade impactors are presented and compared with literature studies on quartz aerosols. The expected bias in analyte quantification using different quartz standard reference materials relative to NIST SRM 1878a was assessed. The implications on quartz quantification due to differences in aerosol size distribution at different locations in the coal mine, granite quarries, and during construction activities such as stone finishing and grinding are presented and discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Science","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 106669"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145048627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technical note: Prediction of bacterial aerosol concentration via absorbance measurement of bacterial suspension in atomizer: Staphylococcus aureus as an example","authors":"Dongmin Shin,&nbsp;Jungho Hwang","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106674","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106674","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Airborne bacteria affect indoor air quality and pose health risks. To develop airborne bacterial samplers and detection devices, aerosol experiments should first be conducted using an atomizer in the laboratory to determine the bacterial concentration in an actual indoor air environment. For example, the concentration of <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> in indoor air has been reported to be 10¹–10³ colony-forming units (CFUs) per 1 m³ of air. The bacterial aerosol concentration generated using an atomizer depends on the concentration of the liquid suspension containing bacterial particles inside the atomizer. Moreover, such low concentrations of airborne bacteria require the precise control of the suspension concentration. In addition, traditional methods of measuring bioaerosol concentrations depend on culture-based techniques, which only measure a portion of the total microbial community and have the drawback of being slow, often taking one to several days to complete. This study proposes a predictive methodology for estimating airborne bacterial concentration (CFUs/m³) based on the absorbance measurement of a bacterial suspension in an atomizer using UV/VIS spectroscopy. This methodology involves establishing a correlation curve by preparing different concentrations of bacterial suspensions, measuring their absorbances, aerosolizing each suspension using an atomizer, and sampling airborne bacteria for CFU enumeration. With the obtained correlation curve, simply measuring the absorbance of a certain bacterial suspension can yield the CFU concentration of bacteria in the air without repeatedly performing time-consuming experiments. <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> was used as an example species, and the R² between the CFU concentrations in air and the absorbances of the suspensions was 0.9976.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Science","volume":"190 ","pages":"Article 106674"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144896518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and characterization of a modular tunable ring electrode aerosol charge conditioner","authors":"Markus D. Petters ,&nbsp;Sanghee Han ,&nbsp;Sunandan Mahant","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106670","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106670","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A tunable ring electrode aerosol charge conditioner is introduced. Bipolar ions are created by means of radioactive decay. The device creates a stream of unipolar ions by separating positive and negative ions using an axial electric field with electric field strengths up to 2 kV cm⁻¹. Varying the electric field strength enables changing the charge conditioner output from bipolar (<em>V</em> = 0) to unipolar for positively charged particles (<em>V</em> &gt; 0) or negatively charged (<em>V</em> &lt; 0). The steady-state ion field and aerosol charge distributions are predicted using a numerical model. Charge conditioner performance is characterized using tandem differential mobility analyzer measurements. Results show that the mean charge per particle increases approximately logarithmically with the applied DC voltage. There is good agreement between model-predicted and observed charge distributions over a wide range of DC voltages and particle sizes. The design is open hardware providing an adaptable platform that can be used as a starting point to modify the charge conditioner design to optimize performance for specific applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Science","volume":"190 ","pages":"Article 106670"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144907994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of soot formation and evolution in turbulent swirling flames","authors":"Jinbo Cheng ,&nbsp;Yihao Tang ,&nbsp;Wang Han ,&nbsp;Lijun Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106667","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106667","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Many practical combustion systems, such as aviation engines, stationary gas turbines, diesel engines, etc., rely on turbulent swirl flames to operate efficiently and reliably. One of the primary concerns in developing these combustion systems is the reduction of particulate matter (i.e., soot) emissions. This is due to the fact that soot emissions have adverse effects on human health and the environment. In this context, mitigating soot emissions from these combustion systems requires a comprehensive understanding of the physicochemical pathways from fuel to soot particles in turbulent, swirling flames. Moreover, fundamental studies of soot emissions in turbulent swirling flames can help elucidate the processes of soot formation and evolution in complex reacting flows. In this work, we intend to provide a comprehensive review of soot formation and evolution in turbulent swirling flames. First, the physicochemical processes involved in soot formation and evolution are introduced, including the formation of gas-phase soot precursors, soot nucleation, coagulation and condensation, surface growth, and oxidation and fragmentation. These processes are discussed in the context of the features of soot formation and evolution in turbulent swirling flames. A detailed review is then made of the experimental measurements and diagnostic methods related to soot. Through the classification of the burner configurations, a comprehensive review of the experimental progress of sooting swirl flames is given. The parameter studies, including pressure, equivalence ratio, and thermal power, among others, are summarized, resulting in a detailed overview. Subsequently, numerical simulation methodologies of sooting swirl flames are introduced, including the numerical construction of chemical kinetics, turbulent combustion, and soot models. A comprehensive review of numerical studies is made in terms of burner configurations, modeling methods, and mechanism analysis. This review concludes by summarizing the challenges faced in turbulent swirl flames and anticipating future research on soot.