{"title":"Distributed optimal consensus of nonlinear multi-agent systems under intermittent communication networks","authors":"Konghao Xie , Xiujuan Zhao , Shiming Chen , Zheng Zhang , Yuanshi Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.isatra.2025.12.019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.isatra.2025.12.019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Distributed sliding mode controllers are proposed to address the optimal consensus problem for high-order nonlinear multi-agent systems under intermittent communication networks. Specifically, agents exchange information with neighbors only during non-overlapping time intervals, whereas all communication ceases completely during the interruption intervals. This feature significantly complicates the achievement of consensus. Under partial observability constraints, unmeasurable states are estimated via adaptive state observers. Additionally, a distributed optimization algorithm is employed to minimize the cost function and construct the optimal reference signal. To mitigate the problem of non-existent high-order derivatives, Hermite interpolation is adopted for optimal virtual signals. The distributed sliding mode controllers are designed to ensure that the tracking error of each agent converges to zero. Finally, stability analysis confirms the boundedness of the closed-loop distributed cooperative optimization framework, and simulation results verify the efficacy of the proposed method in practical scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14660,"journal":{"name":"ISA transactions","volume":"169 ","pages":"Pages 88-100"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145784108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ISA transactionsPub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2026-01-05DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2026.01.005
Xuguo Jiao , Hao Luo , Bo Fan , Xia Chen , Jingbo Zhao , Ruchang Yin
{"title":"Coordinated neural adaptive active power control of wind turbines considering pitch system load reduction","authors":"Xuguo Jiao , Hao Luo , Bo Fan , Xia Chen , Jingbo Zhao , Ruchang Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.isatra.2026.01.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.isatra.2026.01.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Active power control (APC) is an effective way to address the instability problem caused by high wind energy penetration in power systems. This study presents a coordinated APC scheme to reduce the pitch system’s loads while ensuring accurate active power tracking performance. Firstly, a pitch activation limitation parameter updated by wind speed is designed to expand the rotor speed regulation range. Subsequently, a neural network (NN)-based controller with a segmented weight updating mechanism is designed to achieve smooth and stable pitch angle variations, effectively reducing the pitch system’s loads. Furthermore, we develop a robust differentiator to estimate derivatives of the rotor speed and wind speed thereby avoiding the use of additional sensors. Finally, simulations on the OpenFAST platform demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14660,"journal":{"name":"ISA transactions","volume":"169 ","pages":"Pages 575-588"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145947175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ISA transactionsPub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2026-01-08DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2026.01.006
Jiatong He , Jing Chen , Gang Zheng , Heng Liu , Jinde Cao , Liuxiao Guo , Jiancheng Zhang
{"title":"Dynamic event-triggered prescribed-time observer via parametric Lyapunov equations","authors":"Jiatong He , Jing Chen , Gang Zheng , Heng Liu , Jinde Cao , Liuxiao Guo , Jiancheng Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.isatra.2026.01.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.isatra.2026.01.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper is concerned with a prescribed-time observer (PTO) for a class of linear systems by using a novel dynamic event-triggered mechanism (DETM) with bounded triggering conditions. Traditional PTOs often require real-time updates of the measurement output signal, leading to high communication costs. Event-triggered approaches can address this issue. However, event-triggered approaches hardly achieve prescribed-time convergence. In order to achieve fast state estimation while maintaining low communication costs, a dynamic event-triggered prescribed-time observer (DETPTO) is developed by using a parametric Lyapunov equation (PLE), in which the estimation of all system states can also be achieved within a prescribed-time <span><math><mi>T</mi></math></span>. To achieve this goal, a DETM is proposed by integrating both estimation error and measurement error, ensuring that the observer updates the measurement output only when necessary rather than continuously. Moreover, it is proven that the proposed DETPTO can avoid the Zeno behavior. Finally, numerical simulations validate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14660,"journal":{"name":"ISA transactions","volume":"169 ","pages":"Pages 158-164"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145954503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ISA transactionsPub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-12-06DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2025.12.010
