International Neurourology Journal最新文献

{"title":"Limited Predictive Value of Urodynamic Studies for Postmicturition Dribbling in Surgery-Naive Men With Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms.","authors":"Jung-Yang Yu, Shang-Jen Chang, Jeff Shih-Chieh Chueh","doi":"10.5213/inj.2550368.184","DOIUrl":"10.5213/inj.2550368.184","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Postmicturition dribbling (PMD) is a common but underrecognized lower urinary tract symptom (LUTS). This study evaluated the clinical and urodynamic characteristics of PMD in men with medication-refractory LUTS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>From 2008 to 2010, 150 male patients underwent questionnaire assessment, urodynamic study (UDS), and transrectal ultrasound of the prostate (TRUSP). PMD was defined as a Likert score ≥3.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>PMD was reported by 47% of patients and was significantly associated with higher International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) scores, particularly LUTS such as urgency, incomplete emptying, and weak stream. PMD also adversely affected quality of life, especially motivation, sexual function, and psychological well-being. Among the UDS and TRUSP parameters, only poor bladder compliance was significantly associated with PMD (4% vs. 17%, P=0.016), corresponding to a 4-fold higher risk.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>PMD was prevalent and clinically meaningful in men with LUTS and was strongly associated with core LUTS and reduced bladder compliance. Because PMD is not included in the IPSS, it may be underrecognized in routine clinical evaluation, underscoring the need for broader symptom assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":14466,"journal":{"name":"International Neurourology Journal","volume":"30 2","pages":"137-145"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13342855/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148404681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biology and Time Course of Obstruction-Induced Detrusor Underactivity Causing Postvoid Residual Urine.","authors":"Karl-Erik Andersson, Karl Swärd, Bengt Uvelius","doi":"10.5213/inj.2652010.005","DOIUrl":"10.5213/inj.2652010.005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To review the time course of muscle mechanics, etiological factors, and molecular mechanisms contributing to the development of postvoid residual urine (PVR), with an emphasis on transcriptomic changes in detrusor underactivity secondary to bladder outlet obstruction (BOO). PVR, the volume of urine remaining in the bladder after micturition, is a key marker of lower urinary tract dysfunction. While often overlooked in routine assessment, it may signal underlying BOO or detrusor underactivity and is associated with serious complications. PVR, bladder physiology and mechanics, and BOO-associated molecular changes were integrated with mRNA expression data from patients with bladder outlet obstruction, as well as from short- and long-term obstructed rat bladders from our own laboratory. Efficient voiding depends on tightly coordinated neural and muscular activity; disruption by elevated outlet resistance, impaired detrusor contractility, or failed coordination can produce residual urine. Chronic BOO and detrusor underactivity are interlinked, with chronic obstruction initiating time-dependent compensatory mechanisms, but ultimately the bladder decompensates. Transcriptomic studies in humans reveal fibroblast-macrophage-epithelial crosstalk driving extracellular matrix remodeling, inflammation, and tissue repair, with conserved molecular pathways across species, including transforming growth factor beta, nuclear factor-kappa B, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling. Rat models highlight Cthrc1 as a regulator of smooth muscle proliferation after denervation and implicate hypoxia-responsive transcription factors. PVR arises from a multifactorial interplay of timedependent mechanical, myogenic, and neurogenic factors, underpinned by conserved molecular pathways. Molecular diagnostics integrating messenger RNA/microRNA signatures hold promise for early detection of detrusor decompensation, enabling targeted interventions to preserve bladder function and prevent complications.</p>","PeriodicalId":14466,"journal":{"name":"International Neurourology Journal","volume":"30 2","pages":"86-94"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13342867/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148404710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Male Hypogonadism and Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: Testicular Volume as an Independent Predictor.","authors":"Il Woo Park, Taeyoung Park, Kyung Jin Chung, Kwang Taek Kim, Chang Hee Kim, Tae Beom Kim","doi":"10.5213/inj.2550370.185","DOIUrl":"10.5213/inj.2550370.185","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax) is the most clinically relevant uroflowmetry parameter and is strongly associated with the International Prostate Symptom Score. However, traditional predictors such as age, prostate volume, and voided volume (VV) only partially explain the wide variability in Qmax among men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Given the recognized role of male hypogonadism in LUTS progression and the potential of testicular volume as a surrogate marker of long-term androgenic status, this study investigated whether testicular volume could serve as a novel predictor of Qmax.