Intervirology最新文献

{"title":"Immune Response of Gamma-Irradiated Inactivated Bivalent Polio Vaccine Prepared plus Trehalose as a Protein Stabilizer in a Mouse Model.","authors":"Maryam Mollaei Alamuti,&nbsp;Mehrdad Ravanshad,&nbsp;Farahnaz Motamedi-Sedeh,&nbsp;Arezoo Nabizadeh,&nbsp;Elham Ahmadi,&nbsp;Seyedeh Maedeh Hossieni","doi":"10.1159/000515392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000515392","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Poliovirus causes paralysis by infecting the nervous system. Currently, 2 types of polio vaccine are given in many countries in polio eradication program including inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) and oral polio vaccine (OPV). Because of OPV-related paralysis, OPV should be replaced by IPV.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The aim of this study was to prepare the gamma-irradiated IPV and determine its effectiveness compared with the commercial vaccine (OPV) in the mouse model. The virus titration of OPV was determined and then inactivated by the appropriate dose of gamma radiation into an irradiated vaccine formula. The vaccine was inoculated in BALB/c mice in 2 different formulations of intramuscular injection with 2-week intervals. The level of anti-polio-neutralizing antibody and polio-specific splenocyte proliferation assay were evaluated by collecting the blood samples and spleens of the vaccinated groups with conventional vaccine and irradiated vaccine.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was a significant increase in the neutralizing antibody titration between all of the vaccinated groups and negative control group (A) (p < 0.05). And it shows that the IPV by gamma irradiation has the highest antibody titration. Also, the increasing of stimulation index value in the B* group, F group, and G group was the most against other groups. Furthermore, the neutralizing anti-serum titer and splenic lymphocyte proliferation assay show humoral and cellular immunity were significantly increased in the irradiated vaccine group as compared with conventional group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>According to the results, gamma-irradiated IPV could induce humoral and cellular immunity in vaccinated mouse groups, so the irradiated poliovirus could be recommended as a good candidate vaccine to prevent the transport of poliovirus to the central nervous system and thus protect against paralysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":14547,"journal":{"name":"Intervirology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000515392","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25600335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Phylogenetics of Hepatitis D Virus in New Zealand and the Implications for Pacific Island Countries.","authors":"Kathy Jackson,&nbsp;Margaret Littlejohn,&nbsp;Ed Gane,&nbsp;Stephen Locarnini","doi":"10.1159/000513685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000513685","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is considered a satellite virus that requires hepatitis B virus surface antigen for infectivity. HDV is endemic in some Pacific Island (PI) countries, including Kiribati and Nauru, with a unique genotype 1, \"Pacific clade.\" The aims of this study were to determine the HDV genotypes in New Zealand and investigate the link of strains to other PI countries and the rest of the world through phylogenetics. Sequencing and phylogenetic analyses were performed on 16 HDV-positive serum samples from 14 individuals collected between 2009 and 2014 at Auckland Hospital. Thirteen of 14 strains were confirmed as genotype 1 and 1 was genotype 5. Eleven of the 13 genotype 1 strains clustered with the Pacific clade. These were isolated from subjects born in Samoa, Kiribati, Tuvalu, and Niue. Another genotype 1 strain isolated from a Maori health-care worker clustered most closely with a European strain. There was an African genotype 1 and genotype 5 from African-born subjects with HIV coinfection. This study supports the probable transmission of HDV Pacific clade around the PI from Micronesia to Polynesia. The data also confirm the need to screen hepatitis B surface antigen-positive individuals for HDV.</p>","PeriodicalId":14547,"journal":{"name":"Intervirology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000513685","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25417379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infection with Hepatitis B Virus May Increase the Serum Concentrations of Osteopontin.","authors":"Hua-Bing Liu,&nbsp;Qin-Yan Chen,&nbsp;Xue-Yan Wang,&nbsp;Lu-Juan Zhang,&nbsp;Li-Ping Hu,&nbsp;Tim J Harrison,&nbsp;Chao Wang,&nbsp;Zhong-Liao Fang","doi":"10.1159/000513687","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000513687","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Serum osteopontin (OPN) concentrations were found to be significantly increased in patients infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study was to determine the association among HCC, OPN, and HBV.