International Reviews of Immunology最新文献

CKS2, regulated by METTL3, contributes to osteosarcoma progression in an IGF2BP1-dependent manner. CKS2受METTL3调控，以依赖igf2bp1的方式促进骨肉瘤的进展。

IF 2.9 4区医学

International Reviews of Immunology Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-13 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2026.2641449

Zhiyong Feng, Li Zhang

{"title":"CKS2, regulated by METTL3, contributes to osteosarcoma progression in an IGF2BP1-dependent manner.","authors":"Zhiyong Feng, Li Zhang","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2026.2641449","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08830185.2026.2641449","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Emerging evidence implicates N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA modification in osteosarcoma (OS) pathogenesis, but the downstream effectors and regulatory networks remain not fully elucidated. Cyclin-dependent kinase subunit 2 (CKS2) has been identified as a potential key player in OS. This study investigates its role in OS progression and its regulation via METTL3-mediated m6A modification.Methods: Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed using the GSE16088 dataset from the GEO database. Candidate targets were validated in OS tissues by qRT-PCR, and the gene with the highest fold change was selected. The role of CKS2 was examined using in vitro and in vivo assays. The relationships among CKS2, METTL3, and IGF2BP1 were analyzed via bioinformatics, correlation analysis, RIP, MeRIP, qRT-PCR, Western blotting, and mRNA stability assays. Rescue experiments explored the functional relationship between METTL3 and CKS2.Results: CKS2 was identified as one of the most upregulated genes in OS, a finding confirmed in OS tissues. Its silencing suppressed OS cell proliferation, colony formation, migration, invasion, and tumor growth. Furthermore, METTL3 expression was positively associated with CKS2 levels, and METTL3 overexpression increased CKS2 mRNA stability in an m6A-dependent manner. Interestingly, IGF2BP1 bound directly to m6A-modified CKS2 transcripts and maintained their stability. Functionally, METTL3 overexpression partially rescued the suppressive effects of CKS2 silencing on OS cells.Conclusions: Our study identified a METTL3/IGF2BP1-CKS2 axis that promotes OS progression via m6A-dependent mRNA stabilization, highlighting CKS2 as a potential therapeutic target.","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"149-160"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147443600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Understanding the role of regulatory T cell-derived small extracellular vesicles in suppression of anti-tumor immune response: Key to advancing cancer immunotherapy. 了解调节性T细胞衍生的细胞外小泡在抑制抗肿瘤免疫反应中的作用：推进癌症免疫治疗的关键。

IF 2.9 4区医学

International Reviews of Immunology Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-11 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2026.2631464

Pranav Seth, Subrata Kumar Pore, Sonja Ludwig, Priyanka Sharma

{"title":"Understanding the role of regulatory T cell-derived small extracellular vesicles in suppression of anti-tumor immune response: Key to advancing cancer immunotherapy.","authors":"Pranav Seth, Subrata Kumar Pore, Sonja Ludwig, Priyanka Sharma","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2026.2631464","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08830185.2026.2631464","url":null,"abstract":"Regulatory T cells (Tregs) represent a distinct T cell subpopulation crucial for preserving immune homeostasis. Their primary function is to facilitate self-tolerance and suppress other immune responses, achieved through multifaceted mechanisms, including the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as exosomes, which effectively modulate the activity of other innate and adaptive immune cells. Treg-derived extracellular vesicles (Treg-EVs) are minute, membrane-bound vesicles containing specific biological molecules, comprising proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Upon transfer to target cells, these molecules exert diverse effects on immune responses. The Treg-mediated immune suppression process encompasses several contact-dependent and contact-independent mechanisms. These encompass the expression of various inhibitory receptors, such as CTLA-4, PD-1, CD39, and CD73, which serve to regulate the immune response. Furthermore, Tregs exhibit the capacity to directly eliminate target cells through the expression of perforin and granzyme B. Additionally, Tregs produce immunosuppressive cytokines that play a pivotal role in maintaining immune system equilibrium. Studying the impact of Treg-derived exosomes on the immune system in cancer is crucial for advancing cancer research and treatment. Understanding these interactions is vital for unraveling the potential implications for cancer development and progression.","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"161-183"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147432850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