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Science","volume":"190 ","pages":"Article 106667"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144896508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microscopic visualization of heterogeneous nucleation of water vapor on convex and concave particles","authors":"Li Lv ,&nbsp;Yixun Lu ,&nbsp;Junchao Xu ,&nbsp;Xing Wu ,&nbsp;Guangze Li ,&nbsp;Longfei Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106668","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106668","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heterogeneous nucleation of water vapor on fine particles affects droplet formation in key processes such as atmospheric physics, gas purification, crystallization, and particle measurement. Understanding and predicting the preferential nucleation sites on microscale particles, especially those with complex geometries such as convex and concave surfaces, remains a major challenge. In this work, the nucleation process on convex spherical particles is first visualized. Particle gap, i.e. particle concavity, will preferentially nucleate. A planar gap model is constructed to explain the reason why convex particles are more prone to nucleate at the gap compared to the particle surface. The influences of the gap angle and the contact angle on nucleation are analyzed. The smaller the gap angle, the smaller the contact angle, and the lower the nucleation energy barrier, making nucleation more likely to occur. Compared to using fractal theory to only obtain the nucleation energy barriers, this model can be used to predict the preferential nucleation sites of micrometer sized convex spherical particles.</div><div>Importantly, to address the issue of whether all concavity will preferentially nucleate, the nucleation on micron-sized concave spherical particles is then visualized. And the nucleation energy barriers of concave cavities and particle surfaces with and without considering line tension are analyzed. It is found that when the particle radius and cavity radius are large, their energy barriers are almost the same. Water vapor is more likely to nucleate simultaneously inside the cavity and on the particle surface. When the particle radius and cavity radius are small, considering the line tension, the energy barrier inside the cavity is greater than that on the particle. Contrary to what is believed, water vapor is more likely to nucleate on the particle rather than in the cavity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Science","volume":"190 ","pages":"Article 106668"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144842222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Operation of a variable saturation condensation particle sizer with 2-propanol, ethanol, methanol, and propylene glycol: Resolution and delay time versus volatility","authors":"M. Attoui ,&nbsp;J. Fernandez de la Mora ,&nbsp;F. Carbone","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106662","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106662","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The variable saturation condensation particle sizer (VSCPS) of Gallar et al. (2006) determines a condensation (Kelvin) diameter by scanning over the saturation ratio at fixed instrument temperatures, sample flow rate, and total sheath flow rate. This is achieved by mixing a saturated and a dry stream while scanning over the dry/wet flow rate ratio. Previous studies with this VSCPS have used n-butanol and Fluorinert™ FC-43. A slightly modified form of the instrument is tested here with polyethylene glycol particles 3–9 nm in diameter and four working fluids: Propylene Glycol (PG), 2-propanol, ethanol, and methanol. The latter three give steep activation curves (<em>FWHM</em>∼ 2 %). However, this steepness depends on the quality of the bipolar electrospray used to produce monodisperse seed particles. Nevertheless, methanol yields the narrowest activation curves at all sizes studied, especially the smallest ones. All liquids tested except methanol show a widening of the activation curve at diminishing particle diameters, in qualitative agreement with classical heterogeneous nucleation theory with perfect wetting. The response time depends strongly on working fluid volatility (7.8 s for PG; 1.2 s for methanol), apparently due to the time required to dry the condensate film deposited on the wall of the thermal insulator separating the saturator from the condenser.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Science","volume":"190 ","pages":"Article 106662"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144781100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Secondary droplet breakup of impaction-pin nozzle: Comparison between experimental and CFD-DPM modelling","authors":"Saima Bukhat Khan ,&nbsp;Joel Alroe ,&nbsp;Chris Medcraft ,&nbsp;Emilie Sauret ,&nbsp;Daniel Harrison ,&nbsp;Zoran Ristovski","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106664","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106664","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Spray systems play a crucial role in various industrial and environmental applications, where precise control over droplet size is critical for achieving efficiency. Despite extensive studies on primary breakup, which involves the disintegration of liquid jets or sheets into droplets, the dynamics of secondary breakup, where droplets fragment post-formation, remain less understood. In environmental applications, among various nozzles, impaction-pin nozzles have enabled the production of fine misting droplets at micron and submicron levels. One of the applications of these impaction-pin nozzles is to produce an artificial fog using high pressure seawater to shade corals, a technology under investigation within the Reef Restoration and Adaptation (RRAP) program. This study aims to model and characterise the secondary breakup dynamics in impaction-pin nozzles using a combined numerical and experimental approach. Simulations are performed using Discrete Phase Model (DPM) to model droplet dynamics and size distribution, leveraging its efficiency and accuracy for dispersed-phase tracking. The numerical model incorporated stochastic breakup, coalescence, and evaporation models within Euler-Lagrangian framework, alongside unsteady RANS modelling for gas-phase flow. Experimental validation was performed using a Scanning Electrical Mobility Sizer (SEMS) and an Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (APS), ensuring high-resolution particle size measurements particularly at micron and submicron levels. The impaction-pin nozzle (<em>MeeFog IP-2115-08</em>) used in this study atomised seawater droplets under controlled conditions. Both the experiment and simulations yielded similar log-normal distributions of dry particle sizes upon evaporation. The mean diameter for numerical CFD distribution was 322.4 nm with humidified distribution at 51 % of relative humidity had mean of 236.3 nm and initial dry particles at 675.1 nm, keeping the ranges within the experimental and numerical errors. The model also predicted the spatial distribution of droplets and spray characteristics with experimental visualisation, such as angle variation during spray development, which correlated well with experimental observations. This work provides valuable insights into secondary breakup dynamics and offers a validated framework for optimizing impaction-pin nozzle spray systems for applications requiring precise droplet size control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Science","volume":"190 ","pages":"Article 106664"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144780996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}