International Reviews of Immunology最新文献

{"title":"Epigenetic regulation of T cell development.","authors":"Avik Dutta,&nbsp;Harini Venkataganesh,&nbsp;Paul E Love","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2021.2022661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2021.2022661","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Epigenetic regulators are pivotal factors that influence and control T cell development. Recent findings continue to reveal additional elements of epigenetic modifications that play significant and crucial roles at different stages of T cell development. Through gaining a better understanding of the various epigenetic factors that influence the formation and survival of maturing T cells, new therapies can potentially be developed to combat diseases caused by dysregulated epigenetic chromatin modifications. In this review, we summarize the recent studies which shed light on the epigenetic regulation of T cell development especially at the critical stage of β-selection.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":"42 1","pages":"82-90"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9447619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Next generation strategies to recover immunological tolerance in celiac disease.","authors":"Lucia Treppiccione,&nbsp;Diomira Luongo,&nbsp;Francesco Maurano,&nbsp;Mauro Rossi","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2022.2044807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2022.2044807","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease that occurs in genetically predisposed individuals following the ingestion of gluten. Its prevalence is rising worldwide. A gluten-free (GF) diet is mandatory for the management of CD. However, several issues persist regarding the nutritional quality of GF products. Importantly, deep knowledge about the pathogenic mechanisms in CD highlights the central role of CD4⁺ T cell-mediated immunity in CD. Furthermore, intestinal T regulatory cells are functional in CD, but cytokines such as IL-15, produced under inflammatory conditions, hamper their activity. This paves the way for the development of immunomodulatory strategies to the GF diet. From this perspective, microbiological approaches were considered able to modulate the gluten-specific immune response. Interestingly, gliadin peptide-based immunotherapy to abolish the inflammatory CD4⁺T cell-mediated response has been explored in CD patients. Furthermore, different biotechnological approaches based on the use of chemically/enzymatically modified gluten molecules have been proved effective in different models of CD. However, the choice of the right age in infants to introduce the antigen and thus induce tolerance still remains an important issue to solve. Addressing all these points should help to design an effective intervention strategy for preventing CD.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":"42 3","pages":"237-245"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9447626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adipose tissue regulatory T cells: differentiation and function.","authors":"Allen N Fooks,&nbsp;Lisa Y Beppu,&nbsp;Adolfo B Frias,&nbsp;Louise M D'Cruz","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2022.2044808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2022.2044808","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rising obesity levels, worldwide, are resulting in substantial increases in cardiovascular disease, diabetes, kidney disease, musculoskeletal disorders, and certain cancers, and obesity-associated illnesses are estimated to cause ∼4 million deaths worldwide per year. A common theme in this disease epidemic is the chronic systemic inflammation that accompanies obesity. CD4⁺ Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cells residing in visceral adipose tissues (VAT Tregs) are a unique immune cell population that play essential functions in restricting obesity-associated systemic inflammation through regulation of adipose tissue homeostasis. The distinct transcriptional program that defines VAT Tregs has been described, but directly linking VAT Treg differentiation and function to improving insulin sensitivity has proven more complex. Here we review new findings which have clarified how VAT Tregs differentiate, and how distinct VAT Treg subsets regulate VAT homeostasis, energy expenditure, and insulin sensitivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":"42 5","pages":"323-333"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9402810/pdf/nihms-1791587.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10509923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CAR-T cells for cancer immunotherapy—the barriers ahead and the paths through","authors":"Qiqi Zhang, Cheng Zu, Yong-xian Hu, He Huang","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2022.2080820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2022.2080820","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This review discusses the major concerns and changes emerged during the rapidly extended clinical application of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T therapy based on our experience and understanding. In the past decades, the CAR-T cells have been questioned, sequentially, about their capability of inducing initial remission, their safety profile, their ability to sustain long-term persistence and response, and their potential to be industrialized. Significant advances, novel targeting strategies, innovative molecular structure, fine tuning of both CAR-T and host immune system, combination with other therapies, streamlined manufacturing, and etc., have been made to overcome these challenges. Although not perfectly resolved, rational pathways have been proposed to pass through the barriers. Here, we present the recent achievements on these pathways, and look into the possible future directions.","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":"41 1","pages":"567 - 581"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42092642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How metabolism and metabolites shape immunity during