{"title":"MINiature Interactive Offset Networks (MINIONs) for Wafer Map Classification","authors":"Y. Zeng, Li-C. Wang, Chuanhe Jay Shan","doi":"10.1109/ITC50571.2021.00027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC50571.2021.00027","url":null,"abstract":"We present a novel approach called MINiature Interactive Offset Networks (or MINIONs). We use wafer map classification as an application example. A Minion is trained with a specially-designed one-shot learning scheme. A collection of Minions can be used to patch a master model. Experiment results are provided to explain the potential areas Minions can help and their unique benefits.","PeriodicalId":147006,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128095457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Adaptive NN-based Root Cause Analysis in Volume Diagnosis for Yield Improvement","authors":"Xin Huang, Min Qin, Ruosheng Xu, Cheng Chen, Shangling Jui, Zhihao Ding, Pengyun Li, Yu Huang","doi":"10.1109/ITC50571.2021.00010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC50571.2021.00010","url":null,"abstract":"Root Cause Analysis (RCA) is a critical technology for yield improvement in integrated circuit manufacture. Traditional RCA prefers unsupervised algorithms such as Expectation Maximization based on Bayesian models. However, these methods are severely limited by the weak predictive capability of statistical models and can’t effectively transfer the yield learning experience from old designs and processes to the new ones. Motivated by recent advancements of deep learning, in this paper we propose a Neural-Network-based adaptive framework for RCA in yield improvement. The proposed framework consists of an inference module and a self-adaptive module. The former receives volume diagnosis reports and predicts the root cause distributions. The latter is able to adapt the inference module to new designs and processes based on a few of targeted samples without any manual adjustment. Experimental results show that a relatively large improvement on accuracy is achieved by the proposed framework on simulated diagnosis data. Furthermore, the transferring capability of the self-adaptive module is also validated by the results.","PeriodicalId":147006,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125677077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Kilian, H. Ahrens, Daniel Tille, M. Huch, Ulf Schlichtmann
{"title":"A Scalable Design Flow for Performance Monitors Using Functional Path Ring Oscillators","authors":"T. Kilian, H. Ahrens, Daniel Tille, M. Huch, Ulf Schlichtmann","doi":"10.1109/ITC50571.2021.00041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC50571.2021.00041","url":null,"abstract":"The automotive industry sets high reliability standards for microcontroller (MCUs). To increase reliability, the automotive MCU manufacturers are looking for accurate performance screening. One of these performance screening mechanisms are functional path ring oscillators (RO). In this paper, a scalable and efficient method for creating functional path ring oscillators is presented. Implementation data demonstrate that functional path RO monitors show a significant advantage in area and power consumption over comparable performance screening methods.","PeriodicalId":147006,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134516254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"AAA: Automated, On-ATE AI Debug of Scan Chain Failures","authors":"Chris Nigh, Gaurav Bhargava, R. D. Blanton","doi":"10.1109/ITC50571.2021.00044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC50571.2021.00044","url":null,"abstract":"Debug of failing tests during new product introduction is a human-time-intensive task, requiring the focus of domain experts to develop and execute fact-finding experiments. With the increasing size and complexity of modern integrated circuit products, and the increasing size of company product portfolios, it is challenging and taxing for these few experts to support all required debug. To overcome this bottleneck of limited expertise, we propose AAA, a rule-based expert system to perform automated, on-the-tester debug of failing tests. The system is designed to replicate the typical procedure followed by an expert, including the dynamic creation and application of targeted debug tests, collection of on-tester silicon failure results, and analysis of the results to improve root-cause understanding. AAA performance is demonstrated on industrial chips with scan chain failures.","PeriodicalId":147006,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133854647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Testability-Aware Low Power Controller Design with Evolutionary Learning","authors":"Min Li, Zhengyuan Shi, Zezhong Wang, Weiwei Zhang, Yu Huang, Qiang Xu","doi":"10.1109/ITC50571.2021.00046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC50571.2021.00046","url":null,"abstract":"XORNet-based low power controller is a popular technique to reduce circuit transitions in scan-based testing. However, existing solutions construct the XORNet evenly for scan chain control, and it may result in sub-optimal solutions without any design guidance. In this paper, we propose a novel testability-aware low power controller with evolutionary learning. The XORNet generated from the proposed genetic algorithm (GA) enables adaptive control for scan chains according to their usages, thereby significantly improving XORNet encoding capacity, reducing the number of failure cases with ATPG and decreasing test data volume. Experimental results indicate that under the same control bits, our GA-guided XORNet design can improve the fault coverage by up to 2.11%. The proposed GA-guided XORNets also allows reducing the number of control bits, and the total testing time decreases by 20.78% on average and up to 47.09% compared to the existing design without sacrificing test coverage.","PeriodicalId":147006,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124560102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stephan Eggersglüß, Sylwester Milewski, J. Rajski, J. Tyszer