Jiawei Lu , Chao Lu , Qibing Wang , Yuchen He , Binchun Xia , Xudong Zhang
{"title":"Digital twin-assisted self-supervised contrastive learning: A novel framework for electromechanical equipment fault diagnosis","authors":"Jiawei Lu , Chao Lu , Qibing Wang , Yuchen He , Binchun Xia , Xudong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.isatra.2025.12.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.isatra.2025.12.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In modern industry, electromechanical equipment plays a crucial role in ensuring the efficient, stable, and safe operation of production systems. However, fault diagnosis of electromechanical equipment in real industrial environments faces challenges such as a scarcity of labeled data, high cost of fault reproduction, and insufficient generalization across varying operating conditions. In response to these challenges, this paper proposes a novel framework using digital twin-assisted self-supervised contrastive learning for electromechanical equipment fault diagnosis. First, a five-dimensional model for digital twin fault diagnosis of electromechanical equipment (DTEE) is constructed. This model generates simulated data via dynamic simulations of localized faults combined with ten data augmentation methods, alleviating the problem of insufficient fault data and class imbalance. Second, a self-supervised time–frequency contrastive learning model based on digital twin (DT-SSTFCL) is designed to achieve complementary learning of time domain and frequency domain features by using a dual-stream transformer encoder. By learning cross-modal latent relationships through a cross-correlation loss matrix (CCLM), the model better captures intrinsic time–frequency consistency. Furthermore, the smoothed wavelet kernel (SWK) optimization method is proposed, where Laplace wavelet parameters are used as initialization weights of the convolution kernel, and combined with the translation, scaling and smoothing factors to enhance the model’s understanding of the time–frequency features. The experiments are conducted on rolling bearings as an example. The results of three experimental cases show that our method significantly outperforms existing self-supervised and supervised learning methods. This provides a solution for electromechanical equipment fault diagnosis with limited labeled data and across different scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14660,"journal":{"name":"ISA transactions","volume":"169 ","pages":"Pages 640-666"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145835769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ISA transactionsPub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-12-26DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2025.12.043
Yong Yang , Hongjun Chen , Deqing Huang , Yanan Li
{"title":"Appointed-time fault-tolerant prescribed performance tracking for a rehabilitation exoskeleton with flexible joints using an improved reaching law","authors":"Yong Yang , Hongjun Chen , Deqing Huang , Yanan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.isatra.2025.12.043","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.isatra.2025.12.043","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article investigates the prescribed performance angular position tracking control of a rehabilitation exoskeleton with uncertain dynamics, unknown disturbances, actuator faults, and flexible joints. First, a novel appointed-time prescribed performance function (APPF) is proposed, wherein the convergence time can be accurately pre-specified. Then, the APPF is integrated with an improved sliding mode reaching law to develop an appointed-time fault-tolerant prescribed performance control (AFPPC) strategy. The attractive features of the proposed AFPPC include: 1) guaranteeing the appointed-time convergence with faster transient response and higher steady-state performance, despite the presence of uncertain dynamics, unknown disturbances, and actuator faults; 2) enhancing the robustness of the system and suppressing the vibration of the flexible joints using an improved reaching-law-based sliding mode prescribed performance framework. These features are capable of improving the safety of the rehabilitation therapy. Lyapunov-based theoretical analysis and comparative simulations demonstrate the benefits of the proposed method.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14660,"journal":{"name":"ISA transactions","volume":"169 ","pages":"Pages 274-284"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145890825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ISA transactionsPub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2026-01-07DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2026.01.003
Long Ge , Dezun Zhao , Tianyang Wang , Lingli Cui
