Research Anthology on Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications of Nanomaterials最新文献

{"title":"Toxicocinetic and Mechanisms of Action of Nanoparticles","authors":"A. Khelfi","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-5745-6.CH014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5745-6.CH014","url":null,"abstract":"Human exposure to nanoparticles has been dramatically increased in the past 25 years as a result of the rapidly developing field of nanotechnology. Many have recognized the importance of identifying potential effects on human health associated with the manufacture and use of these important technology. Many questions remain unanswered regarding the short- and long-term effect, systemic toxicity, and carcinogenicity. Engineered nanoparticles can be taken up by the human body via inhalation, ingestion, dermal uptake, and injection. They can reach the bloodstream and ultimately affect multiple body organs such as liver and spleen or even transcend the blood-brain barrier. Because of the huge diversity of materials used and the wide range in size of nanoparticles, these effects will vary a lot. Local and systemic adverse effects consist of primarily inflammatory reactions. Other observed effects include generation of reactive oxygen species and subsequent oxidative stress, disruption of proteins, DNA, mitochondria and membrane structures, as well as changes in cell signaling pathways.","PeriodicalId":145165,"journal":{"name":"Research Anthology on Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications of Nanomaterials","volume":"112 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132662777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Smart Mesoporous Nanomaterials With Improved Therapeutic Applications","authors":"Sandhya Sanand, A. Tyagi, Sandeep Kumar, G. Kaul","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-8591-7.ch016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8591-7.ch016","url":null,"abstract":"Nanomaterials have revolutionized the drug delivery and therapeutic industry due to their unique physical characteristics, which render them extremely manipulative at nano-scale. One such category of nanomaterials is mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Due to their small size and rigid honeycomb-like structure, they are highly conducive for packaging of drugs, dyes, antibodies, etc. In addition, they show excellent biocompatibility. These new generation nanomaterials can be further functionalized by incorporating surface modifications, thus increasing their acceptability as carriers for drugs and molecules. In this chapter, a brief and comprehensive review covering various aspects of the recent advancements in synthesis of mesoporous nanomaterials and post-synthesis strategies for functionalization has been presented. Further, it also sheds light on how efficiently these smart nano-carriers are involved in transport and site-specific delivery of highly toxic drugs, like chemotherapeutic agents for cancer treatment, and their biocompatibility evaluation from a biosafety point of view.","PeriodicalId":145165,"journal":{"name":"Research Anthology on Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications of Nanomaterials","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131293948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanoparticles for Bioremediation of Heavy Metal Polluted Water","authors":"R. Dutta, P. Sahai","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-4162-2.CH013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-4162-2.CH013","url":null,"abstract":"The process of bioremediation can be intrinsic or natural attenuation, where the process of remediation happens on its own, or it can be extrinsic or bio-stimulated when it is incited with help of some growth productive conditions like addition of fertilizers or nanoparticles, the smallest active particles on the earth. Nanoparticles are charged entities with low activation energy and exhibiting quantum effects making the chemical reaction between the nanoparticle and surrounding feasible in lesser time, and they also exhibit surface plasmon resonance that helps in identification of toxic material in surrounding. Apart from these properties, their different shapes and sizes help in designing the environmental cleanup process as per the suitable conditions and requirements. Polluted water treatment is being done with the help of nanoparticles due to their property of being highly profitable as adsorbents and for filtration purposes.","PeriodicalId":145165,"journal":{"name":"Research Anthology on Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications of Nanomaterials","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114791347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of Epoxy Nanocomposites","authors":"T. F. Irzhak, V. Irzhak","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-7921-2.CH002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7921-2.CH002","url":null,"abstract":"The formation processes of epoxy nanocomposites with carbon (nanotubes, graphene, and graphite), metal-containing, and aluminosilicate (montmorillonite and halloysite tubes) fillers are considered. A high reactivity of epoxy groups and a thermodynamic miscibility of epoxy oligomers with many substances make it possible to use diverse curing agents and to accomplish curing reactions under various technological conditions. Epoxy nanocomposites are designed to realize to the same extent the unique functional properties of nanoparticles: electric, magnetic, optical, chemical, and