Przegląd Historyczny最新文献

{"title":"Insulina i upadek wieży z kości słoniowej. Rzecz o zmieniających się uwarunkowaniach innowacyjności","authors":"M. Kopczyński","doi":"10.36693/202303p.353-382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36693/202303p.353-382","url":null,"abstract":"Insulin and a fall of the ivory tower. On the changing determinants of innovation\u0000\u0000The centennial of the discovery of insulin and the fortieth anniversary of the introduction of human insulin into the American market provide a good opportunity to reflect on the circumstances surrounding innovation in high technology branches of industry. The subject of that reflection is the possibility of applying the model of technical, organisational and institutional co-evolution, formulated by Johan Peter Murmann in relation to the artificial dyes industry in nineteenth-century Germany, United Kingdom and United States, to the history of the pharmaceutical industry. An analysis of the evolution of relations between scientists and physicians on the one hand and the pharmaceutical industry on the other leads to the conclusion that the Murmann model must be supplemented with reflection on changes in the role of medical codes of ethics and on the understanding of the social role of science. The achievement of the current status quo in the cooperation between the medical profession and the industry has been possible thanks to the liberalisation of the principles of ethical codes, which have been transformed from a set of strict standards into just a set of guidelines to help physicians in their everyday practice. On the other hand, the industry has gradually adapted its marketing strategies to the requirements of physicians by divulging the composition of medicines, abandoning direct advertising to patients and introducing a new strategy known as scientific marketing. As far as scientists are concerned, the consent to the commercialisation of research results was the consequence of a change in the understanding of the social role of science. In the twentieth century science became one of the many professions pursued to earn a living and scientists no longer came to regard themselves as a special group selflessly explaining the rules of the natural world. It is unfair to blame biotechnology for this shift, as the processes of “disenchantment” of science were well under way before biotechnology was born in the mid-1970s.","PeriodicalId":146426,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd Historyczny","volume":" 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139624613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zmarnowana szansa. O nowym-starym wydaniu dzieł Świętosława Orzelskiego","authors":"Emil Kalinowski","doi":"10.36693/202303p.453-473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36693/202303p.453-473","url":null,"abstract":"A wasted opportunity. On the new-old edition of Świętosław Orzelski’s works\u0000\u0000Between 2019 and 2022, Włodzimierz Kaczorowski, a historian affiliated with Opole University, published a total of five volumes (with one volume being published twice) containing the works of Świętosław Orzelski, a sixteenth-century Polish parliamentarian, orator, and chronicler. It is, in fact, a reissue of the translations of these works made and published by Włodzimierz Spasowicz almost one hundred and seventy years ago with the addition of scholarly enhancements. Kaczorowski enriched the volumes with introductory notes, afterwords, extensive footnotes, and indexes. The article is a critical analysis of the result achieved, pointing out numerous errors, misrepresentations, and raising questions about the advisability of “revitalisation” of an outdated translation. The reviewer justifies the concern that issuing a source publication in such a form can do more harm than good to research on the history of Poland in the sixteenth century.","PeriodicalId":146426,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd Historyczny","volume":"48 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139533215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chrześcijańskie Stowarzyszenie Społeczne w rzeczywistości politycznej PRL w latach 1957–1974","authors":"Ariel Orzełek","doi":"10.36693/202303p.409-432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36693/202303p.409-432","url":null,"abstract":"The Christian Social Association in the political reality of the Polish People’s Republic in 1957–1974\u0000\u0000Formed in October 1957, the Christian Social Association was founded on the basis of a breakaway group in the ‘PAX’ Association, referred to as ‘secession’. In late September and early October 1957, its leader, Jan Frankowski, removed from the editorial board of the group’s weekly Za i Przeciw leading ‘secession’ activists, who styled themselves ‘non- affiliated democratic left’. He established a small Catholic organisation which had a loyalist programme, and which was intended not to cause trouble for the authorities, gaining some political and economic concessions in return. However, Frankowski did not want to come into open conflict with the Church, a stance that irritated the communists, who wanted to strengthen the association in order to use it to fight the Episcopate and other Catholic groups. In the 1960s an opposition to Frankowski emerged within the organisation’s leadership, seeking to activate the association. In 1968, the president of the association lost Zenon Kliszka’s patronage, which, in the atmosphere of the March political purge, facilitated his dismissal. Zygmunt Filipowicz, an MP, became the new head of the organisation, but he drew his support from several activists who were in conflict with each other. The course of events within the association and the struggle between volatile coalitions resulted in 1972 in a clash between the general secretary, Kazimierz Morawski, and Stanislaw Jan Rostworowski, MP, both seeking to become the organisation’s president. Both were Ministry of Internal Affairs agents and their conflict led to chaos throughout the organisation. In the end, with the support of the communists, Morawski became the president, while Rostworowski was marginalised. The Christian Social Association was unable to win political independence or genuinely increase its importance within the country’s political system, and Rostworowski’s attempts to change this state of affairs had a significant impact on his defeat.","PeriodicalId":146426,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd Historyczny","volume":" 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139623885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Walka