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two hundred and forty-one subjects were recruited and divided into 6 groups: healthy controls, asymptomatic HBsAg carriers, HBsAg (-) patients with other tumors, HBsAg (+) chronic liver disease patients, HBsAg (+) patients with HCC, and HBsAg (-) patients with HCC or liver cirrhosis (LC). Serum concentrations of OPN and HBsAg were measured and analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>OPN concentrations in the HBsAg (+) HCC group were significantly higher than the healthy control group and the HBsAg (-) patients with other cancers (both p = 0.0001). The OPN concentrations of the HBsAg (-) patients with HCC or LC also did not differ significantly from those of the healthy control group (p = 0.075). There is a correlation between the titer of HBsAg and concentrations of OPN in all 3 HBsAg (+) groups (all p values <0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Infection with HBV may increase the serum concentrations of OPN. The association of OPN and HCC may be not attributable to tumor development per se but, rather, to HBV infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":14547,"journal":{"name":"Intervirology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000513687","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25491948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Viruria of Human BK Virus and John Cunningham Virus among Renal Transplant Recipients and Healthy Control in Southeast of Caspian Sea.","authors":"Fereshteh Safaei,&nbsp;Alireza Mohebbi,&nbsp;Mina Hassanpour,&nbsp;Hadi Razavi Nikoo,&nbsp;Alijan Tabarraei","doi":"10.1159/000513369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000513369","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Members of the Polyomaviridae family, BK virus (BKV), and John Cunningham virus (JCV) are linked to polyomavirus-associated nephropathy-associated transplant rejection in immunodeficient patients.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of BKV and JCV in immunocompetent individuals in the north of Iran.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ninety-one urine samples were obtained from renal transplant recipients with a mean age of 39.78 ± 11.19 years. A healthy control group of 65 volunteers with an average age of 40.32 ± 10.7 years also contributed. After DNA extraction, positive cases were detected through PCR. Genotyping was done by alignment and phylogenetic tree construction of the VP1 region against all known JCV and BKV genotypes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of BKV and JCV was 15.38 and 19.78%, respectively. JCV was detected in 7.69% of the control group. The prevalence of the BKV between the case and control groups was significant (p < 0.0001). There was no significant association between BKV and JCV and duration of dialysis (p > 0.05). Overall, 62.16% of JCV cases were genotype I. Besides, genotype II was dominant within patients with BKV-positive patients.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The results obtained here show a relatively lower prevalence of BKV and JCV in immunocompromised renal transplant receivers and healthy control than those reported from other areas in Iran. JCV genotyping was evaluated for the first time in Iran. Genotype I for JCV and genotype II for BKV were dominant genotypes in the north of Iran.</p>","PeriodicalId":14547,"journal":{"name":"Intervirology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000513369","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25376810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Diagnosis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease.","authors":"Salman Khan,&nbsp;Syed Asad Ali Shah,&nbsp;Syed Muhammad Jamal","doi":"10.1159/000517003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000517003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an infectious and highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed domestic and wild animals, causing heavy economic losses to the livestock industry. Rapid and reliable diagnosis of the disease is essential for the implementation of effective control measures. This study compared sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (S-ELISA) and conventional reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the diagnosis of FMD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 60 epithelial samples from suspected cases of FMD were tested using both S-ELISA and RT-PCR assays. The level of agreement between the assays was assessed by calculating the Kappa value.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>S-ELISA detected 38 (63%) samples positive for FMD virus (FMDV). Being predominant, serotype O was detected in 22 (57.9%) of the total samples tested positive, whereas 9 (23.7%) and 7 (18.4%) samples were found positive for serotypes A and Asia-1, respectively. RT-PCR detected viral genome in 51 (85%) of the samples using pan-FMDV primers set, 1F/1R. Thirty-six samples were found positive and 7 negative by both the tests. The level of agreement between the tests was assessed by calculating the Kappa value, which was found to be fair (Kappa value = 0.303 and 95% CI = 0.089; 0.517) and significant (p = 0.009). However, 2 samples, which were found positive on S-ELISA tested negative on RT-PCR. This may be attributed to the presence of nucleotide mismatch(es) in the primer-binding sites that may have resulted in failure of amplification of the viral genome. The serotype-specific RT-PCR assays not only confirmed serotyping results of S-ELISA but were also able to establish serotype in 9 S-ELISA-negative but pan-FMDV RT-PCR-positive samples.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The RT-PCR assay contributes significantly to establishing a quick, sensitive, and definitive diagnosis of FMD in resource-constrained countries. Samples giving negative results in S-ELISA should be tested in RT-PCR for the disease detection and virus typing.