biological. The mutual effect of both a matrix and nanoparticles on the composite formation is discussed.","PeriodicalId":145165,"journal":{"name":"Research Anthology on Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications of Nanomaterials","volume":"105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126353455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coordination Polymers and Polymer Nanofibers for Effective Adsorptive Desulfurization","authors":"Tendai O. Dembaremba, A. Ogunlaja, Z. Tshentu","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-2146-5.ch006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2146-5.ch006","url":null,"abstract":"Desulfurization of fuel oils is an essential process employed in petroleum refineries to reduce the sulfur content to levels mandated for environmental protection. Hydrodesulfurization (HDS), which is currently being employed, is limited in treating refractory organosulfur compounds and only reduces the sulfur content in fuels to a range of 200-500 ppmS. In this chapter, several scientific and technological advances reported in the literature for the desulfurization of fuels are reviewed and discussed. Amongst these techniques, oxidative desulfurization (ODS) and adsorptive desulfurization (ADS) are proposed as additional steps to complement HDS in meeting the mandated ultra-low sulfur levels (10 ppmS). In the ODS technique, refractory organosulfur compounds are oxidized to organosulfones, followed by solvent extraction or adsorption of the organosulfones. The chemistry involved in the development and fabrication of sulfur/sulfone responsive adsorbents is also discussed. The use of molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs) and coordination polymers (CPs) for the selective adsorption of organosulfone compounds (in ODS) and/or organosulfur (in ADS) offers various properties such as imprinting effect, hydrogen bonding, π-π interactions, van der Waals forces, π-complexation, and electrostatic interactions. CPs, in particular metal organic frameworks (MOFs), have been reported to possess suitable features to overcome most of these challenges associated with adsorptive ultra-deep desulfurization when design strategies to achieve good selectivity are strictly followed. Matching the sizes of the cavities to the critical dimensions of the sulfur containing compounds (SCCs), using suitable metal centres which allow for coordinative interaction with the SCCs and using linkers with suitable functionality as to enhance specific interaction (dispersion forces) with the SCCs were considered to be pivotal features to prioritize. The prospects for the use of MIPs and CPs for future industrial applications in desulfurization are envisaged.","PeriodicalId":145165,"journal":{"name":"Research Anthology on Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications of Nanomaterials","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122799764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immiscible Two-Phase Parallel Microflow and Its Applications in Fabricating Micro- and Nanomaterials","authors":"Yujie Li, Jie Wang, Shijie Wang, D. Li, Shanshan Song, Peng Zhang, Jianguo Li, Hai Yuan","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-7138-4.CH005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7138-4.CH005","url":null,"abstract":"The immiscible two-phase flow behaves nonlinearly, and it is a challenging task to control and stabilize the liquid-liquid interface. Parallel flow forms under a proper balance between the driving force, the friction resistance, and the interfacial tension. The liquid-solid interaction as well as the liquid-liquid interaction plays an important role in manipulating the liquid-liquid interface. With vacuum-driven flow, long and stable parallel flow is possible to be obtained in oil-water systems and can be used for fabricating micro- and nanomaterials. Ultra-small Cu nanoparticles of 4~10 nm were synthesized continuously through chemical reactions taking place on the interface. This makes it possible for in situ synthesis of conductive nanoink avoiding oxidation. Well-controlled interface reactions can also be used to produce ultra-long sub-micro Cu wires up to 10 mm at room temperature. This method provided new and simple additive fabrication methods for making integrated microfluidic devices.","PeriodicalId":145165,"journal":{"name":"Research Anthology on Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications of Nanomaterials","volume":"1989 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131110826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites Thermal and Mechanical Properties Modelling","authors":"S. Kosti","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-7921-2.CH007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7921-2.CH007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter deals with the modelling of nanomaterial and nanocomposite mechanical and thermal properties. Enrichment in the technology requires materials having higher thermal properties or higher structural properties. Nanomaterials and nanocomposites can serve this purpose accurately for aerospace or thermal applications and structural applications respectively. The thermal system requires materials having high thermal conductivity while structural system requires materials having high strength. Selection of the material for particular application is very critical and requires knowledge and experience. Al, Cu, TiO2, Al2O3, etc. are considered for thermal applications while epoxy-glass, FRP, etc. are considered for structural applications. Modelling