International Reviews of Immunology最新文献

{"title":"Obesity: A comorbidity-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (CAIDS).","authors":"George Siopis","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2022.2083614","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08830185.2022.2083614","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Accumulating data emphasize a strong link between obesity and the severity of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), including mortality. Obesity interferes with several components of the immune system including lymphoid tissue's integrity, leukocytes' development and function, complement system's activation, and the coordination of innate and adaptive immune responses. Overall, obesity results in a less efficient immune response to infectious agents. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 exploits this weakened immune system in people with obesity to precipitate COVID-19, and in some cases death. It is therefore the author's recommendation that obesity should be viewed as another form of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and be treated with the appropriate seriousness. Unlike the previously described acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) that is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), obesity is a comorbidity-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. People with AIDS do not die from HIV, but may die from opportunistic pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, AIDS is ascribed its due importance in the course of deterioration of the patient. Similarly, obesity should be acknowledged further as a risk factor for mortality from COVID-19. Obesity is a modifiable condition and even in people with a strong genetic predisposition, lifestyle modifications can reverse obesity, and even moderate weight loss can improve the inflammatory milieu. Strong public health actions are warranted to promote lifestyle measures to reduce the burden from overweight and obesity that currently affect more than one-third of the global population, with projections alarming this may reach 55-80% within the next thirty years.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":"1 1","pages":"415-429"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43216955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The IRG1-Itaconate axis: A regulatory hub for immunity and metabolism in macrophages.","authors":"Yangguang Li,&nbsp;Wenbin Gong,&nbsp;Weizhen Li,&nbsp;Peizhao Liu,&nbsp;Juanhan Liu,&nbsp;Haiyang Jiang,&nbsp;Tao Zheng,&nbsp;Jie Wu,&nbsp;Xiuwen Wu,&nbsp;Yun Zhao,&nbsp;Jianan Ren","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2022.2067153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2022.2067153","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Metabolism could be served as a guiding force for immunity, and macrophages undergo drastic metabolic reprogramming during inflammatory processes, including enhancing glycolysis and reshaping the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) cycle. The disrupted TCA cycle facilitates itaconate accumulation, consistent with the significant up-regulation of immune response gene 1 (IRG1) in activated macrophages. IRG1 catalyzes the decarboxylation of cis-aconitate to synthesize itaconate, and notably, the IRG1-Itaconate axis has excellent potential to link macrophages' immunity and metabolism. Here, we review vital molecules that affect the activation of the IRG1-Itaconate axis, including interferon regulatory factor 1/9 (IRF1/9), transcription 1 and 3 (STAT1/3), CCAAT enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ), and the protein kinase C (PKC). We then focus on how the IRG1-Itaconate axis regulates the inflammatory pathway in macrophages, proposed to involve kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), gasdermin D (GSDMD), activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), receptor-interacting protein kinase-3 (RIPK3), et al. In addition, we provide an overview of the way the axis participates in the metabolism of macrophages. Eventually, we summarize current connections between the IRG1-Itaconate axis and inflammatory diseases, bringing light to new therapeutic opportunities in inflammatory diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":"42 5","pages":"364-378"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10156060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research progress on the role and mechanism of action of exosomes in autoimmune thyroid disease.","authors":"Yuping Chen,&nbsp;Bingtian Dong,&nbsp;Lichun Huang,&nbsp;Jingxiong Zhou,&nbsp;Huibin Huang","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2022.2057482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2022.2057482","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exosomes are widely distributed extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are currently a major research hotspot for researchers based on their wide range of sources, stable membrane structure, low immunogenicity, and containing a variety of biomolecules. A large number of literatures have shown that exosomes and exosome cargoes (especially microRNAs) play an important role in the activation of inflammation, development of tumor, differentiation of cells, regulation of immunity and so on. Studies have found that exosomes can stimulate the immune response of the body and participate in the occurrence and development of various diseases, including autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, the potential of exosomes as therapeutic tools in various diseases has also attracted much attention. Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is one of the most common autoimmune diseases, mainly composed of Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), which affects the health of many people and has a genetic predisposition, but its pathogenesis is still being explored. Starting from the relevant biological characteristics of exosomes, this review summarizes the current research status of exosomes and the association between exosomes and some diseases, with a focus on the situation of AITD and the potential role of exosomes (including substances in their vesicles) in AITD in combination with the current published literature, aiming to provide new directions for the pathogenesis, diagnosis or therapy of AITD.Supplemental data for this article is available online at.