klas na pół etatu. Obrzeża polskiego międzywojennego ruchu komunistycznego","authors":"Łukasz Bertram","doi":"10.36693/202303p.383-408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36693/202303p.383-408","url":null,"abstract":"Part-time class struggle. The fringes of the Polish inter-war communist movement\u0000\u0000This article is to examine some obscure forms of involvement in the Polish inter-war communist movement: the Communist Party of Poland and its subordinate organisations. The author focuses on the fringes of the movement, a borderland between a revolutionary, subversive organisation and the “outside world”. There is a particular emphasis on the perspective of men and women operating in this borderland. The protagonists of the paper are communism “sympathisers” — those who did not belong to the organisation, but identified with its ideas and provided support to it, as well as members of the organisation whose ties to the movement, however, were loose or who gradually moved away from active involvement. In contrast to the dominant depictions focused on public figures, intellectuals, and artists, the author deals with “ordinary” plebeians or white-collar workers. The article provides answers to some important questions about belonging to the communist formation, but also about involvement in the political sphere in general. It reveals tensions between the ideological self-identification of individuals and its recognition by the reference group, as well as the patterns and limits of personal agency in a clandestine political movement. In addition, the author considers the role of both ideological factors as well as “biographical accessibility” (determinants such as health or family conditionings) in individuals’ definition of their role in the political sphere. The source material for the article primarly consists of ego- documents from archival personal files, allowing for a reflection on strategies of favourable self-presentation and mechanisms of party self-criticism.","PeriodicalId":146426,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd Historyczny","volume":" 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139625075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Piotr Gajdziński, Czas Gierka. Epoka socjalistycznej dekadencji, Bellona, Warszawa 2021, ss. 335","authors":"Radosław Domke","doi":"10.36693/202303p.474-475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36693/202303p.474-475","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":146426,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd Historyczny","volume":" 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139624337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retoryka konfliktu. Wojny i spory Wrocławia z Kościołem w późnym średniowieczu (uwagi wstępne)","authors":"Halina Manikowska","doi":"10.36693/202303p.303-322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36693/202303p.303-322","url":null,"abstract":"The rhetoric of conflict. Wars and disputes between Wrocław and the Church in the late Middle Ages (introductory remarks)\u0000\u0000Drawing on the documentation of Wrocław’s conflicts with the Church in the late Middle Ages, the author emphasises the importance of research into language and rhetoric, topics virtually absent from previous studies devoted to the subject. Until Wrocław’s war with King George of Poděbrady in the second half of the fifteenth century, a vast majority of this documentation originated in church chancelleries. Analysing mainly fourteenth- century sources, created during fierce disputes over the (non-)payment of Peter’s pence and the conflicts of John of Luxembourg and some Silesian dukes with the Bishop of Wrocław, in which the city of Wrocław was involved, the author concludes that the strongly formalised vocabulary and rhetoric of trial records and the accompanying writings depended primarily on the classifications (ranks) — which belonged to different orders — of the committed/ prosecuted about act (crime), the Church’s claims and the punishment/compensation it demanded, as well as the need to make the connection between attacking the Church and sin apparent. We, therefore, need to bear in mind not only the obvious and necessary dependence of this rhetoric on the procedure and form of court records as well as letters to various instances (including the highest instance, the pope), its role as a purely legal argument, but also the need to express moral condemnation of the incriminated act and demonstrate its relation to sin. Instead, a resolution of the dispute and removal of the excommunication and interdict required conciliatory language and rhetoric that stripped the previously incriminated acts, events and condemned perpetrators of their status as criminal attacks on the Church and its laws. The vocabulary and rhetoric present in sources dating as far back as the late thirteenth and first half of the fourteenth century, and used to describe the city’s conflicts with the Church remained relevant until the end of the Middle Ages. In the second part of the article the author challenges the classification of the description, included in Chronica Principum Poloniae, of Bishop Nanker’s excommunication of King John of Luxembourg and the Wrocław councillors (1339) as an account of actual events said to have taken place in the Franciscan Monastery in Wrocław. In her opinion, the scene was made up in its entirety (the excommunication and interdict were indeed imposed) and was used by the author of the chronicle to attribute to Nanker (d. 1341) involvement in the establishment of the Archbishopric of Prague in 1344.","PeriodicalId":146426,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd Historyczny","volume":" 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139624591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kobieta z drugiego planu. Katarzyna Konstancja z Niszczyckich Towiańska i jej polityczna działalność w burzliwych czasach przełomu XVII i XVIII w.","authors":"J. Pietrzak","doi":"10.36693/202303p.323-352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36693/202303p.323-352","url":null,"abstract":"A woman in the background. Katarzyna Konstancja Towiańska, née Niszczycka, and her political activity in the turbulent period of the late 17th and early 18th century\u0000\u0000The article deals with the figure of Katarzyna Konstancja Towiańska, née Niszczycka, a relative of Primate Michał Stefan Radziejowski. Its purpose is to shed light on Towiańska’s activities and her unofficial influence on the clergyman’s political