Intervirology最新文献

{"title":"Proposed Algorithm for Hepatitis E Virus Diagnosis in the Early Phase of Illness.","authors":"Sulekha Yadav,&nbsp;Rekha Barapatre,&nbsp;Ravendra Sharma,&nbsp;Arvind Neral,&nbsp;Pradip Barde","doi":"10.1159/000510725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000510725","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hepatitis E virus (HEV), a major etiologic agent of enterically transmitted hepatitis worldwide, is known to cause outbreaks. Diagnosis of the causative agent is important for patient management, understanding epidemiology and outbreak mitigation. We attempted to develop an algorithm for molecular diagnosis and compared the diagnostic accuracy of 2 of HEV IgM ELISA tests during an outbreak. Eighty-four blood samples collected during an outbreak in central India were referred to a nodal laboratory for confirmation of diagnosis. The samples were tested by serological and molecular testes. The results were analyzed by statistical tests. Both the IgM ELISAs were equally competent to diagnose HEV infection when samples were collected after 7.95 ± 3.2 days of onset of illness, whereas nRT-PCR proved a better test when samples were collected between 0 and 6.17 ± 1.97 days of illness. During HEV outbreaks, it is not possible to test all suspected cases by both serological and molecular tests; we suggest testing all ELISA-negative and samples collected in early phase (<7 days) of illness by molecular tests to rule out false-negative results. More studies with large sample size will aid in designing national guidelines for molecular diagnosis of HEV.</p>","PeriodicalId":14547,"journal":{"name":"Intervirology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000510725","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38459999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Autophagy-Mediated Dengue Virus Antibody-Dependent Enhancement Infection of THP-1 Cells.","authors":"Liming Jiang,&nbsp;Qiangming Sun","doi":"10.1159/000511420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000511420","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of dengue virus (DENV) infection is identified as the main risk factor of severe dengue diseases. The underlying mechanisms leading to severe dengue fever remain unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>THP-1 cells were treated with an autophagy inducer (rapamycin) or inhibitor (3-methyladenine [3-MA]) and infected with DENV and DENV-ADE. In order to investigate the expression profile of autophagy-related genes in DENV-ADE and DENV direct infection of THP-1 cells, the PCR array including 84 autophagy-related genes was selected to detect the expression of related genes, and then heat map and clustergram were established by analysis software to compare the expression differences of these genes between the DENV-ADE and DENV direct infection.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Autophagy-inducing complex related genes ATG5 and ATG12 were upregulated, and autophagosomes were also observed by transmission electron microscopy among DENV-ADE- and DENV-infected THP-1 cells, which indicated that autophagy was involved in dengue infection. The results show that 3-MA has a significant inhibitory effect on ATG12 in THP-1 cells; on the contrary, the expression of ATG12 was upreg-ulated in THP-1 cells that were treated with rapamycin. The autophagy-related genes ESR1, INS, BNIP3, FAS, TGM2, ATG9B, and DAPK1 exhibited significant differences between DENV-ADE and DENV direct infection groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In the present study, an additional mechanism of autophagy was inhibited by the autophagy inhibitor (3-MA) in DENV- and DENV-ADE-infected THP-1 cells. Our finding provided a clear link between autophagy and antibody-enhanced infection of DENV.</p>","PeriodicalId":14547,"journal":{"name":"Intervirology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000511420","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38615311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytomegalovirus Infection Is a Risk Factor in Gastrointestinal Cancer: A Cross-Sectional and Meta-Analysis Study.","authors":"Ya-Li Lv,&nbsp;Fei-Fei Han,&nbsp;Zhuo-Ling An,&nbsp;Yangjie Jia,&nbsp;Ling-Ling Xuan,&nbsp;Li-Li Gong,&nbsp;Wen Zhang,&nbsp;Lu-Lu Ren,&nbsp;Song Yang,&nbsp;He Liu,&nbsp;Li-Hong Liu","doi":"10.1159/000506683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000506683","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study was planned to investigate the association betweenhuman cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection and gastrointestinal cancer (GIC) risk, by undertaking a meta-analysis and case-control cross-sectional study.