WC1-mediated co-stimulation in γδ T cells: Insights from ruminants and perspectives for human immunotherapy. wc1介导的γδ T细胞共刺激：反刍动物的见解和人类免疫治疗的观点。

IF 2.9 4区医学

International Reviews of Immunology Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-04-06 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2026.2650138

Rümeysa Berra Karataş, Furkan Ayaz, Esra Aydemir

{"title":"WC1-mediated co-stimulation in γδ T cells: Insights from ruminants and perspectives for human immunotherapy.","authors":"Rümeysa Berra Karataş, Furkan Ayaz, Esra Aydemir","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2026.2650138","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08830185.2026.2650138","url":null,"abstract":"Gamma-delta (γδ) T cells, which bridge innate and adaptive immunity, are attractive candidates for immunotherapy. Significant interspecies differences exist, particularly between humans and ruminants. In ruminants, γδ T cells are a major circulating population characterized by the Workshop Cluster 1 (WC1) family, a unique set of Scavenger Receptor Cysteine-Rich (SRCR) co-receptors. WC1 molecules function dually as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and essential co-stimulators for the γδ T cell receptor (TCR). Specific WC1 isoforms (e.g. WC1.1+, WC1.2+) are associated with distinct functional predispositions, within a broader functional plasticity observed in both human and murine γδ T cell subsets. This review compares human and ruminant γδ T cell biology, proposing the WC1 co-stimulatory system as a functional paradigm for next-generation human T cell therapies. \"WC1-inspired\" synthetic receptors could provide more physiological, sustained activation, potentially overcoming key therapeutic limitations such as antigen escape and severe toxicity. Despite translational challenges, including the lack of a direct human WC1 ortholog, the ruminant model provides a critical potential for designing more durable and context-responsive immunotherapies.","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"184-201"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147627045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Immunoregulation by DC and T cells in psoriasis with probable immunotherapeutic approaches. DC和T细胞对银屑病的免疫调节及其可能的免疫治疗方法。

IF 2.9 4区医学

International Reviews of Immunology Pub Date : 2026-04-27 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2026.2650139

Sharmistha Kundu, Rajat Paul, Kaustav Chakraborty

{"title":"Immunoregulation by DC and T cells in psoriasis with probable immunotherapeutic approaches.","authors":"Sharmistha Kundu, Rajat Paul, Kaustav Chakraborty","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2026.2650139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2026.2650139","url":null,"abstract":"Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory disorder with systemic implications beyond its cutaneous manifestations. Its pathogenesis involves a complex interplay between genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, and immune dysregulation. The sustained crosstalk between dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells, which orchestrates the initiation and perpetuation of psoriatic inflammation. Plasmacytoid DCs, activated by nucleic acid-LL37 complexes, produce interferon-α that promotes myeloid DC maturation. These DCs secrete IL-12, IL-23, and TNF-α, driving differentiation of naïve T cells into Th1, Th17, and Th22 subsets. Effector T cells subsequently release cytokines such as IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-22, which promote keratinocyte hyperproliferation, impaired differentiation, neutrophil recruitment, and angiogenesis. This DC-T cell axis forms a self-amplifying inflammatory loop that underpins disease chronicity. Conventional systemic agents, including methotrexate, cyclosporine, and retinoids, have demonstrated efficacy but are limited by nonspecific immunosuppression and significant toxicities. Advances in immunology have identified the IL-23/Th17 pathway as a pivotal therapeutic target, enabling the development of biologics and small-molecule inhibitors. Monoclonal antibodies targeting TNF-α, IL-12/23, IL-17, and IL-23 have revolutionized management, achieving high rates of sustained clearance with improved safety profiles. Additional strategies, such as PDE4 and JAK/STAT inhibitors, offer oral alternatives with targeted immunomodulation. Novel approaches, including tolerogenic DC therapy and neuroimmune modulation, hold promise for refining treatment and addressing disease heterogeneity. Effective immunotherapeutic strategies must therefore balance skin clearance with reduction of systemic inflammation and long-term comorbidity risk. Integrating mechanistic insights into DC-T cell interactions with emerging therapies provides a framework for personalized, safer, and more durable disease control.","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147771277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The role of tumor-infiltrating B cells in the development and pathogenesis of head and neck cancers: Implications for therapeutic approach. 肿瘤浸润B细胞在头颈癌的发展和发病机制中的作用：对治疗方法的影响。