</p>","PeriodicalId":14547,"journal":{"name":"Intervirology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000517003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39241733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First Detection of a Cluster Novel HIV-1 Second-Generation Recombinant (CRF01_AE/CRF07_BC) among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Nanjing, Eastern China.","authors":"Yueqi Yin,&nbsp;Ying Zhou,&nbsp;Jing Lu,&nbsp;Hongxiong Guo,&nbsp;Jianshuang Chen,&nbsp;Yan Xuan,&nbsp;Defu Yuan,&nbsp;Haiyang Hu,&nbsp;Xiaoqin Xu,&nbsp;Gengfeng Fu,&nbsp;Bei Wang","doi":"10.1159/000512135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000512135","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>A large number of unique recombinant forms have been found in China in recent years. This study aimed to report on a cluster of novel HIV-1 recombinants.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We constructed phylogenetic trees using the maximum likelihood (ML) method with 1,000 bootstrap replicates in IQ-TREE 1.6.8 software and determined recombination break points using SimPlot 3.5.1.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 9 near-full-length genome (NFLG) sequences were reported in this study, including 1 circulation recombinant form (CRF)01_AE NFLG sequence and 8 highly similar novel HIV-1 second-generation recombinants composed of CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC (CRF105_0107) isolated from a cluster HIV-positive male subjects infected among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Nanjing, eastern China. The phylogenetic analysis of NFLG showed 1 sequence named \"nj16\" to have at least 11 breakpoints inner virus and 7 other sequences to have at least 10 breakpoints inner virus. Our findings further showed as follows: first, this is the first time that a cluster of novel CRF105_0107 HIV-1 strains were identified among MSM in Nanjing, Jiangsu. Second, the Chinese \"4a\" cluster of CRF01_AE which mainly circulating in northern China has spread in Jiangsu for more than 15 years. Third, HIV-1 recombination events were active in Nanjing city, and novel recombinants could spread rapidly through some small-scale transmission networks.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The continued emergence of novel recombinant HIV-1 strains in Nanjing suggests dynamics and complexity in the HIV epidemic among MSM in Jiangsu province. Further investigations and molecular epidemiological research should be taken to monitor and understand transmission networks among MSM.</p>","PeriodicalId":14547,"journal":{"name":"Intervirology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000512135","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25357867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cellular miR-101-1 Reduces Efficiently the Replication of HSV-1 in HeLa Cells.","authors":"Bahar Sadegh Ehdaei,&nbsp;Ahmad Pirouzmand,&nbsp;Mehdi Shabani,&nbsp;Arezoo Mirzaei,&nbsp;Sharareh Moghim","doi":"10.1159/000512956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000512956","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) are widely distributed in the human population. HSV type 1 (HSV-1) is responsible for a spectrum of diseases, ranging from gingivostomatitis to keratoconjunctivitis, and encephalitis. The HSVs establish latent infections in nerve cells, and recurrences are common. Their frequent reactivation in elderly and immunosuppressed patients causes serious health complications.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Due to the growing resistance to its main drug, acyclovir, alternative treatments with different mechanisms of action are required. MicroRNAs regulate host and viral gene expression posttranscriptionally. Previous studies reported that mir-101-2 expression has widely participated in the regulation of HSV-1 replication. In this study, we investigate the effect of hsa-miR-101-1 in the replication of HSV-1.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We found that transfection of miR-101-1 into HeLa cells could reduce effectively HSV-1 replication using plaque assay and real-time PCR methods.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We showed that overexpression of miR-10-1 produced less viral progeny and manifested a weaker cytopathic effect, without affecting cell viability.</p><p><strong>Discussion/conclusion: </strong>This result can give us new insights into the control of HSV-1 infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":14547,"journal":{"name":"Intervirology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000512956","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25400802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Aichi Virus 1 from Urban Wastewater in Senegal.","authors":"Ousmane Kebe,&nbsp;Maria-Dolores Fernandez-Garcia,&nbsp;Amary Fall,&nbsp;Hamet Dia,&nbsp;Maxime Bidalot,&nbsp;Katia Ambert-Balay,&nbsp;Kader Ndiaye","doi":"10.1159/000512130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000512130","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aichi virus 1 (AiV-1) has been proposed as a causative agent of human gastroenteritis. In this study, raw, decanted, and treated wastewater samples from a wastewater treatment plant in an urban area of Dakar, Senegal, were collected. AiV-1 was detected in raw (70%, 14/20), decanted (68.4%, 13/19), and treated (59.3%, 16/27) samples, revealing a noticeable resistance of AiV-1 to chlorine-based treatment. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all sequences clustered within genotype B. Our study presents the first report on the detection of AiV-1 in the environment of Dakar and constitutes indirect evidence of virus circulation in the population.