{"title":"High-dimensional optimized extraction chirplet transform: Algorithm and applications","authors":"Long Ge , Dezun Zhao , Tianyang Wang , Lingli Cui","doi":"10.1016/j.isatra.2026.01.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.isatra.2026.01.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Under time-varying operating conditions, vibration signals from rotating machinery typically contain dense and non-proportional frequency components, which make it difficult for current time-frequency analysis (TFA) techniques to achieve high-precision and highly concentrated time-frequency representations (TFRs). Accordingly, the high-dimensional optimized extraction chirplet transform (HOECT) is proposed. In the HOECT, a window parameter adaptive optimization criterion is first designed to dynamically match local characteristics of the signal; second, the component matching CT (CMCT) is improved based on the proposed criterion, and its results are mapped into the time-frequency-chirprate domain to separate frequency components; finally, based on estimated local frequency and chirprate, the smoothing extraction operator (SEO) is constructed in the frequency-chirprate domain, which significantly enhances the energy concentration. In addition, a novel connected domain analysis (CDA) algorithm is proposed to effectively suppress strong noise interference and highlight key features of signal components. Simulation results illustrate that the HOECT can accurately characterize dense and non-proportional frequency components with high energy concentration. The superiority of the HOECT in operational state characterization and fault feature identification is further verified through two vibration signals of planetary gearboxes. Additionally, the whale sound signal results indicate that the proposed method exhibits strong robustness and applicability in analyzing complex non-stationary signals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14660,"journal":{"name":"ISA transactions","volume":"169 ","pages":"Pages 520-534"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145992411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ISA transactionsPub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-12-26DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2025.12.046
Ban Wang , Huimin Zhao , Xinyue Hu , Yanyan Shen , Ni Li
{"title":"Adaptive sliding mode fault-tolerant control of an over-actuated hybrid VTOL fixed-wing UAV under transition flight","authors":"Ban Wang , Huimin Zhao , Xinyue Hu , Yanyan Shen , Ni Li","doi":"10.1016/j.isatra.2025.12.046","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.isatra.2025.12.046","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, an innovative adaptive sliding mode fault-tolerant control approach is developed for an over-actuated vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with the capability to suppress overestimation of adaptive parameters. This method is designed to effectively address model uncertainties and actuator faults without relying on any previous information regarding the specifics of faults or the boundaries of uncertainties. An innovative adaptive sliding mode control (SMC) mechanism is designed which can autonomously adjust to compensate for the unpredictable nature of these challenges, ensuring the stability and reliability of the UAV system under various operational conditions. Taking into account the over-actuated characteristics of the studied VTOL UAV, a control allocation module is further designed to efficiently distribute the control signals produced by the adaptive SMC scheme. It is noteworthy that the designed adaptive control approach can effectively prevent the overestimation of adaptive parameters, thereby reducing the occurrence of undesired control chattering. Finally, the superiority and efficacy of the designed control technique are convincingly illustrated through an extensive range of comparative hardware-in-the-loop simulation tests.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14660,"journal":{"name":"ISA transactions","volume":"169 ","pages":"Pages 263-273"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145879867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ISA transactionsPub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-12-25DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2025.12.039
Xi-Xi Ji , Cheng-Lin Liu , Ya Zhang , Yang-Yang Chen
{"title":"A primal-dual approach to double-risk-constrained LQR for practical control under non-Gaussian noise","authors":"Xi-Xi Ji , Cheng-Lin Liu , Ya Zhang , Yang-Yang Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.isatra.2025.12.039","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.isatra.2025.12.039","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a double-risk-constrained linear quadratic regulator (DRC-LQR) for practical control of partially observable systems under non-Gaussian and biased disturbances. Unlike conventional risk-neutral or single-risk formulations, the proposed approach jointly constrains state and output variability through a computationally tractable primal–dual optimization framework, enabling explicit compensation for noise skewness and heavy tails. As the first infinite-horizon formulation ensuring joint stability and constraint satisfaction under general non-Gaussian conditions, the DRC-LQR achieves both theoretical rigor and real-world feasibility. Comprehensive simulations on aircraft flight control and voltage regulation tasks demonstrate over 60% improvement in regulation accuracy, 93.7% faster convergence, and 99.8% constraint satisfaction compared with standard LQR, confirming its superior robustness and practicality. These results establish DRC-LQR as a systematic and implementable extension of LQR, advancing risk-sensitive control design for safety-critical systems subject to extreme disturbances.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14660,"journal":{"name":"ISA transactions","volume":"169 ","pages":"Pages 477-486"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145866799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ISA transactionsPub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-12-12DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2025.12.014