IF 2.9 4区医学

International Reviews of Immunology Pub Date : 2026-04-20 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2026.2656636

Anita Rezaei, Ava Aghakhani, Farbod Bahreini, Vladimir N Uversky

{"title":"The role of tumor-infiltrating B cells in the development and pathogenesis of head and neck cancers: Implications for therapeutic approach.","authors":"Anita Rezaei, Ava Aghakhani, Farbod Bahreini, Vladimir N Uversky","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2026.2656636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2026.2656636","url":null,"abstract":"Head and neck cancers (HNCs) pose a significant global health challenge, with treatment complexities and profound impacts on patient quality of life. Tumor-infiltrating B cells (TIBs) within the tumor microenvironment (TME) are emerging as critical yet dual regulators of HNC immunity, exhibiting both pro- and anti-tumorigenic properties. This manuscript explores the prognostic and predictive roles of TIBs across diverse HNCs, including squamous cell carcinomas and lymphomas. TIBs enhance antitumor immunity through antibody production, antigen presentation, and the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs), which correlate with improved survival and response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Conversely, regulatory B cells contribute to immunosuppression, promoting tumor progression. Notably, high TIB infiltration, particularly within TLSs, is associated with superior outcomes in ICI-treated patients, highlighting their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. However, challenges such as data variability and limited study scales underscore the need for further investigation into TIB subpopulations and their molecular dynamics. Future research should prioritize understanding TIB interactions with other immune cells and developing novel immunotherapies, including genetic engineering and oncolytic viruses, to advance HNC treatment and optimize patient outcomes.","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147728612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Association between circulating inflammatory cytokine levels and the risk of polymyositis: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. 循环炎症细胞因子水平与多发性肌炎风险之间的关系：一项双向孟德尔随机研究。

IF 2.9 4区医学

International Reviews of Immunology Pub Date : 2026-03-30 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2026.2650140

Jiang Shao, Jinjiao Xie, Xiaoli Zheng, Xiongyan Luo, Anji Xiong

{"title":"Association between circulating inflammatory cytokine levels and the risk of polymyositis: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study.","authors":"Jiang Shao, Jinjiao Xie, Xiaoli Zheng, Xiongyan Luo, Anji Xiong","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2026.2650140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2026.2650140","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Analyses of the association between circulating inflammatory cytokine levels and polymyositis (PM) remains challenging because of the limitations of traditional observational studies. Therefore, we used Mendelian randomization (MR) to assess the causal relationship between the levels of 41 circulating inflammatory cytokines and the risk of PM.Methods: Using pooled data from genome-wide association studies (GWASs), we performed two-way MR analyses on two individual samples containing data for circulating inflammatory modulators (n = 8,186) and PM (n = 213,264) in patients of European ancestry. We used a random-effects inverse variance-weighted (IVW) method for our primary analysis and performed sensitivity and multiplicity analyses using MR-Egger, weighted-median, MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO), and Cochran's Q tests.Results: The results showed that decreased circulating levels of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF) were associated with an increased risk of PM with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.31 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.13-0.74, p = 0.009). PM was also associated with increased circulating levels of interleukin (IL)-13 and IL-7, with OR values of 1.03 (95% CI = 1.01-1.06, p = 0.012) and 1.03 (95% CI = 1.01-1.06, p = 0.018), respectively, and decreased circulating levels of IL-1RA (OR, 0.97; 95% CI: 0.94-0.99, p = 0.040).Conclusion: These findings suggest that GCSF plays an important role in the pathogenesis of PM and that PM also affects the expression of the cytokines IL-13, IL-7, and IL-1RA. Further studies are required to determine whether these biomarkers can be used to prevent or treat PM.","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147574020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Comprehensive review on immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: Current status and future perspectives. 肝细胞癌免疫治疗综述：现状与展望。