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>A cross-sectional study analysis of 160 GIC patients and 100 control subjects indicated significantly higher HCMV prevalence in GIC patients based on the HCMV IgM test. However, a similar analysis based on an IgG test revealed no significant relationship. Further meta-analysis of 11 studies, including 1,044 patients and 991 healthy subjects, displayed HCMV infection as an important risk factor for not only colorectal cancer occurrence and development based on a HCMV DNA test, but also for GIC based on a HCMV IgM test. However, the IgG test again displayed no significant relationship between HCMV infection and GIC occurrence. Key Message: Overall, our study revealed that HCMV infection is associated with an increased GIC risk. However, additional studies are warranted to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying this association.</p>","PeriodicalId":14547,"journal":{"name":"Intervirology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000506683","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38246002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical, Virological, and Immunological Profiles of DENV, ZIKV, and/or CHIKV-Infected Brazilian Patients.","authors":"Juan Camilo Sánchez-Arcila,&nbsp;Jessica Badolato-Correa,&nbsp;Thiara Manuele Alves de Souza,&nbsp;Iury Amâncio Paiva,&nbsp;Luciana Santos Barbosa,&nbsp;Priscila Conrado Guerra Nunes,&nbsp;Monique da Rocha Queiroz Lima,&nbsp;Flavia Barrento Dos Santos,&nbsp;Paulo Vieira Damasco,&nbsp;Rivaldo Venancio da Cunha,&nbsp;Elzinandes Leal de Azeredo,&nbsp;Luzia Maria de Oliveira-Pinto","doi":"10.1159/000510223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000510223","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Arboviruses co-circulating within a population that are transmitted by the same vector have the potential to cause coinfections. Coinfections with dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) have been occurring in Brazil, but it is not well-understood how human responses vary during mono- or coinfections and whether they play different roles in pathogenesis. Methods: We investigated the clinical, virological, and immunological status during patients’ acute infections, focusing on the CCL/CXC chemokines, proinflammatory, as well as anti-inflammatory cytokines levels quantified by ELISAs. Viral load was determined by qRT-PCR in serum samples from 116 acute DENV, ZIKV, CHIKV, DENV/ZIKV, and CHIKV/ZIKV-infected adult patients from Brazil. Results: Most of the acute patients displayed fever, headache, prostration, and myalgia, regardless of the type of arbovirus infection. Zika viral load was higher in CHIKV/ZIKV coinfected patients compared with ZIKV or DENV/ZIKV infections. All infected individuals presented increased concentrations of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10/interferon protein-10 (CXCL10/IP-10), C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (CCL2/MCP-1), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) compared to healthy donors. Interestingly, the ZIKV group separated from CHIKV/ZIKV due to higher levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and lower levels of TNF-α. While DENV/ZIKV differentiated from CHIKV due to their higher levels of CCL2/MCP-1, in CHIKV- and CHIKV/ZIKV-infected patients, levels of CXC10/IP-10, CCL2/MCP-1, and migration inhibitory factor (MIF) were associated with CHIKV viral load. By contrast, in DENV/ZIKV- and CHIKV/ZIKV-infected patients, levels of CXCL10/IP-10, CCL2/MCP-1, and TNF-α showed a significant inverse correlation with ZIKV viral load. Conclusions: From all the circulating mediators measured, we detected differences of IL-10, TNF-α, and CCL2/MCP-1 between arbovirus groups. We hypothesize that CXC10/IP-10, CCL2/MCP-1, and MIF in the CHIKV-infected group could regulate the CHIKV viral load, while CXC10/IP-10, CCL2/MCP-1, and TNF-α in DENV/ZIKV, and CHIKV/ZIKV groups, could regulate ZIKV viral load.","PeriodicalId":14547,"journal":{"name":"Intervirology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000510223","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38413981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Influence of Antiretroviral Therapy on Hepatitis C Virus Viral Load and Liver Fibrosis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Coinfected Patients: An Observational Study","authors":"J. Soares, A. Ferreira, A. Silva-Pinto, F. Almeida, C. Piñeiro, R. Serrão, A. Sarmento","doi":"10.1159/000503631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000503631","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The role of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for Hepatitis C viral load (HCV-VL) and liver fibrosis is poorly understood. This study aimed at evaluating the influence of ART on HCV-VL and liver fibrosis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/HCV-coinfected patients. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of HIV/HCV-coinfected patients followed at a tertiary university hospital. Results: In total, 143 patients were included. In 61 patients, ART initiation was accompanied by an increase in HCV-VL and a decrease in HIV viral load (HIV-VL), whereas ART suspension led to a decrease in HCV-VL and an increase in HIV-VL. Among the 55 HIV-suppressed patients who switched to a raltegravir (RAL)-containing regimen, median HCV-VL levels decreased significantly, while switching to a rilpivirine-containing regimen did not yield a significant reduction. Discussion: If the treatment of chronic hepatitis starts before ART, ART initiation should be delayed as much as possible. If ART has been started, it is advisable to wait 1 year before initiating chronic hepatitis treatment. RAL as the third agent in an ART regimen could be beneficial in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients, in comparison to other antiretroviral drugs. Conclusion: The start and the suspension of ART significantly interferes with HCV-VL in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients.","PeriodicalId":14547,"journal":{"name":"Intervirology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2019-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000503631","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42655247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Outbreak of Human Parainfluenza Virus 3 (Phylogenetic Subcluster C5) Infection among Adults at a Residential Care Facility for the Disabled in Croatia, 2018","authors":"R. Čivljak, T. Košutić-Gulija, A. Slović, Eva Huljev, N. Turčić, T. Meštrović, J. Vraneš, S. Ljubin-Sternak","doi":"10.1159/000503630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000503630","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Although highly pertinent for children, outbreaks of human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) may cause up to 15% of all respiratory illnesses in adults and predispose them to serious adverse outcomes, with HPIV serotype 3 (HPIV3) being the most common. This study represents the first report of an HPIV3 outbreak among adults at a long-term health-care facility in Croatia. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted to investigate an outbreak of acute respiratory infection (ARI) at a single residential care facility for the disabled in Croatia. Demographic, epidemiological, and clinical data were collected for all residents, while hospitalized patients were appraised in detail by laboratory/radiological methods. Multiplex PCR for respiratory viruses and sequencing was performed. Partial HPIV3 HN 581 nt sequences were aligned with HPIV3 sequences from the GenBank database to conduct a phylogenetic analysis, where different bioinformatic approaches were employed. Results: In late June 2018, 5 of the 10 units at the facility were affected by the outbreak. Among the 106 residents, 23 (21.7%) developed ARI, and 6 (26.1%) of them were hospitalized. HPIV3 was identified in 18 (73%) of the residents and 5 (83%) of the hospitalized individuals. Isolated HPIV3 strains were classified within the phylogenetic subcluster C5 but grouped on 2 separate branches of the phylogenetic tree. During the entire outbreak period, none of the institution’s employees reported symptoms of ARI. Conclusions: Our study has shown that this health care-associated outbreak of HPIV3 infection could have been linked to multiple importation events. Preventive measures in curbing such incidents should be enforced vigorously.","PeriodicalId":14547,"journal":{"name":"Intervirology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2019-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000503630","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41414695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Front & Back Matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1159/000503839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000503839","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14547,"journal":{"name":"Intervirology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48139625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Rapid, Molecular-Based Assays for the Detection of Respiratory Syncytial Virus","authors":"G. P. Leonardi","doi":"10.1159/000502995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000502995","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection causes lower respiratory tract infection primarily in infants and toddlers. RSV reinfection also occurs throughout life and can be a significant cause of pneumonia and mortality in the elderly. Surges in physician offices, emergency department visits, and hospitalization often result from RSV illness. Point-of-care (POC) testing reduces healthcare costs and permits informed decisions on