{"title":"Parkinson's disease and Covid-19: The effect and use of telemedicine.","authors":"Aleksandra M Podlewska, Daniel J van Wamelen","doi":"10.1016/bs.irn.2022.04.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/bs.irn.2022.04.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As a result of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic the use of telemedicine and remote assessments for patients has increased exponentially, enabling healthcare professionals to reduce the need for in-person clinical visits and, consequently, reduce the exposure to the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). This development has been aided by increased guidance on digital health technologies and cybersecurity measures, as well as reimbursement options within healthcare systems. Having been able to continue to connect with people with Parkinson's Disease (PwP, PD) has been crucial, since many saw their symptoms worsen over the pandemic. Inspite of the success of telemedicine, sometimes even enabling delivery of treatment and research, further validation and a unified framework are necessary to measure the true benefit to both clinical outcomes and health economics. Moreover, the use of telemedicine seems to have been biased towards people from a white background, those with higher education, and reliable internet connections. As such, efforts should be pursued by being inclusive of all PwP, regardless of geographical area and ethnic background. In this chapter, we describe the effect he Covid-19 pandemic has had on the use of telemedicine for care and research in people with PD, the limiting factors for further rollout, and how telemedicine might develop further.</p>","PeriodicalId":14468,"journal":{"name":"International review of neurobiology","volume":" ","pages":"263-281"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9279001/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33494061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sex and gender differences in epilepsy.","authors":"Lauren Hophing, Paulina Kyriakopoulos, Esther Bui","doi":"10.1016/bs.irn.2022.06.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2022.06.012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sex and gender differences in epilepsy are important influencing factors in epilepsy care. In epilepsy, the hormonal differences between the sexes are important as they impact specific treatment considerations for patients at various life stages particularly during early adulthood with establishment of the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, perimenopause and menopause. Choice of antiseizure medication may have direct consequences on hormonal cycles, hormonal contraception, pregnancy and fetal risk of major congenital malformation. Conversely hormones whether intrinsic or extrinsically administered may have direct impact on antiseizure medications and seizure control. This chapter explores these important influences on the management of persons with epilepsy.</p>","PeriodicalId":14468,"journal":{"name":"International review of neurobiology","volume":"164 ","pages":"235-276"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33445990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Is essential tremor a degenerative disorder or an electric disorder? Degenerative disorder.","authors":"Phyllis L Faust","doi":"10.1016/bs.irn.2022.02.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2022.02.003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Essential tremor (ET) is a highly prevalent neurologic disease and is the most common of the many tremor disorders. ET is a progressive condition with marked clinical heterogeneity, associated with a spectrum of both motor and non-motor features. However, its disease mechanisms remain poorly understood. Much debate has centered on whether ET should be considered a degenerative disorder, with underlying pathological changes in brain causing progressive disease manifestations, or an electric disorder, with overactivity of intrinsically oscillatory motor networks that occur without underlying structural brain abnormalities. Converging data from clinical, neuroimaging and pathological studies in ET now provide considerable evidence for the neurodegenerative hypothesis. A major turning point in this debate is that rigorous tissue-based studies have recently identified a series of structural changes in the ET cerebellum. Most of these pathological changes are centered on the Purkinje cell and connected neuronal populations, which can result in partial loss of Purkinje cells and circuitry reorganizations that would disturb cerebellar function. There is significant overlap in clinical and pathological features of ET with other disorders of cerebellar degeneration, and an increased risk of developing other degenerative diseases in ET. The combined implication of these studies is that ET could be degenerative. The evidence in support of the degenerative hypothesis is presented.</p>","PeriodicalId":14468,"journal":{"name":"International review of neurobiology","volume":"163 ","pages":"65-101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9846862/pdf/nihms-1858942.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9165994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"How important is the inferior olive in essential tremor? An evolving story.","authors":"Sheng-Han Kuo, Elan D Louis","doi":"10.1016/s0074-7742(22)00055-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0074-7742(22)00055-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14468,"journal":{"name":"International review of neurobiology","volume":"163 ","pages":"129-132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9512123/pdf/nihms-1826753.