IF 2.9 4区医学

International Reviews of Immunology Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2026.2614779

Swetha Pulakuntla, Gouthami Kuruvalli, Mrinalini Mohan, Nagajyothi Pc, Jaesool Shim, Vaddi Damodara Reddy

{"title":"Comprehensive review on immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: Current status and future perspectives.","authors":"Swetha Pulakuntla, Gouthami Kuruvalli, Mrinalini Mohan, Nagajyothi Pc, Jaesool Shim, Vaddi Damodara Reddy","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2026.2614779","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08830185.2026.2614779","url":null,"abstract":"Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common form of primary liver cancer, remains a major global health concern due to its high incidence and mortality rates. Although advances in surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy have improved management, the prognosis for advanced-stage HCC remains poor. Immunotherapy has emerged as a transformative approach, aiming to harness and modulate the immune system to target malignant cells more effectively. This review provides an updated overview of immunotherapeutic strategies in HCC, highlighting key modalities such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), neoantigen-based vaccines, and tumor mutational burden (TMB) as predictive biomarkers of treatment response. Particular attention is given to ICIs targeting PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 pathways, as well as novel immune targets under investigation to overcome therapeutic resistance.Despite encouraging clinical outcomes, significant challenges persist, including immune evasion mechanisms, limited response rates, treatment resistance, and the complexity of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Addressing these obstacles requires integrating genomic insights, artificial intelligence-driven biomarker discovery, and rational combinatorial strategies that pair ICIs with targeted agents, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy to enhance immune activation. Future directions emphasize the development of precision immunotherapy guided by molecular profiling and predictive biomarkers to improve patient stratification and treatment efficacy. This review consolidates current progress, identifies key limitations, and outlines emerging avenues to optimize the future landscape of HCC immunotherapy.","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"132-148"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145965981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Revolutionizing IBD therapy: Insights into contemporary treatment strategies. 革命性的IBD治疗：对当代治疗策略的见解。

IF 2.9 4区医学

International Reviews of Immunology Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-30 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2025.2563522

Pooja Kushwaha, Rahila Qureshi, Nooruddin Khan, Sangita Mukhopadhyay

{"title":"Revolutionizing IBD therapy: Insights into contemporary treatment strategies.","authors":"Pooja Kushwaha, Rahila Qureshi, Nooruddin Khan, Sangita Mukhopadhyay","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2025.2563522","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08830185.2025.2563522","url":null,"abstract":"Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) varies in prevalence globally. Recent rise in IBD cases mirrors evolving health landscape due to urbanization and lifestyle changes worldwide. Existing drugs for IBD include aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, Immunomodulators, biologics, JAK inhibitors, and antibiotics. Although these medications are effective in managing symptoms and remission, these present several with limitations. Side effects such as nausea, infections, and liver toxicity are common, and some patients may develop resistance or lose response over time. Additionally, biologics can be costly, and immunosuppressive drugs raise concerns about long-term safety along increased risk of infection. Importantly, approximately 10% to 30% of the IBD patients do not respond to conventional treatments such as corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, or biologic therapies. Research continues to explore new treatments to address these limitations and improve outcomes for individuals with IBD. This review is an attempt to critically evaluate the currently available treatments for IBD underlining their limitations, and the pressing demand for innovative strategies. Further, we delve into the rationale behind peptide-based therapies, emphasizing their potential to modulate inflammation and promote mucosal healing. The work also highlights promising outcomes from recent preclinical and clinical studies underscoring the pivotal role of peptides in IBD management.","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1-25"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145199342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Extracellular vesicles and mononuclear phagocyte axis: Interactions shaping immune responses. 细胞外囊泡和单核吞噬细胞轴：形成免疫反应的相互作用。