</p>","PeriodicalId":14547,"journal":{"name":"Intervirology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000512130","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38748927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Truncated Precursor of Feline calicivirus Major Capsid Protein: A Product Relevant for Replication, or an Aberrant Translation Artifact?","authors":"Ángel L Álvarez,&nbsp;Francisco Parra","doi":"10.1159/000513965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000513965","url":null,"abstract":"In a recent JVI paper by Urban and Luttermann [1], a truncated version of VP1 precursor (tLC-VP1) synthesized directly from the genomic RNA (gRNA) was detected for the first time for Feline calicivirus (FCV). Through a series of comprehensive reverse genetics experiments using 3DPol/LC-cleavage mutants, RIPA, luciferase reporter assays and deletion mutants, the authors demonstrated translational activity leading to tLC-VP1 synthesis starting at AUG codon 86, which they claim to be the second start codon within the whole LC-VP1 sequence. The authors suggested that a novel, scanning-independent, rather unknown translation initiation mechanism may be responsible for tLC-VP1 synthesis and identified specific sequences upstream of M86 that appear to be important for its efficiency. For example, in a reporter assay, the S3S mutant, lacking a stem-loop naturally occurring close to the LC-VP1 first AUG (M1), showed a dramatically decreased luciferase expression due to impaired translation initiation at M86. Furthermore, in a multiple-step growth assay, the S3S mutant showed decreased titers at early points of the curve, compared to wild-type FCV, though all assayed viruses reached similar end point titers. Based on these findings, the authors speculate that tLC-VP1 has a role during early phases of virus replication and claim that “all caliciviruses express VP1 from the gRNA” because it is essential and required early upon infection. We expected that the authors discussed the well-established fact that all caliciviruses encapsidate the subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) within the virions [2, 3], that is readily translated upon infection and the biological significance of producing a rather redundant tLC-VP1 in this context. The authors based their work on the sequence of FCV 2024 vaccine strain (GenBank AF479590.1) that contain no additional methionine residue between M1 and M86. However, a close look at other GenBank FCV sequences reveals that most FCV strains do possess another inframe AUG start codon within the LC-VP1 sequence at position 38 (M38), which has been overlooked in this work (Fig. 1a). In addition, when we compared the LCVP1 sequence from FCV strain Urbana with those of several members of the Vesivirus genus we found no inframe AUG start codon between the first ORF2 AUG (M1) and the putative proteolytic cleavage site responsible for LC excision and release of mature VP1, except for Allston calicivirus (M122, M134, M141) and SMSV-8","PeriodicalId":14547,"journal":{"name":"Intervirology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000513965","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25491901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structures of SARS-CoV-2 RNA-Binding Proteins and Therapeutic Targets.","authors":"Muhammad Tahir Khan,&nbsp;Muhammad Irfan,&nbsp;Hina Ahsan,&nbsp;Abrar Ahmed,&nbsp;Aman Chandra Kaushik,&nbsp;Anwar Sheed Khan,&nbsp;Sathishkumar Chinnasamy,&nbsp;Arif Ali,&nbsp;Dong-Qing Wei","doi":"10.1159/000513686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000513686","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic has resulted in thousands of infections and deaths worldwide. Several therapies are currently undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the development of new drugs and the repositioning of existing drugs can only be achieved after the identification of potential therapeutic targets within structures, as this strategy provides the most precise solution for developing treatments for sudden epidemic infectious diseases.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>In the current investigation, crystal and cryo-electron microscopy structures encoded by the SARS-CoV-2 genome were systematically examined for the identification of potential drug targets. These structures include nonstructural proteins (Nsp-9; Nsp-12; and Nsp-15), nucleocapsid (N) proteins, and the main protease (Mpro). Key Message: The structural information reveals the presence of many potential alternative therapeutic targets, primarily involved in interaction between N protein and Nsp3, forming replication-transcription complexes (RTCs) which might be a potential drug target for effective control of current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. RTCs consist of 16 nonstructural proteins (Nsp1-16) that play the most essential role in the synthesis of viral RNA. Targeting the physical linkage between the envelope and single-stranded positive RNA, a process facilitated by matrix proteins may provide a good alternative strategy. Our current study provides useful information for the development of new lead compounds against SARS-CoV-2 infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":14547,"journal":{"name":"Intervirology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000513686","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38829971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}