N. Aravinth , R. Sakthivel , O.M. Kwon
{"title":"Looped functional approach to finite-horizon hybrid control for networked switched fuzzy systems with fault indicators and cyber attacks","authors":"N. Aravinth , R. Sakthivel , O.M. Kwon","doi":"10.1016/j.isatra.2025.12.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.isatra.2025.12.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The presented research effort offers a secure sampled hybrid control design for networked switched fuzzy systems. Precisely, we investigate the challenges posed by actuator failures, hybrid cyber attacks, time-varying delays and external disturbances over the finite horizon. A unified control design that effectively handles these simultaneous factors in a single framework is an area that warrants investigation. In this connection, a hybrid control law which comprises the robust and fault-tolerant control is established. One of the primary appealing aspects of the designed control law is that it employs robust control when the system is free of faults and switches to the fault-tolerant one when the system encounters a fault. Further, by considering the state information from <span><math><mi>ϑ</mi><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>t</mi><mrow><mrow><mi>k</mi></mrow></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></math></span> to <span><math><mi>ϑ</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo>)</mo></math></span> and <span><math><mi>ϑ</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo>)</mo></math></span> to <span><math><mi>ϑ</mi><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>t</mi><mrow><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></math></span>, a two-sided looped functional is developed. Based on that, adequate conditions that promise the core objective of this examination are formulated in terms of linear matrix inequality. Apart from this, to escalate the controller functionality in regard to cyber threats, hybrid cyber attacks that comprise the deception and denial-of-service attacks are taken into account and Bernoulli distribution is utilized to govern the random characteristics of the attack. Additionally, to address the repercussions of the external disturbance, extended dissipative theory is deployed. In the closing part, two examples, including the single-link robotic arm model accompanied by the simulation findings, are presented to showcase the capability and applicability of the achieved theoretical outcomes and control design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14660,"journal":{"name":"ISA transactions","volume":"169 ","pages":"Pages 302-317"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145800850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ISA transactionsPub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2026-01-06DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2026.01.007
Ningning Mao , Shuai Liu , Yuan Liu
{"title":"Prescribed-time fully distributed optimization for time-varying costs: Zero-gradient-sum scheme","authors":"Ningning Mao , Shuai Liu , Yuan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.isatra.2026.01.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.isatra.2026.01.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article introduces a novel distributed optimization algorithm for time-varying objectives that achieves prescribed-time convergence. The method is developed based on zero-gradient-sum (ZGS) principles and employs a sliding-mode control framework. Specifically, the controller is designed to satisfy the ZGS condition within a prescribed time horizon, ensuring exact convergence by the user-specified deadline. A key contribution of this research is the introduction of adaptive parameters with time-varying scaling functions. This innovation addresses a fundamental limitation in existing methods by eliminating their dependency on global network information. Consequently, the algorithm achieves truly distributed control without requiring knowledge of Laplacian matrix eigenvalues. The algorithm offers significant advantages including complete freedom from initial condition constraints and local minimization requirements, full independence from global topological information, and rigorous prescribed-time convergence guarantees. Theoretical analysis establishes the convergence properties through an integrated approach that combines optimization theory with Lyapunov stability analysis. Numerical simulations demonstrate the algorithm’s effectiveness and superior performance in handling time-varying optimization problems compared to existing approaches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14660,"journal":{"name":"ISA transactions","volume":"169 ","pages":"Pages 419-427"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145954512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}