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We retrospectively analyzed 170 men with LUTS evaluated between April 2012 and March 2017. All patients underwent uroflowmetry, transrectal ultrasonography, and testicular volume assessment using a Prader orchidometer. Serum prostate-specific antigen and testosterone levels were measured. Pearson correlation analysis was used to explore associations between clinical variables and Qmax, followed by multivariate linear regression to identify independent predictors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age was 69.3 years, mean total prostate volume (TPV) 66.1 mL, and mean total testicular volume (TTV) 32.2 mL. In univariate analysis, age, height, TPV, TTV, VV, and residual urine (RU) were significantly correlated with Qmax. Multivariate regression demonstrated that TTV (β=0.268, P=0.001), VV (β=0.370, P<0.001), and RU (β=-0.193, P=0.009) were independent predictors, whereas prostate volume, age, and serum testosterone were not.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The TTV is a novel independent predictor of Qmax in men with LUTS. Smaller testicular volume was associated with a lower rate of urinary flow, potentially reflecting the cumulative endocrine decline associated with male hypogonadism. As a simple and noninvasive measurement, TTV can serve as a valuable clinical marker to complement existing assessments, helping to identify patients at higher risk for poor voiding function and guiding further comprehensive evaluations.</p>","PeriodicalId":14466,"journal":{"name":"International Neurourology Journal","volume":"30 Suppl 1","pages":"S29-35"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13248571/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148198935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transforming Urological Care With Artificial Intelligence Chatbots: From Digital Assistants to Clinical Partners.","authors":"Eun Joung Kim, JungYoon Kim","doi":"10.5213/inj.2651122.061","DOIUrl":"10.5213/inj.2651122.061","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots are transforming the delivery of urological care, evolving from simple digital assistants into emerging clinical partners that support patients and clinicians across the care continuum. This review traces this transformation by examining the development, clinical applications, and persistent challenges of AI-driven chatbots in urology. Across the patient journey, these systems are reshaping how urological care is accessed and experienced, from early symptom screening and patient education to lifestyle management, clinical decision support, and postoperative follow-up. Although these advances show considerable promise, important challenges remain regarding accuracy, data privacy, and empathic communication. Looking ahead, next-generation multimodal and on-device AI systems may further advance this transformation, positioning chatbots as increasingly important clinical partners in the delivery of high-quality, personalized, and patient-centered urological care.</p>","PeriodicalId":14466,"journal":{"name":"International Neurourology Journal","volume":"30 Suppl 1","pages":"S10-19"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13248954/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148198885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Usability, Safety, and Diagnostic Reliability of an Automated Urinary Suction Device in Diaper-Dependent Older Adults.","authors":"Miho Song, Jong Hyun Yun, Hyun Young Lee, Seung Whan Doo, Ji Yeon Han, Ui Cheol Lee, Byeong Hun Jeong, Kisoo Lee, In Gab Jeong, Jae Heon Kim","doi":"10.5213/inj.2652062.031","DOIUrl":"10.5213/inj.2652062.031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the pilot clinical feasibility of an automatic urinary suction device in mobility-limited older adults, focusing on usability, functional performance, and perceived safety, and a secondary exploratory assessment of agreement between device-collected and reference urine specimens.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A 2-cohort clinical evaluation was conducted. The primary usability cohort assessed functional performance, perceived safety, and user satisfaction using structured 5-point Likert-scale questionnaires administered before and after device implementation. A secondary diagnostic cohort compared paired urine samples obtained using the automated suction device and standard-of-care reference urine collection methods to assess bacterial detection agreement, species concordance, and urine pH agreement. Paired statistical analyses with nonparametric sensitivity testing were used for usability outcomes, and diagnostic metrics were calculated with Wilson confidence intervals and Bland-Altman analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seven participants completed paired usability assessments. Significant improvements were observed in operation and functionality (2.97±0.52 vs. 3.83±0.18, P=0.007) and ease of use (2.14±0.48 vs. 3.71±0.39, P=0.001), suggesting improved practicality of urinary management. Scores in the infection/skin complication domain decreased significantly. Product safety and overall satisfaction showed favorable but nonsignificant trends. In a secondary exploratory diagnostic analysis of 12 paired urine samples, bacterial detection agreement was acceptable at the presence/absence level (sensitivity 80.0%, specificity 100.0%, accuracy 91.7%), whereas species-level concordance was limited (40.0%), indicating restricted microbiologic reliability. Urine pH showed close numerical agreement. However, these findings should be interpreted cautiously, as key preanalytical variables were not controlled, and therefore should be regarded as exploratory rather than confirmatory.