Przegląd Historyczny最新文献

{"title":"Przeklęty pastorał i błogosławiony habit, czyli dlaczego Anzelm z Lukki nie chciał być biskupem","authors":"Łukasz Żak","doi":"10.36693/202302p.169-197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36693/202302p.169-197","url":null,"abstract":"Cursed crosier and blessed habit: why did Anselm of Lucca not want to be a bishop?\u0000\u0000Vita Anselmi is a hagiographic piece that presents the life of Anselm, Bishop of Lucca and close collaborator of Pope Gregory VII. The Vita was written shortly after the bishop’s death, probably in 1087, and serves as an important source of information about the Gregorian party in Tuscany and Lombardy. The author is anonymous, but we know that he lived at the court of Matilda of Canossa and was very familiar with the mentality and ideas of the countess’ entourage. In one of the most significant passages of the text the author writes that in 1075 Anselm, tormented by having received investiture with the ring and crosier from the king, left the Bishopric of Lucca and retired to a monastery. Historians who have studied the Vita (C. Violante, E. Pásztor, K. Cushing, P. Golinelli) believe in the veracity of this account; in their opinion Anselm realised that he would be unworthily elevated to episcopal office after the Lateran Synod of 1075, at which he had promulgated a decree against lay investiture. The research of some German scholars (R. Schieffer, J. Englberger) and the analysis of other sources make us understand, however, not only that the Roman Synod had not prohibited investiture “de manu regis” but also that it was by Gregory’s will that Anselm received the episcopacy from Henry IV. The Bishop of Lucca, therefore, must have renounced his office for other reasons. The aim of the paper is to find the real reason for his abdication. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to answer to a more general question: why did some reforming bishops of the eleventh century want to renounce episcopacy? The answer can be found in the letters of Peter Damian, who also asked the pope to be allowed to abandon his episcopal see.","PeriodicalId":146426,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd Historyczny","volume":"47 s163","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138622027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Levi Roach, Forgery and Memory at the End of the First Millennium, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2021, ss. xxix + 325","authors":"Cezary Jasiński","doi":"10.36693/202302p.295-300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36693/202302p.295-300","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":146426,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd Historyczny","volume":"121 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138608296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Czy stare i nowe miasto były skazane na konflikt? Głos w dyskusji w świetle nowszych badań","authors":"Marek Słoń","doi":"10.36693/202302p.231-244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36693/202302p.231-244","url":null,"abstract":"Were the old and new towns doomed to conflict? A voice in the discussion in the light of newer research\u0000\u0000The article consists of two parts. In the first one I present the causes and forms of conflict between municipalities in one urban centre in medieval Poland. It is a summary of and supplement to the material presented in my book about double and multiple cities in medieval Europe, limited here to Polish lands. In the second part, I engage in a debate with works published since then that question the existence of competition and conflict between municipalities: by Marcin Starzyński in relation to Kazimierz in Cracow and by Piotr Samól in the case of Jungstadt in Gdańsk.\u0000Direct proximity determined the intensity of contacts and mutual dependence, which led to tensions, and in some circumstances could lead to acts of violence and material destruction of weaker municipalities. The biggest area of tension was economic rights. Among them, the right to cut cloth, sell beer, rights to markets and fairs played a special role. The main centre usually aimed for a monopoly and sought to encompass the city’s broadly defined environs. However, the essence of the dispute was not the economic or craft activity, but its removal from the control of the old town authorities and the functioning of an independent municipality. The older and usually stronger commune looked down on its neighbour, while the younger one felt humiliated and wronged. In addition, direct proximity often caused military problems: weaker fortifications of the new town or their absence became a cause or pretext for restricting or partially or even completely eliminating construction. Open violence against a neighbouring centre was contrary to the interests of the superior of these municipalities, so it happened rarely, usually during a war in the area. At the same time, tension and rivalry between municipalities did not exclude cooperation in many areas or pragmatic benefits from mutual proximity. It probably constituted a potentially significant factor stimulating the development of such complex urban structures.","PeriodicalId":146426,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd Historyczny","volume":"123 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138609003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Włodzimierz Lengauer, Eros Greków, Homini, Tyniec Wydawnictwo Benedyktynów, Kraków 2023, ss. 291","authors":"Jerzy Danielewicz","doi":"10.36693/202302p.291-294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36693/202302p.291-294","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":146426,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd Historyczny","volume":" 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138613123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"„Stare to miasto i nieładne, ale wielkie...” Padewskie doświadczenia i obserwacje przybyszy z Rzeczypospolitej","authors":"Wojciech Tygielski","doi":"10.36693/202302p.267-289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36693/202302p.267-289","url":null,"abstract":"“It’s an old town and not very pretty, but huge...”