IF 2.9 4区医学

International Reviews of Immunology Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-03 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2025.2563523

Tulio J Lopera, Gloria Vásquez, Mauricio Rojas, Diana Castaño

{"title":"Extracellular vesicles and mononuclear phagocyte axis: Interactions shaping immune responses.","authors":"Tulio J Lopera, Gloria Vásquez, Mauricio Rojas, Diana Castaño","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2025.2563523","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08830185.2025.2563523","url":null,"abstract":"Extracellular vesicles (EVs), nano-sized particles enclosed by a lipid membrane, play a pivotal role in cell-to-cell communication as essential mediators in various biological processes and diseases. Despite their ability to interact with multiple targets, EVs notably demonstrate a high affinity for specialized cells within the extracellular environment, particularly mononuclear phagocytes. The interaction between EVs and mononuclear phagocytes significantly affects the profile of these cells. Several factors, including vesicle cargo, size, parental cell origin, involved receptors, and the specific endocytic pathway, influence EVs' consequences and subsequent responses. Key components of mononuclear phagocytes, monocytes and macrophages, play a crucial role in the innate immune system, contributing to tissue damage, repair, remodeling, inflammation, homeostasis maintenance, and disease progression. Despite extensive research on EVs in various health and disease contexts, their precise impact on mononuclear phagocytes remains incompletely understood. Therefore, this review explores EVs' role in modulating monocyte and macrophage profiles and functions across different scenarios. It emphasizes that EVs actively shape the phenotype of these mononuclear phagocytes to maintain homeostasis and regulatory functions, but also induce pro-inflammatory polarization in infectious diseases, systemic inflammation, and autoimmunity. Simultaneously, during neoplastic or tumor development, the EV-mononuclear phagocyte axis prompts imbalanced responses, combining pro- and anti-inflammatory outcomes. These findings confirm EVs as promising tools for therapeutic strategies to modulate mononuclear phagocyte functions in diverse pathological settings.","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"26-46"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145212320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mitochondria in the immune system: Therapeutic potential from mitochondria transfer. 免疫系统中的线粒体：线粒体转移的治疗潜力。

IF 2.9 4区医学

International Reviews of Immunology Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-17 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2025.2577986

Thao Hoang Nhu Le, Van Thi Tuong Nguyen

{"title":"Mitochondria in the immune system: Therapeutic potential from mitochondria transfer.","authors":"Thao Hoang Nhu Le, Van Thi Tuong Nguyen","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2025.2577986","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08830185.2025.2577986","url":null,"abstract":"Mitochondria serve as the powerhouses of living cells, supplying energy and essential building blocks for cellular activities. The immune system exhibits a dynamic and active characteristic within the body, wherein immune cells are constantly activated and primed for pathogens without causing harmful effects on the self-body. These characteristics necessitate that immune cells function effectively and correctly, supported by a sufficient energy supply and metabolism from the mitochondria. Mitochondrial dysfunction leads to immune dysregulation, resulting in inappropriate inflammation, autoimmunity, immunodeficiency, and hypersensitive responses, all of which contribute to the development of illness and disease. Recent studies on mitochondrial transfer in immune cells indicate that mitochondrial replacement could emerge as a promising tool for rectifying immune cell function. This review will emphasize the role of mitochondria in various immune cell types and explore how mitochondrial dysfunction can result in pathogenesis in different conditions. We also discuss the potential application of mitochondrial transfer and transplantation to- and from immune cells in the context of health and disease.","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"47-76"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145540577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0