Host-directed antileishmanial interventions: Harvesting unripe fruits to reach fruition.

IF 4.3 4区 医学 Q2 IMMUNOLOGY
Anuradha Seth, Susanta Kar
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引用次数: 1

Abstract

Leishmaniasis is an exemplary paradigm of immune evasion, fraught with the perils of limited clinical assistance, escalating costs of treatment and made worse with the lack of suitable vaccine. While drugs remain central to large-scale disease control, the growing emergence of parasite resistance necessitates the need for combination therapy involving host-directed immunological agents. Also, since prolonged disease progression is associated with strong immune suppression of the host, augmentation of host immunity via restoration of the immunoregulatory circuit involving antigen-presenting cells and T-cells, activation of macrophage function and/or CD4+ T helper 1 cell differentiation may serve as an ideal approach to resolve severe cases of leishmaniasis. As such, therapies that embody a synergistic approach that involve direct killing of the parasite in addition to elevating host immunity are likely to pave the way for widespread elimination of leishmaniasis in the future. With this review, we aim to recapitulate the various immunotherapeutic agents found to hold promise in antileishmanial treatment both in vitro and in vivo. These include parasite-specific antigens, dendritic cell-targeted therapy, recombinant inhibitors of various components intrinsic to immune cell signaling and agonists or antagonists to immune cells and cytokines. We also summarize their abilities to direct therapeutic skewing of the host cell-immune response and review their potential to combat the disease either alone, or as adjunct modalities.

宿主导向的抗利什曼干预:收获未成熟的果实以达到结果。
利什曼病是免疫逃避的典型范例,它充满了临床援助有限、治疗费用不断上升以及缺乏适当疫苗而变得更糟的危险。虽然药物仍然是大规模疾病控制的核心,但寄生虫耐药性的日益出现使得需要使用宿主导向的免疫药物进行联合治疗。此外,由于疾病进展的延长与宿主强烈的免疫抑制有关,通过恢复免疫调节回路(包括抗原提呈细胞和T细胞)来增强宿主免疫力,激活巨噬细胞功能和/或CD4+ T辅助1细胞分化可能是解决重症利什曼病的理想方法。因此,除了提高宿主免疫力外,还包括直接杀死寄生虫的协同疗法可能为今后广泛消除利什曼病铺平道路。在这篇综述中,我们的目的是概述各种免疫治疗药物发现在体外和体内抗利什曼病治疗中都有希望。这些包括寄生虫特异性抗原,树突状细胞靶向治疗,免疫细胞信号固有的各种成分的重组抑制剂以及免疫细胞和细胞因子的激动剂或拮抗剂。我们还总结了它们指导宿主细胞免疫反应的治疗偏斜的能力,并回顾了它们单独或作为辅助方式对抗疾病的潜力。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
11.00
自引率
4.00%
发文量
24
期刊介绍: This review journal provides the most current information on basic and translational research in immunology and related fields. In addition to invited reviews, the journal accepts for publication articles and editorials on relevant topics proposed by contributors. Each issue of International Reviews of Immunology contains both solicited and unsolicited review articles, editorials, and ''In-this-Issue'' highlights. The journal also hosts reviews that position the authors'' original work relative to advances in a given field, bridging the gap between annual reviews and the original research articles. This review series is relevant to all immunologists, molecular biologists, microbiologists, translational scientists, industry researchers, and physicians who work in basic and clinical immunology, inflammatory and allergic diseases, vaccines, and additional topics relevant to medical research and drug development that connect immunology to disciplines such as oncology, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic disorders. Covered in International Reviews of Immunology: Basic and developmental immunology (innate and adaptive immunity; inflammation; and tumor and microbial immunology); Clinical research (mechanisms of disease in man pertaining to infectious diseases, autoimmunity, allergy, oncology / immunology); and Translational research (relevant to biomarkers, diagnostics, vaccines, and drug development).
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