. Paduan experiences and observations of travellers from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth\u0000\u0000The aim of the study is to examine students’ stays in as well as short pleasure visits to Padua by the inhabitants of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the sixteenth–eighteenth centuries. An analysis of different categories of these visits has made it possible to reconstruct the educational and tourist expectations of the visitors and to describe the observations they were making in loco. This has allowed the author to define the visitors’ cultural inspirations, which were the primary effect of the stays at the University of Padua and in the city itself. Moreover, the author has been able to outline the gradual evolution of that impact on the successive generations of the Polish-Lithuanian elite.\u0000The travel diaries of people who visited Padua have been the main primary source of the study. Other sources include the memoirs of noblemen and other narratives not directly connected with foreign travels. The analysis has also encompassed parliamentary diaries and political leaflets, which illustrate the possible contexts in which this Italian educational centre may have been perceived. As a result, the author has been able to reconstruct and describe the evolution in the significance of Padua and the changing social associations this university centre created among the visitors as well as the inhabitants of the Polish- Lithuanian Commonwealth.","PeriodicalId":146426,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd Historyczny","volume":" 39","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138619947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rozwój dystryktu miejskiego w średniowieczu na przykładzie niegdysiejszych dóbr biskupstwa miśnieńskiego pod Zgorzelcem","authors":"K. Fokt","doi":"10.36693/202302p.217-230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36693/202302p.217-230","url":null,"abstract":"Expansion of municipal jurisdiction in the Middle Ages as exemplified by the former estates of the Bishopric of Meissen near Zgorzelec (Görlitz)\u0000\u0000In the paper, two questions are raised: concerning the scope of immunity of the estates of the Bishopric of Meissen in eastern Upper Lusatia (so-called Zagozd), and how and when the former estates of the bishopric were absorbed by the judicial district (weichbild) of the town of Görlitz. The status of the bishopric’s estates has been reconstructed as immune from the jurisdiction of worldly powers, also in the field of high (criminal) justice, from at least the mid- or late twelfth century. This status was probably kept by those estates also when they were transferred to the hands of the knights after the decomposition of the domain of the bishopric. The end of the immunity of the former episcopal estates was brought about only by the active enforcement of their own jurisdiction by the townsmen of Görlitz in the 1370s.","PeriodicalId":146426,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd Historyczny","volume":" 443","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138610824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Z Kielc czy z Kielczy? O pochodzeniu Wincentego, hagiografa św. Stanisława","authors":"Piotr Okniński","doi":"10.36693/202302p.199-215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36693/202302p.199-215","url":null,"abstract":"Of Kielce or Kielcza? On the origins of Wincenty, the hagiographer of St. Stanislaus\u0000\u0000The author of the article presents the historiographical disputes that have arisen over the question of the place of birth of the Dominican Wincenty, the first hagiographer of St. Stanislaus. According to the classic hypothesis, formulated and documented in the first biography of Wincenty by Tadeusz Wojciechowski (1885), the hagiographer was said to have been born in Kielce, on the estate of the Bishops of Cracow in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains. However, most contemporary scholars favour an alternative concept, formulated by Gerard Labuda (1983), according to which Wincenty was born in Kielcza, a village in Upper Silesia. In the article the author discusses the limited source basis of the two hypotheses. In addition, he examines the evolution and reception of these views in later historiography, noting the various errors, simplifications and overinterpretations committed by researchers. The author of the article argues that the concept whereby Wincenty came from Silesian Kielcza was created in isolation from the sources and is based on the convoluted conjectures of its creator. G. Labuda created the figure of Wincenty of Kielcza as part of a broader reflection aimed at