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This pilot study suggests that the automated urinary suction device may improve usability and functional handling in mobility-limited older adults. Skin-related findings remain preliminary, and the diagnostic applicability of device-collected urine should be interpreted cautiously pending further validation.</p>","PeriodicalId":14466,"journal":{"name":"International Neurourology Journal","volume":"30 Suppl 1","pages":"S48-56"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13248951/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148198893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Efficacy of Minimally Invasive Implantable Wireless Electrical Stimulation for the Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence in a Rat Model.","authors":"Miho Song, Jong Hyun Yun, Hyun Young Lee, Kyung Su Kim, Jahyun Koo, In Ho Choi, Franklin Don Bien, Jae Heon Kim, Seung Whan Doo","doi":"10.5213/inj.2652012.006","DOIUrl":"10.5213/inj.2652012.006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Current therapies using midurethral sling mesh to treat stress urinary incontinence (SUI) are often considered insufficient. This study aims to evaluate the therapeutic efficacies of a minimally invasive implantable wireless electrical stimulator as an alternative treatment of SUI.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>SUI was induced in 12 female, 12-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats with a deteriorated urethral sphincter complex by mechanical dilatation of the vagina. Six rats underwent sham operations. Four weeks after inducing SUI, 12 rats with SUI were divided into 2 groups. One group received a transplantation of an implantable wireless electrical stimulator, and the other midline incision and suturing. A total of 4 electrical stimulations were applied for 30 minutes twice weekly for 4 weeks in implantation model. Cystometric parameters including leak point pressure, urethral pressure and electromyography, histological examinations, immunostaining for Masson trichrome stain were measured at 4 weeks after intervention.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After SUI induction, mean leak point pressure (LPP) was significantly lower in SUI groups than in controls (25.0±6.9 cm H2O vs. 62.6±4.1 cm H2O, P=0.012). At 4-week postintervention, the +ES group (SUI rat model with stimulation) demonstrated significantly higher LPP than the -ES group (48.8±8.4 cm H2O vs. 26.0±6.6 cm H2O, P=0.002). Urethral pressure showed a nonsignificant upward trend in the +ES group (SUI rat model without stimulation) compared with -ES (20.5±1.4 cm H2O vs. 18.1±1.1 cm H2O, P=0.070). Histology showed improved tissue organization with reduced inflammatory infiltration, and Masson staining demonstrated a trend toward higher collagen density in +ES (bladder: 28.3%±5.2% vs. 32.5%±7.6%, P=0.292; urethra: 44.2%±8.6% vs. 51.7%±8.2%, P=0.153).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results indicate that an implantation of a wireless electrical stimulator can help to improve urethral sphincter function in SUI rat model. Moreover, the minimally invasive wireless electrical strategy may represent a promising therapeutic modality for pelvic floor muscle rehabilitation in the treatment of SUI with potential for clinical translation.</p>","PeriodicalId":14466,"journal":{"name":"International Neurourology Journal","volume":"30 Suppl 1","pages":"S36-47"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13248952/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148198898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconceptualizing Childhood Enuresis: A Biopsychosocial Medical Family Therapy Approach.","authors":"HyeSeong Jeon, JungYoon Kim","doi":"10.5213/inj.2651120.060","DOIUrl":"10.5213/inj.2651120.060","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Treatment of childhood enuresis requires an integrative approach grounded in a biopsychosocial perspective. Family factors play a critical role in symptom regulation, social development, and treatment adherence. This study aimed to reconceptualize childhood enuresis and introduce medical family therapy (MedFT) as an integrative framework to enhance treatment effectiveness. A systematic literature review was conducted using international databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar) and domestic databases (RISS, KISS, SCIENCEON, DBpia, and KCI). Studies addressing biological, psychological, and family-related factors in childhood enuresis were included, whereas those focusing solely on pharmacological outcomes were excluded. The selected studies were analyzed using a thematic approach. Interventions integrating biological, psychological, and social components were more effective than single-modality treatments. Family factors significantly influenced treatment adherence, children's social development and adaptation, and overall family functioning. Key factors included parental understanding of the condition, coping strategies, parenting attitudes, and intrafamily communication. Core MedFT components were identified as problem reconceptualization, multidimensional assessment, collaborative goal setting, facilitation of adaptive family-system changes, enhancement of problem-solving capacity, outcome evaluation, and relapse prevention. These findings suggest