{"title":"On Reduction of Deterministic Test Pattern Sets","authors":"Stephan Eggersglüß, Sylwester Milewski, J. Rajski, J. Tyszer","doi":"10.1109/ITC50571.2021.00035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC50571.2021.00035","url":null,"abstract":"Test compaction and the associated test data compression are two key components of the post-production test as they reduce test pattern counts, the resultant test data volume, test application time, and hence the cost of testing. The paper describes a method that strives to reduce the number of ATPG-produced deterministic test patterns to deliver compact test sets. In principle, it is based on a dimensionality reduction paradigm by working with a meaningful representation of test patterns using external and internal necessary assignments to determine small groups of potentially compatible faults. These faults are subsequently retargeted by the robust SAT-based ATPG and its solvers producing a single test pattern for the entire group, thus making the resultant test set smaller in size. Experimental results obtained for several industrial designs and stuck-at faults confirm superiority of the proposed scheme over state-of-the-art test set compaction techniques and are reported herein.","PeriodicalId":147006,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121894199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Machine Learning for Circuit Aging Estimation under Workload Dependency","authors":"F. Klemme, H. Amrouch","doi":"10.1109/ITC50571.2021.00011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC50571.2021.00011","url":null,"abstract":"Circuit analysis with respect to aging-induced degradation is critical to ensure correct operation throughout the entire lifetime of a chip. However, state-of-the-art techniques only allow for the consideration of uniformly applied degradation, despite the fact that different workloads will lead to different degradations due to the different induced activities. This imposes over-pessimism in estimating the required timing guardbands, resulting in unnecessary losses of performance and efficiency. In this work, we propose an approach that takes real-world workload dependencies into account and generates workload-specific aging-aware standard cell libraries. This allows for accurate analysis of circuits under the actual effect of aging-induced degradation. We make use of machine learning techniques to overcome infeasible simulation times for individual transistor aging while sustaining high accuracy. In our evaluation on the PULP microprocessor, we achieve predictions of workload-dependent aging-aware standard cells with an average accuracy (R2 score) of 94.7 %. Using the predicted cell libraries in Static Timing Analysis, timing guardbands are reported with an error of less than 0.1 %. We demonstrate that timing guardband requirements can be reduced by up to 21 % by considering specific workloads over worst-case analysis as performed in state-of-the-art tool flows.","PeriodicalId":147006,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117212228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A BIST-based Dynamic Obfuscation Scheme for Resilience against Removal and Oracle-guided Attacks*","authors":"Jonti Talukdar, Siyuan Chen, Amitabh Das, Sohrab Aftabjahani, Peilin Song, K. Chakrabarty","doi":"10.1109/ITC50571.2021.00025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC50571.2021.00025","url":null,"abstract":"BISTLock is a recently proposed logic-locking technique that integrates a barrier finite-state-machine (FSM) with the built-in self-test (BIST) controller. We demonstrate the vulnerability of BISTLock to removal/bypass attacks and develop countermeasures to make it resilient against not only removal attacks but any form of Oracle-guided attack. Removal resilience is achieved through the incorporation of an input-signal scrambler. We demonstrate the vulnerability of the standalone scrambler to the SAT attack and present a reconfigurable LFSR-based dynamic authenticator that achieves SAT resilience. The proposed solution provides dynamic obfuscation upon the application of an incorrect key and prevents Oracle access to the attacker. We also present a security analysis of the overall system against Oraclefree attacks such as BMC-based sequential SAT and the FSM reverse engineering attack. We evaluate the security strength of the proposed solution and show that hardware overhead is low for a broad set of benchmark circuits.","PeriodicalId":147006,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131003043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Adaptive High Voltage Stress Methodology to Enable Automotive Quality on FinFET Technologies","authors":"S. Traynor, Chen He, Y. Y. Yu, Ken Klein","doi":"10.1109/ITC50571.2021.00039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC50571.2021.00039","url":null,"abstract":"High Voltage Stress Test (HVST) is critical for screening out latent defects to ensure quality on automotive semiconductor devices. This paper describes a novel way to adaptively adjust HVST stress voltage based on real-time current measurement to ensure every part is stressed reliably at the highest possible voltage within the tester hardware current limit as well as with equivalent extrinsic defect coverage on FinFET technologies.","PeriodicalId":147006,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126864152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arjun Chaudhuri, Ching-Yuan Chen, Jonti Talukdar, Siddarth Madala, A. K. Dubey, K. Chakrabarty
{"title":"Efficient Fault-Criticality Analysis for AI Accelerators using a Neural Twin∗","authors":"Arjun Chaudhuri, Ching-Yuan Chen, Jonti Talukdar, Siddarth Madala, A. K. Dubey, K. Chakrabarty","doi":"10.1109/ITC50571.2021.00015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC50571.2021.00015","url":null,"abstract":"Owing to the inherent fault tolerance of deep neural network (DNN) models used for classification, many structural faults in the processing elements (PEs) of a systolic array-based AI accelerator are functionally benign. Brute-force fault simulation for determining fault criticality is computationally expensive due to many potential fault sites in the accelerator array and the dependence of criticality characterization of PEs on the functional input data. Supervised learning techniques can be used to accurately estimate fault criticality but it requires ground truth for model training. The ground-truth collection involves extensive and computationally expensive fault simulations. We present a framework for analyzing fault criticality with a negligible amount of ground-truth data. We incorporate the gate-level structural and functional information of the PEs in their \"neural twins\", referred to as \"PE-Nets\". The PE netlist is translated into a trainable PE-Net, where the standard-cell instances are substituted by their corresponding \"Cell-Nets\" and the wires translate to neural connections. Each Cell-Net is a pre-trained DNN that models the Boolean-logic behavior of the corresponding standard cell. In the PE-Net, every neural connection is associated with a bias that represents a perturbation in the signal propagated by that connection. We utilize a recently proposed misclassification-driven training algorithm to sensitize and identify biases that are critical to the functioning of the accelerator for a given application workload. The proposed framework achieves up to 100% accuracy in fault-criticality classification in 16-bit and 32-bit PEs by using the criticality knowledge of only 2% of the total faults in a PE.","PeriodicalId":147006,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125925778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}