treatment, further testing, or hospitalization to occur during the physician-patient encounter. Optimal POC assays must be sensitive, easy to perform, and provide rapid results. Methods: In this study, 2 POC assays (Alere i; Abbot Rapid Diagnostics and cobas Liat, Roche Molecular, Inc.) and a laboratory-based assay (Solana; Quidel, Inc.) were evaluated using 133 patient nasopharyngeal specimens. Results: Sensitivity/specificity values (%) of 94.7/96.1, 98.2/96.1, and 96.5/94.7 were obtained for the Alere i, Liat, and Solana assays, respectfully. These values approximated those stated in each assay’s package insert. Conclusion: Rapid molecular assays for RSV are sensitive and accurate. The choice of assay should reflect each healthcare institution’s specific testing needs with respect to the benefits and drawbacks of each product.","PeriodicalId":14547,"journal":{"name":"Intervirology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2019-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000502995","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46303581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fluorescent Immunosorbent Assay for Chikungunya Virus Detection","authors":"Huu Chien Nguyen, H. Park, Ho-Joon Shin, N. Nguyen, Anh Thi Viet Nguyen, T. Trinh, Thi Hai Yen Duong, H. Tuong, Vui Thi Hoang, G. Seo, H. Sohn, Seon-Ju Yeo","doi":"10.1159/000502823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000502823","url":null,"abstract":"Background: When infected with the chikungunya virus (CHIKV), 3% to 28% of CHIKV-infected individuals remain asymptomatic, necessitating the development of improved high-throughput screening methods to overcome the limitations of molecular diagnostics or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Objective: In this study, two novel monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting envelope 1 (E1) of CHIKV were developed and applied in a fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay (FLISA) using coumarin-derived dendrimer as the fluorophore. Methods: The performance of the FLISA was compared with that of ELISA. Results: Using the two novel mAbs (2B5 and 2C8), FLISA could detect 1 × 105 PFU/mL of CHIKV, exhibiting a 2-fold lower limit of detection (LOD) compared to ELISA. The LOD of FICT corresponded to a comparative threshold value of 23.95 and 4  ×  106 of RNA copy number/µL. In the presence of human sera and blood, virus detection by FLISA was 3-fold better than ELISA, with an LOD of 2 × 105 PFU/mL. Sera and blood interfered with the ELISA, resulting in 6 × 105 PFU/mL as the LOD. Conclusions: FLISA using two novel mAbs and coumarin-derived dendrimer is a superior diagnostic assay for detecting CHIKV in human sera and blood, compared to conventional ELISA.","PeriodicalId":14547,"journal":{"name":"Intervirology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2019-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000502823","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43370273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differences in Susceptibility of Human and Mouse Macrophage Cell Lines to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection","authors":"Annick Heykers, A. Leemans, W. Van der Gucht, M. De Schryver, P. Cos, P. Delputte","doi":"10.1159/000502674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000502674","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Differences have been observed in the susceptibility of macrophage cell lines to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. In this study, we evaluated whether the type of macrophage cell line and RSV strain used have an influence on the infectivity and production of progeny virus. Methods: Both human and murine macrophage-like cell lines were infected with different RSV strains, both lab strains as well as clinical isolates. The infection was evaluated after 24 and 72 h by immunofluorescence staining and microscopic analysis, and the production of new virus particles was determined by plaque assay. Results: Susceptibility of macrophages to RSV was influenced by the RSV strain used but was mostly dependent on the macrophage cell line. Numbers of infected cells and virus production were generally very low or absent in murine cell lines. In human cell lines, clear infection was observed associated with production of new virus particles. Conclusion: Differences in susceptibility of macrophage cell lines to RSV infection are primarily related to the species of origin of the cell line but are also influenced by the RSV strain.","PeriodicalId":14547,"journal":{"name":"Intervirology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2019-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000502674","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47383894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}