proving the hypothesis concerning the existence of the so-called lost Dominican chronicle from the thirteenth century, apparently written by Wincenty. The very concept of a lost Dominican chronicle remains the subject of intense criticism in contemporary historiography. Although the final resolution of the dispute over Wincenty’s birthplace seems impossible, the author of the article argues that in the light of known source-based circumstantial evidence and arguments, the original interpretation, which has Wincenty born in Kielce, remains more convincing. However, it should still be regarded only as a hypothesis.","PeriodicalId":146426,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd Historyczny","volume":" 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138617690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Starość między mitem a historią (chłopska rzeczywistość od połowy XIX w. do 1939 r.)","authors":"","doi":"10.36693/202301p.105-130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36693/202301p.105-130","url":null,"abstract":"Old age between myth and history (peasant reality from the mid-nineteenth century until 1939)\u0000\u0000The article deals with the reception of old age in folk culture. In terms of its content, it can be placed between history and ethnology. The author analyses the perception of old age in peasant culture in the post-emancipation period until the outbreak of the Second World War. His interdisciplinary analysis is based on modern historical and anthropological findings. Polish historians became interested in the history of old age in our times, although a major turn in the study of the phenomenon came in the 1980s in connection with research conducted by the authors of the Annales school. The present author stresses the placing of peasants’ old age in magical culture, its existence in myth. He focuses on demographic determinants, before moving to the reception of old age between loneliness and community, and pointing out that of importance in its reception was the stigma alienating this age group. It is harder to speak of positive old age in the case of old people. The space in which seniors were present was daily life. This element of reality is confirmed by life contracts — rarely analysed by historians — concluded between seniors and their children inheriting their farmsteads. Comparing the practices from the inter-war period, the author juxtaposes two regions contrasting in terms of their traditions of inheritance: Wielkopolska and Małopolska. He cites fragments of life contracts from the border region between Kuiavia and Wielkopolska, and refers to last wills as well as registers of deaths. In the conclusion the author confirms the thesis that among peasants old age was perceived in terms of thinking that was both binary and extreme; he observes that there was a noticeable weakening of violence against seniors, and a limitation of brutality as well as its condemnation in the social discourse. In addition, he points to a growing tabooisation of old age, typical of modern culture.","PeriodicalId":146426,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd Historyczny","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127121331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wolność szlachcica w Rzeczypospolitej XVII w. Propozycje badawcze","authors":"","doi":"10.36693/202301p.23-50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36693/202301p.23-50","url":null,"abstract":"A nobleman’s freedom in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the sevente-\u0000enth century. Research proposals\u0000\u0000The aim of the article is to draw attention to the question, neglected in the literature on the subject, of the actual possibilities individual land-owning nobles had to exercise negative (defence against oppression) and positive freedoms: private (freedom of conscience and speech, satisfaction of subsistence needs) and public (active participation in political life) during the reign of the Vasa dynasty and the “compatriot kings”. In contrast to research into the political culture and ideology of the nobility as well as political discourse, relating to the freedom of the nobility as a whole, the present author abandons normative sources in favour of pieces written in colloquial language and concerning the reality of life in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, as well as journalistic pieces, last wills and local assembly (sejmik) documents. In order to make the results of the exemplification-based research objective, the author uses numerical data relating to the occurrence in these sources of terms associated with the ideology of freedom and citizenship, drawing on the Corpus of Sejmik Documents of the Pre-Partition Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.","PeriodicalId":146426,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd Historyczny","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121643452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Marcin Stasiak, Polio w Polsce 1945–1989. Studium z historii niepełnosprawności, Universitas, Kraków 2021, ss. 278","authors":"","doi":"10.36693/202301p.160-166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36693/202301p.160-166","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":146426,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd Historyczny","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129636325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}