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":"42 5","pages":"334-346"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10158756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epigenetic regulation of T cell development.","authors":"Avik Dutta,&nbsp;Harini Venkataganesh,&nbsp;Paul E Love","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2021.2022661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2021.2022661","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Epigenetic regulators are pivotal factors that influence and control T cell development. Recent findings continue to reveal additional elements of epigenetic modifications that play significant and crucial roles at different stages of T cell development. Through gaining a better understanding of the various epigenetic factors that influence the formation and survival of maturing T cells, new therapies can potentially be developed to combat diseases caused by dysregulated epigenetic chromatin modifications. In this review, we summarize the recent studies which shed light on the epigenetic regulation of T cell development especially at the critical stage of β-selection.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":"42 1","pages":"82-90"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9447619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Next generation strategies to recover immunological tolerance in celiac disease.","authors":"Lucia Treppiccione,&nbsp;Diomira Luongo,&nbsp;Francesco Maurano,&nbsp;Mauro Rossi","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2022.2044807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2022.2044807","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease that occurs in genetically predisposed individuals following the ingestion of gluten. Its prevalence is rising worldwide. A gluten-free (GF) diet is mandatory for the management of CD. However, several issues persist regarding the nutritional quality of GF products. Importantly, deep knowledge about the pathogenic mechanisms in CD highlights the central role of CD4⁺ T cell-mediated immunity in CD. Furthermore, intestinal T regulatory cells are functional in CD, but cytokines such as IL-15, produced under inflammatory conditions, hamper their activity. This paves the way for the development of immunomodulatory strategies to the GF diet. From this perspective, microbiological approaches were considered able to modulate the gluten-specific immune response. Interestingly, gliadin peptide-based immunotherapy to abolish the inflammatory CD4⁺T cell-mediated response has been explored in CD patients. Furthermore, different biotechnological approaches based on the use of chemically/enzymatically modified gluten molecules have been proved effective in different models of CD. However, the choice of the right age in infants to introduce the antigen and thus induce tolerance still remains an important issue to solve. Addressing all these points should help to design an effective intervention strategy for preventing CD.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":"42 3","pages":"237-245"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9447626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adipose tissue regulatory T cells: differentiation and function.","authors":"Allen N Fooks,&nbsp;Lisa Y Beppu,&nbsp;Adolfo B Frias,&nbsp;Louise M D'Cruz","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2022.2044808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2022.2044808","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rising obesity levels, worldwide, are resulting in substantial increases in cardiovascular disease, diabetes, kidney disease, musculoskeletal disorders, and certain cancers, and obesity-associated illnesses are estimated to cause ∼4 million deaths worldwide per year. A common theme in this disease epidemic is the chronic systemic inflammation that accompanies obesity. CD4⁺ Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cells residing in visceral adipose tissues (VAT Tregs) are a unique immune cell population that play essential functions in restricting obesity-associated systemic inflammation through regulation of adipose tissue homeostasis. The distinct transcriptional program that defines VAT Tregs has been described, but directly linking VAT Treg differentiation and function to improving insulin sensitivity has proven more complex. Here we review new findings which have clarified how VAT Tregs differentiate, and how distinct VAT Treg subsets regulate VAT homeostasis, energy expenditure, and insulin sensitivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":"42 5","pages":"323-333"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9402810/pdf/nihms-1791587.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10509923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CAR-T cells for cancer immunotherapy—the barriers ahead and the paths through","authors":"Qiqi Zhang, Cheng Zu, Yong-xian Hu, He Huang","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2022.2080820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2022.2080820","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This review discusses the major concerns and changes emerged during the rapidly extended clinical application of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T therapy based on our experience and understanding. In the past decades, the CAR-T cells have been questioned, sequentially, about their capability of inducing initial remission, their safety profile, their ability to sustain long-term persistence and response, and their potential to be industrialized. Significant advances, novel targeting strategies, innovative molecular structure, fine tuning of both CAR-T and host immune system, combination with other therapies, streamlined manufacturing, and etc., have been made to overcome these challenges. Although not perfectly resolved, rational pathways have been proposed to pass through the barriers. Here, we present the recent achievements on these pathways, and look into the possible future directions.","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":"41 1","pages":"567 - 581"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42092642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How metabolism and metabolites shape immunity during disease","authors":"H. Kumar","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2022.2061764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2022.2061764","url":null,"abstract":"Cellular