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9694756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Essential tremor as a harbinger: What is the cognitive fallout of having essential tremor?","authors":"Elan D Louis, Sheng-Han Kuo","doi":"10.1016/s0074-7742(22)00057-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0074-7742(22)00057-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14468,"journal":{"name":"International review of neurobiology","volume":"163 ","pages":"189-193"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9512122/pdf/nihms-1826755.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9701568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Diagnostic work up: Laboratory and biomarkers.","authors":"Gustav Cedergren Weber, P. Odin","doi":"10.1016/bs.irn.2021.12.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2021.12.003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14468,"journal":{"name":"International review of neurobiology","volume":"162 1","pages":"53-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54086280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Covid-19 and Parkinsonism","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/s0074-7742(22)x0005-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0074-7742(22)x0005-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14468,"journal":{"name":"International review of neurobiology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55814197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K E Tschetter, L B Callahan, S A Flynn, S Rahman, T P Beresford, P J Ronan
{"title":"Early life stress and susceptibility to addiction in adolescence.","authors":"K E Tschetter, L B Callahan, S A Flynn, S Rahman, T P Beresford, P J Ronan","doi":"10.1016/bs.irn.2021.08.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2021.08.007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Early life stress (ELS) is a risk factor for developing a host of psychiatric disorders. Adolescence is a particularly vulnerable period for the onset of these disorders and substance use disorders (SUDs). Here we discuss ELS and its effects in adolescence, especially SUDs, and their correlates with molecular changes to signaling systems in reward and stress neurocircuits. Using a maternal separation (MS) model of neonatal ELS, we studied a range of behaviors that comprise a \"drug-seeking\" phenotype. We then investigated potential mechanisms underlying the development of this phenotype. Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) and serotonin (5-HT) are widely believed to be involved in \"stress-induced\" disorders, including addiction. Here, we show that ELS leads to the development of a drug-seeking phenotype indicative of increased susceptibility to addiction and concomitant sex-dependent upregulation of CRF and 5-HT system components throughout extended brain reward/stress neurocircuits.</p>","PeriodicalId":14468,"journal":{"name":"International review of neurobiology","volume":"161 ","pages":"277-302"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39641944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Alcohol, inflammation, and blood-brain barrier function in health and disease across development.","authors":"A S Vore, T Deak","doi":"10.1016/bs.irn.2021.06.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2021.06.009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alcohol is the most commonly used drug of abuse in the world and binge drinking is especially harmful to the brain, though the mechanisms by which alcohol compromises overall brain health remain somewhat elusive. A number of brain diseases and pathological states are accompanied by perturbations in Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) function, ultimately exacerbating disease progression. The BBB is critical for coordinating activity between the peripheral immune system and the brain. Importantly, BBB integrity is responsive to circulating cytokines and other immune-related signaling molecules, which are powerfully modulated by alcohol exposure. This review will highlight key cellular components of the BBB; discuss mechanisms by which permeability is achieved; offer insight into methodological approaches for assessing BBB integrity; and forecast how alcohol-induced changes in the peripheral and central immune systems might influence BBB function in individuals with a history of binge drinking and ultimately Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD).</p>","PeriodicalId":14468,"journal":{"name":"International review of neurobiology","volume":"161 ","pages":"209-249"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9204474/pdf/nihms-1812465.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39641946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Is essential tremor a family of diseases or a syndrome? A family of diseases.","authors":"Giulietta M Riboldi, Steven J Frucht","doi":"10.1016/bs.irn.2022.02.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2022.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It is now well-established that essential tremor (ET) can manifest with different clinical presentations and progressions (i.e., upper limb tremor, head tremor, voice tremor, lower limb tremor, task- or position-specific tremor, or a combination of those). Common traits and overlaps are identifiable across these different subtypes of ET, including a slow rate of progression, a response to alcohol and a positive family history. At the same time, each of these manifestations are associated with specific demographic, clinical and treatment-response characteristics suggesting a family of diseases rather than a spectrum of a syndrome. Here we summarize the most important clinical, demographic, neuropathological and imagingfeatures of ET and of its subtypes to support ET as a family of identifiable conditions. This classification has relevance for counseling of patients with regard to disease progression and treatment response, as well as for the design of therapeutic clinical trials.</p>","PeriodicalId":14468,"journal":{"name":"International review of neurobiology","volume":" ","pages":"7-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40394569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}