disease","authors":"H. Kumar","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2022.2061764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2022.2061764","url":null,"abstract":"Cellular metabolism is a complex biological process governed by numerous biochemical reactions that maintain various cellular processes essential for cell survival and continuity of life. It is not only important for the maintenance of host physiology, but also plays a crucial role in shaping the host’s defense system. The dynamicity of various immune components, immune responses and immune homeostasis during steady state or infection depends on the metabolic state of immune cells. Recently, it has been shown that various metabolite and metabolic enzymes play a pivotal role in the development of host immunity. This issue of International Reviews of Immunology focuses on the amino acid, sugar and lipid metabolisms and metabolic enzymes involved in host immunity during microbial infection and in different noninfectious defenses such as cancer, metabolic diseases and autoimmune diseases (Figure 1). Cancer is caused by multiple factors both intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic factors include irreparable DNA damage, loss of cell cycle regulation, dysregulation of immunity or metabolism etc. The extrinsic factors can be physical, chemical, biological or environmental. Additionally, some microbial infections by an oncogenic virus or bacterial infection can result in the development of cancer. In this issue, the article by Pirzadeh et al. discusses the role of Helicobacter pylori and a few amino acid metabolisms and metabolites in immune suppression, which subsequently results in gastric cancer. This article will be of interest to a broad readership in the fields of onco-immunology and infectious disease biology as well as researchers active at the junction between metabolism, immunology and cancer biology (Figure 1). The innate and adaptive immune systems are strongly linked through dendritic cells (DCs) and the function of DCs can affect the disease outcome in infection as well as immune homeostasis in steady state. The article by Sun et al. describes how the alteration of available biomolecules in the DC microenvironment during metabolic diseases substantially affects the function of DCs. The altered microenvironment may cause immunopathogenesis of multiple diseases or enhancement of existing diseases. Also, the molecules which skew the metabolic condition can be a potential therapeutic agent. This article will be beneficial to readers working on the metabolic aspects of immunity and to clinical nutritionists working on disease control through the regulation of food intake (Figure 1). Tryptophan metabolism and its metabolic product play a crucial role in various biological processes such as neurotransmission, stabilization of the circadian rhythm and synthesis of vitamin B3 which are essential for the normal physiology of the host. The article by Moein et al. elaborates the immunological role of tryptophan metabolite and its impact on inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. The article also discusses how the small molecule-based metabolic or ","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":"41 1","pages":"297 - 298"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42612879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Primary Immunodeficiency and Thrombocytopenia.","authors":"Maryam Mohtashami,&nbsp;Azadehsadat Razavi,&nbsp;Hassan Abolhassani,&nbsp;Asghar Aghamohammadi,&nbsp;Reza Yazdani","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2020.1868454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2020.1868454","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Primary immunodeficiency (PID) or Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) refers to a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by immune system impairment. Although patients with IEI manifest highly variable symptoms, the most common clinical manifestations are recurrent infections, autoimmunity and malignancies. Some patients present hematological abnormality including thrombocytopenia due to different pathogenic mechanisms. This review focuses on primary and secondary thrombocytopenia as a complication, which can occur in IEI. Based on the International Union of Immunological Societies phenotypic classification for IEI, the several innate and adaptive immunodeficiency disorders can lead to thrombocytopenia. This review, for the first time, describes manifestation, mechanism and therapeutic modalities for thrombocytopenia in different classes of IEI.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":"41 2","pages":"135-159"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08830185.2020.1868454","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38837545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tryptophan metabolites modulate inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer by affecting immune system.","authors":"Moein Ala","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2021.1954638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2021.1954638","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tryptophan is an essential amino acid, going through three different metabolic pathways in the intestines. Indole pathway in the gut microbiota, serotonin system in the enterochromaffin cells and kynurenine pathway in the immune cells and intestinal lining are the three arms of tryptophan metabolism in the intestines. Clinical, in vivo and in vitro studies showed that each one of these arms has a significant impact on IBD. This review explains how different metabolites of tryptophan are involved in the pathophysiology of IBD and colorectal cancer, as a major complication of IBD. Indole metabolites alleviate colitis and protect against colorectal cancer while serotonin arm follows a more complicated and receptor-specific pattern. Indole metabolites and kynurenine interact with aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) to induce T regulatory cells differentiation, confine Th17 and Th1 response and produce anti-inflammatory mediators. Kynurenine decreases tumor-infiltrating CD8+ cells and mediates tumor cells immune evasion. Serotonin system also increases colorectal cancer cells proliferation and metastasis while, indole