metabolism is a complex biological process governed by numerous biochemical reactions that maintain various cellular processes essential for cell survival and continuity of life. It is not only important for the maintenance of host physiology, but also plays a crucial role in shaping the host’s defense system. The dynamicity of various immune components, immune responses and immune homeostasis during steady state or infection depends on the metabolic state of immune cells. Recently, it has been shown that various metabolite and metabolic enzymes play a pivotal role in the development of host immunity. This issue of International Reviews of Immunology focuses on the amino acid, sugar and lipid metabolisms and metabolic enzymes involved in host immunity during microbial infection and in different noninfectious defenses such as cancer, metabolic diseases and autoimmune diseases (Figure 1). Cancer is caused by multiple factors both intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic factors include irreparable DNA damage, loss of cell cycle regulation, dysregulation of immunity or metabolism etc. The extrinsic factors can be physical, chemical, biological or environmental. Additionally, some microbial infections by an oncogenic virus or bacterial infection can result in the development of cancer. In this issue, the article by Pirzadeh et al. discusses the role of Helicobacter pylori and a few amino acid metabolisms and metabolites in immune suppression, which subsequently results in gastric cancer. This article will be of interest to a broad readership in the fields of onco-immunology and infectious disease biology as well as researchers active at the junction between metabolism, immunology and cancer biology (Figure 1). The innate and adaptive immune systems are strongly linked through dendritic cells (DCs) and the function of DCs can affect the disease outcome in infection as well as immune homeostasis in steady state. The article by Sun et al. describes how the alteration of available biomolecules in the DC microenvironment during metabolic diseases substantially affects the function of DCs. The altered microenvironment may cause immunopathogenesis of multiple diseases or enhancement of existing diseases. Also, the molecules which skew the metabolic condition can be a potential therapeutic agent. This article will be beneficial to readers working on the metabolic aspects of immunity and to clinical nutritionists working on disease control through the regulation of food intake (Figure 1). Tryptophan metabolism and its metabolic product play a crucial role in various biological processes such as neurotransmission, stabilization of the circadian rhythm and synthesis of vitamin B3 which are essential for the normal physiology of the host. The article by Moein et al. elaborates the immunological role of tryptophan metabolite and its impact on inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. The article also discusses how the small molecule-based metabolic or ","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":"41 1","pages":"297 - 298"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42612879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunology of leprosy.","authors":"Luis Alberto Ribeiro Froes,&nbsp;Maria Angela Bianconcini Trindade,&nbsp;Mirian Nacagami Sotto","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2020.1851370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2020.1851370","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Leprosy is a disease caused by <i>Mycobacterium leprae</i> (ML) with diverse clinical manifestations, which are strongly correlated with the host's immune response. Skin lesions may be accompanied by peripheral neural damage, leading to sensory and motor losses, as well as deformities of the hands and feet. Both innate and acquired immune responses are involved, but the disease has been classically described along a Th1/Th2 spectrum, where the Th1 pole corresponds to the most limited presentations and the Th2 to the most disseminated ones. We discuss this dichotomy in the light of current knowledge of cytokines, Th subpopulations and regulatory T cells taking part in each leprosy presentation. Leprosy reactions are associated with an increase in inflammatory activity both in limited and disseminated presentations, leading to a worsening of previous symptoms or the development of new symptoms. Despite the efforts of many research groups around the world, there is still no adequate serological test for diagnosis in endemic areas, hindering the eradication of leprosy in these regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"72-83"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08830185.2020.1851370","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38643846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reg3β: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Tissue Injury and Inflammation-Associated Disorders.","authors":"Yuwen Cao,&nbsp;Yu Tian,&nbsp;Yueqin Liu,&nbsp;Zhaoliang Su","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2020.1869731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2020.1869731","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since regenerating islet-derived 3β (Reg3β) was first reported, various studies have been conducted to explore the involvement of Reg3β in a gamut of maladies, such as diabetes, pancreatitis, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, and extrapancreatic maladies such as inflammatory bowel disease, acute liver failure, and myocardial infarction. Surprisingly, there is currently no systematic review of Reg3β. Therefore, we summarize the structural characteristics, transcriptional regulation, putative receptors, and signaling pathways of Reg3β. The exact functional roles in various diseases, especially gastrointestinal and liver diseases, are also discussed. Reg3β plays multiple roles in promoting proliferation, inducing differentiation, preventing apoptosis, and resisting bacteria. The present review may provide new directions for the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal, liver, and pancreatic diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"160-170"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08830185.2020.1869731","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38804330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}