of these nanomaterials and nanocomposites is done with the help of different mathematical models available in the literature. Results show that addition of the nanoparticle/composite in the base material can enhance the thermal and structural properties. Results also show that amount of weight percentage added also affects the properties.","PeriodicalId":145165,"journal":{"name":"Research Anthology on Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications of Nanomaterials","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114459375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interaction of Heavy Metal Ions With Nanomaterials","authors":"Suphiya Khan, S. Kumari","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-8591-7.ch048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8591-7.ch048","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing water pollution due to heavy metals is a major global concern, and favorable remediation techniques are required. Heavy metal contamination affects both flora and fauna as it enters the food web. The development of nanotechnology and novel nanomaterials production has attracted researchers worldwide. Both carbon- and metal-based nanomaterials proved great adsorbents for heavy metal remediation because of their unique properties such as thermal and chemical stability and high surface. Novel green route for nanomaterials synthesis make the nanomaterials production an environmentally friendly, low cost, and user-friendly approach. This chapter reviews the heavy metal pollution causes and utilization of different nanomaterials for the remediation process.","PeriodicalId":145165,"journal":{"name":"Research Anthology on Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications of Nanomaterials","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130190960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oil and Paper Insulation for DC Converter Transformer","authors":"B. Du","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-2309-3.ch006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2309-3.ch006","url":null,"abstract":"Transformer oil and oil-impregnated paper, serve as the essential parts of converter transformer, suffering various electric fields. The accumulation of surface charge on the paper would lead to flashover. When the power flow of the HVDC system is reversed, the charge field will easily lead to discharge. Direct-fluorination is a method which could affect the material property without alternating the bulk property. Besides, a new type of nano-modified transformer oil is a method to improve properties. This chapter presents a study of the effect of fluorination on surface charge behavior, the effect of polarity reversal voltages on interface charge behavior and the effect of Boron nitride (BN) nanoparticles on the high thermal conductivity of transformer oil. Results show that fluorination had an influence on the chemical property of the paper and BN nanoparticles has improvements in heat transfer process. In the polarity reversal test, the dissipation rate becomes smaller as the reversal time gets longer.","PeriodicalId":145165,"journal":{"name":"Research Anthology on Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications of Nanomaterials","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117342703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fundamentals and Sources of Magnetic Nanocomposites and Their Sorption Properties","authors":"Victor O. Shikuku, Chispin O Kowenje, W. N. Nyairo","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-2136-5.CH004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2136-5.CH004","url":null,"abstract":"Over the years, adsorption has been the most widely applied technique for pollutants remediation in conventional water and wastewater treatment regimes with commendable results. Consequently, multiple adsorbents have been synthesized, characterized and tested for various pollutants sequestration such as; heavy metals, dyes, pharmaceutically active ingredients, among others, in aqueous media. Unfortunately, most of the sorbents face many inherent limitations such as high production cost, difficult separation of adsorbent from solution, and complex synthesis processes. Therefore, an efficient adsorbent that would be sustainably adopted for industrial application in wastewater treatment requires, among other properties, a simple and efficient recovery step from a continuous flowing system. The regenerated adsorbent must also possess near original properties after several cycles of reuse thereby resulting to low capital investment. To address this challenge, studies conducted in the past few years incorporating magnetism in both natural and synthetic sorbents to improve their removal from water via magnetic separation have yielded stupendous results compared to conventional technologies. This chapter concisely discusses synthesis methods and adsorption capacities and mechanisms of selected magnetic nanocomposite adsorbents under diverse physicochemical conditions for removal of cations, dyes and organic pollutants from wastewater. Magnetic nanocomposites present eco-friendly properties and are potential alternatives for application in water purification processes subject to commercial viability evaluation before practical use.","PeriodicalId":145165,"journal":{"name":"Research Anthology on Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications of Nanomaterials","volume":"305 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133069715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}