endeavours in 1680–1705. They were associated with the events of the interregnum following the death of John III in 1696, when Radziejowski found himself in the party supporting the French candidate. Towiańska played a key role during the interregnum from the point of view of canvassing for support, then the split election and finally the Łowicz Rebellion. In the following years, during the reign of Augustus II, Towiańska engaged in political manoeuvring, at one time declaring allegiance to the monarch, at another showing deference to his opponents and even favouring the idea of dethroning the monarch and electing his successor, designated by Charles XII. However, Towiańska’s political activity in the background was much broader in scope and included patronage for offices and in the affairs of the clergy, matchmaking in marriages that determined political sympathies, and attendance at public events in the presence of the king. For services rendered, Towiańska and her family received specific favours from their protector, Primate Radziejowski, in the form of official patronage, landed estates, bequests and legal protection. Concluding the article, the author sums up Towiańska’s political successes and failures, and addresses the opinion about her as the cardinal’s mistress and her influence on Radziejowski’s political plans.","PeriodicalId":146426,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd Historyczny","volume":" 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139624860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Koncesjonowana rewolucja seksualna? Przemiany obyczajowości w dyskursie medialnym późnego PRL","authors":"Anna Dobrowolska","doi":"10.36693/202303p.433-452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36693/202303p.433-452","url":null,"abstract":"A constrained sexual revolution? The transformation of sexual mores in the media discourse in 1980s Poland\u0000\u0000The author of the article analyses the media discourse of late socialist Poland through the lens of eroticised images. By doing so, the author puts forward a framework for understanding the media discourse of that period as a form of a constrained sexual revolution. The source base consists of the contents of two men’s magazines published between 1987 and 1989 (Pan [Gentleman] and Playboy) as well as the TV show Sexcesses produced in 1985. Such sources allow us to critically analyse the key features of the discussions about sexuality in 1980s media.\u0000On the one hand, the article highlights the notable liberalisation of visual discourse that took place in the 1980s and the profound impact it had on Polish society. On the other — it points to several constraints of this project. While in 1980s Poland heterosexual men were increasingly able to perform and reaffirm their sexual identities, the sexual revolution abetted by the official media did little to question the patriarchal social norms and left no room for emancipation outside this heteronormative framework. Women were portrayed as passive objects of the male gaze, while any suggestions of homoeroticism were dismissed outright. The article contains a critical analysis of such approaches, with the author arguing that the Polish sexual revolution had an inherently heteronormative and gendered character.","PeriodicalId":146426,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd Historyczny","volume":" 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139624714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Miklós Mitrovits, Zakazane kontakty. Współpraca opozycji polskiej i węgierskiej 1976–1989, tłum. Szymon Brzeziński, IPN, Warszawa 2022, ss. 368","authors":"P. Sowiński","doi":"10.36693/202303p.474-480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36693/202303p.474-480","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":146426,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd Historyczny","volume":" 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139624975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Król, wójt, mieszczanie. Rywalizacja o władzę w małopolskich miastach królewskich w dobie jagiellońskiej","authors":"M. Mikuła","doi":"10.36693/202302p.245-265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36693/202302p.245-265","url":null,"abstract":"The king, the vogt, the burghers. Fight for power in the royal towns of Małopolska in the Jagiellonian era\u0000\u0000The hereditary vogtei was a natural consequence of foundation under German law. In most cases it was assumed by the locator and was associated with powers of a lord, including judicial powers. A hereditary vogt was essentially to be the representative of the town’s owner — thus, in the case of royal towns, the monarch (the vogt as a brachium regale). However, already by the end of Casimir the Great’s reign we can observe a move away from the idea of hereditary vogtei. Probably one of the reasons for this was the reduction in the effectiveness of the hereditary vogt’s actions due to the division of the vogtei through inheritance. However, during the reign of Władysław Jagiełło the hereditary vogtei was used for personal politics — as another type of property which could be used to reward someone’s services. There is a noticeable trend of accumulating property in the hands of noble families. Thus, an authority that undermined urban autonomy was being consolidated in the landscape of the urban system. The term denotes the extent of the burghers’ independence from outside entities in the management of the town, including with regard to the election of councillors. The following correlations have been noted between the extent of autonomy and the nature of hereditary vogtei: rich vogtei in the hands of a nobleman effectively limited the autonomy of a town included in the so-called II or III tax category (Biecz, Bochnia, Myślenice and Pilzno); poor vogtei, even one held by a starosta/ tenutary, was an insufficient basis for effectively limiting urban autonomy (Będzin, Ciężkowice, Częstochowa); the absence of vogtei (Proszowice) or vogtei bought out by the town (Połaniec, Sandomierz, Wieliczka) are circumstances that generally strengthen urban autonomy; the lack of vogtei (Chęciny) or vogtei bought out by a town (Nowy Sącz) may not have translated into significant autonomy, if the castle starosta successfully opposed it and the economic potential of the vogtei was small.","PeriodicalId":146426,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd Historyczny","volume":" 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138620255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}