metabolites can profoundly decrease colorectal cancer growth. Targeted therapy for tryptophan metabolites may improve the management of IBD and colorectal cancer, e.g. supplementation of indole metabolites such as indole-3-carbinol (I3C), inhibition of kynurenine monooxygenase (KMO) and selective stimulation or inhibition of specific serotonergic receptors can mitigate colitis. Furthermore, it will be explained how indole metabolites supplementation, inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), KMO and serotonin receptors can protect against colorectal cancer. Additionally, extensive molecular interactions between tryptophan metabolites and intracellular signaling pathways will be thoroughly discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":"41 3","pages":"326-345"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08830185.2021.1954638","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39206521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19: Immunology, Immunopathogenesis and Potential Therapies.","authors":"Asha Bhardwaj,&nbsp;Leena Sapra,&nbsp;Chaman Saini,&nbsp;Zaffar Azam,&nbsp;Pradyumna K Mishra,&nbsp;Bhupendra Verma,&nbsp;Gyan C Mishra,&nbsp;Rupesh K Srivastava","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2021.1883600","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08830185.2021.1883600","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) imposed public health emergency and affected millions of people around the globe. As of January 2021, 100 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 along with more than 2 million deaths were reported worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 infection causes excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines thereby leading to the development of \"Cytokine Storm Syndrome.\" This condition results in uncontrollable inflammation that further imposes multiple-organ-failure eventually leading to death. SARS-CoV-2 induces unrestrained innate immune response and impairs adaptive immune responses thereby causing tissue damage. Thus, understanding the foremost features and evolution of innate and adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is crucial in anticipating COVID-19 outcomes and in developing effective strategies to control the viral spread. In the present review, we exhaustively discuss the sequential key immunological events that occur during SARS-CoV-2 infection and are involved in the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19. In addition to this, we also highlight various therapeutic options already in use such as immunosuppressive drugs, plasma therapy and intravenous immunoglobulins along with various novel potent therapeutic options that should be considered in managing COVID-19 infection such as traditional medicines and probiotics.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":"41 2","pages":"171-206"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08830185.2021.1883600","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10657442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of microRNAs in multiple sclerosis.","authors":"Sahar Rostami Mansoor,&nbsp;Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman,&nbsp;Hanie Yavarpour-Bali","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2020.1826474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2020.1826474","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite numerous studies on multiple sclerosis (MS) and understanding many aspects of this disease, researchers still struggle to find proper biomarkers that facilitate diagnosis; prognosis and monitoring of treatment efficacy in MS. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are considered as endogenous, comparatively stable and small non-coding RNAs involved in various biological and pathological signaling pathways. Interestingly, miRNAs have been emerged as a potential biomarker for monitoring novel therapies in MS patients. In this review, we described the miRNAs alteration in the MS patients as well as their altered expression in patients under common MS therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":"41 2","pages":"57-71"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08830185.2020.1826474","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38441756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"T cell transgressions: Tales of T cell form and function in diverse disease states.","authors":"Kevin M Harris, Madison A Clements, Andrew J Kwilasz, Linda R Watkins","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2021.1921764","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08830185.2021.1921764","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Insights into T cell form, function, and dysfunction are rapidly evolving. T cells have remarkably varied effector functions including protecting the host from infection, activating cells of the innate immune system, releasing cytokines and chemokines, and heavily contributing to immunological memory. Under healthy conditions, T cells orchestrate a finely tuned attack on invading pathogens while minimizing damage to the host. The dark side of T cells is that they also exhibit autoreactivity and inflict harm to host cells, creating autoimmunity. The mechanisms of T cell autoreactivity are complex and dynamic. Emerging research is elucidating the mechanisms leading T cells to become autoreactive and how such responses cause or contribute to diverse disease states, both peripherally and within the central nervous system. This review provides foundational information on T cell development, differentiation, and functions. Key T cell subtypes, cytokines that create their effector roles, and sex differences are highlighted. Pathological T cell contributions to diverse peripheral and central disease states, arising from errors in reactivity, are highlighted, with a focus on multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, neuropathic pain, and type 1 diabetes.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":"41 5","pages":"475-516"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8752099/pdf/nihms-1766811.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10455274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}