that MedFT, as a biopsychosocial integrative intervention, addresses both child-specific symptoms and family dynamics. It contributes to symptom reduction, improved psychological stability, and sustained improvements in family functioning, thereby enhancing clinical outcomes and overall family well-being. Further empirical research across diverse clinical contexts is needed to validate and refine this approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":14466,"journal":{"name":"International Neurourology Journal","volume":"30 Suppl 1","pages":"S3-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13248956/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148198923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Machine Learning to Generative Artificial Intelligence in Urology: Technological Evolution and Future Perspectives.","authors":"Sung-Jong Eun, Jong Mok Park, Yong Gil Na","doi":"10.5213/inj.2652134.067","DOIUrl":"10.5213/inj.2652134.067","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Artificial intelligence (AI) is being applied across healthcare, including disease diagnosis, personalized treatment, and rehabilitation management. In urology, AI research has evolved from traditional machine learning to advanced deep learning and generative models. This review categorizes these developments into 3 primary domains. First, machine learning has been applied to mobile-based platforms for continuous urinary health monitoring and personalized healthcare. Second, deep learning- based diagnostic systems have improved the identification of conditions such as prostatic hyperplasia, ureteral strictures, and urinary stones, thereby supporting clinical decision-making. Finally, generative AI, including large language models and vision transformers, is reshaping medical image analysis through data augmentation and expanding patient education through natural language interactions. This review examines integrated applications of AI in urological diseases and discusses current research trends and future prospects for a digital healthcare ecosystem in urology.</p>","PeriodicalId":14466,"journal":{"name":"International Neurourology Journal","volume":"30 Suppl 1","pages":"S20-28"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13248950/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148198947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolutionary Frontiers in Urology: Expanding Clinical Care Through Devices and Intelligence.","authors":"Sung-Jong Eun","doi":"10.5213/inj.2626edi02","DOIUrl":"10.5213/inj.2626edi02","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14466,"journal":{"name":"International Neurourology Journal","volume":"30 Suppl 1","pages":"S1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13248958/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148198925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Simulated Radiation Dose Reduction on Deep Learning-Based Renal Segmentation Performance: A Simulation Study Using the KiTS21 (2021 Kidney and Kidney Tumor Segmentation Challenge) Dataset.","authors":"Jae-Seoung Kim, Sung-Jong Eun","doi":"10.5213/inj.2651124.062","DOIUrl":"10.5213/inj.2651124.062","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to quantitatively evaluate the effect of simulated radiation dose reduction on deep learning-based renal segmentation performance and to identify a clinically acceptable minimum dose threshold.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using the KiTS21 (2021 Kidney and Kidney Tumor Segmentation Challenge) dataset, which included 299 contrastenhanced computed tomography volumes with expert segmentation labels, 4 dose levels were simulated: 100%, 50%, 25%, and 10%. Dose reduction was simulated using Poisson noise modeling. A 2-dimensional U-Net with a ResNet34 encoder was trained exclusively on standard-dose images and evaluated across all dose levels using 5-fold cross-validation. Case-level performance was assessed using the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), intersection over union, 95th-percentile Hausdorff distance (HD95), and volumetric error. Statistical significance was evaluated using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test with effect-size analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At the standard dose, the model achieved a case-level DSC of 0.948±0.044. Performance remained stable at 50% dose (0.945±0.046), declined moderately at 25% dose (0.939±0.052), and decreased more substantially at 10% dose (0.921±0.069). The Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed statistically significant differences between 100% dose and all reduced dose levels (P<0.001). HD95 increased from 4.73±4.82 pixels at 100% dose to 6.58±6.74 pixels at 10% dose.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Deep learning-based renal segmentation demonstrated substantial robustness to simulated dose reduction. Performance remained clinically acceptable, with a DSC>0.93, down to 25% of the standard dose, suggesting that substantial dose reduction may be feasible without critically compromising artificial intelligence-assisted renal segmentation. The marked performance decline at 10% dose identifies a potential lower bound for clinical dose optimization.</p>","PeriodicalId":14466,"journal":{"name":"International Neurourology Journal","volume":"30 Suppl 1","pages":"S57-64"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13248953/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148198895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}