International journal of ophthalmology最新文献

{"title":"Key immune regulators in retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury <i>via</i> RNA sequencing.","authors":"Shan He, Cui-Ying Liu, Chang-Hong Ren, Ting-Ting Meng, Heng Zhao, Xu-Xiang Zhang","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2025.07.06","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2025.07.06","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To explore the immune cell infiltration and molecular mechanisms of retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (RIRI) to identify potential therapeutic targets.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In the bulk RNA-seq analysis, This study performed differential gene expression analysis, weighted gene co-expression network analysis, and protein-protein interaction network analysis to identify hub genes. QuanTIseq was used to determine the composition of infiltrating immune cells. Following the identification of hub genes, single-cell RNA-seq analysis was employed to pinpoint the specific immune cell types expressing these hub genes. Cell-cell communication analysis to explore signaling pathways and interactions between immune cells was further performed. Finally, the expression of these key immune regulators <i>in vivo</i> using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was validated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Bulk RNA-seq analysis identified <i>Stat2</i>, <i>Irf7</i>, <i>Irgm1</i>, <i>Igtp</i>, <i>Parp</i>9, <i>Irgm2</i>, <i>Nlrc5</i>, and <i>Tap1</i> as hub genes, with strong correlations to immune cell infiltration. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis further revealed six immune cell clusters, showing <i>Irf7</i> predominantly in microglia and <i>Tap1</i> in dendritic cells (DCs). And cell-cell communication analysis showed that microglia and DCs play central roles in coordinating immune activity. qRT-PCR validated the upregulation of these genes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In the acute phase of RIRI, <i>Irf7</i> and <i>Tap1</i> may be the potential therapeutic targets to reduce inflammation and promote neurological function recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"18 7","pages":"1237-1251"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12207303/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144674753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vasculature alteration of foveal zone in systemic lupus erythematosus: a Meta-analysis.","authors":"Xing-Yu He, Wei-Wei Chen, Qian Wang","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2025.07.22","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2025.07.22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To summarize and quantitatively evaluate vasculature alteration of foveal zone in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients by secondary literature analysis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CBM, CNKI WanFang Data and VIP was conducted. Studies were about retinal vessel density in SLE patients from January 2000 to April 2023 and valid data were extracted. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist was used to evaluate the cross-sectional studies and prospective studies. The measurement data for combined effect size were weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). The heterogeneity was evaluated by <i>I²</i> test. The fixed-effect model was adopted when <i>P</i>>0.1 or <i>I²</i> <50%, and random-effect model was adopted in the contrary. Subgroup and sensitivity analysis were utilized to analyze the sources of heterogeneity. The publication bias was evaluated by Egger tests and funnel plots.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 14 studies with 445 subjects and 441 healthy controls from 9 countries were enrolled and 11 studies were included in Meta-analysis. The JBI scores of studies were no less than 14 points. The Meta-analysis results indicated that mean parafoveal superficial vessel density (SVD; WMD=-1.22, 95%CI: -1.67, -0.76), mean perifoveal SVD (WMD=-1.42, 95%CI: -1.95, -0.89), mean whole SVD (WMD=-1.66, 95%CI: -2.53, -0.79), mean parafoveal deep vessel density (WMD=-1.67, 95%CI: -2.75, -0.59) and mean whole deep vessel density (WMD=-4.09, 95%CI: -7.67, -0.52) was significantly lower than the control, while mean foveal SVD (WMD=-1.71, 95%CI: -4.65, 1.24), mean foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area (WMD=0.04, 95%CI: -0.01, 0.09) and mean acircularity index (AI; WMD=0.00, 95%CI: -0.02, 0.02) were not different between SLE patients and controls. Subgroup analysis indicated that the heterogeneity in SVD was partially due to the scanning area. Ocellus or binoculus data contributed partially to the heterogeneity in parafoveal deep vessel density and FAZ area. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the results were robust after changing the analysis model except for foveal SVD and FAZ area. There was no bias in included studies except whole SVD.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Parafoveal superficial and deep vessel density are significantly lower in SLE patients while FAZ area and AI are not different between SLE patients and the control.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"18 7","pages":"1375-1382"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12207315/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144674788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Causal role of oxidative stress in age-related macular degeneration: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study.","authors":"Li-Yun Yuan, Wang-Ming Su, Liang-Pin Li, Xiao-Feng Tian, Xue-Li Zheng, Xiao-Yong Yuan","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2025.07.14","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2025.07.14","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To elucidate causal pathways between oxidative biomarkers and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) phenotypes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analytical protocol was implemented, which utilized genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics derived from the IEU OpenGWAS repositories. The investigation focused on 11 oxidative stress markers and AMD phenotypes, encompassing both wet and dry subtypes. The MR methodology incorporated inverse-variance weighted (IVW) calculations, MR-Egger statistical regression, weighted median approximation, and weighted mode assessments to estimate causative relationships. Sensitivity evaluations were conducted to verify result robustness and identify potential pleiotropy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Genetically predicted elevated catalase (CAT) concentrations demonstrated significant associations with heightened risks of overall AMD (IVW OR=1.084, 95%CI: 1.021-1.151, <i>P</i>=0.008) and wet AMD phenotype (IVW OR=1.113, 95%CI: 1.047-1.247, <i>P</i>=0.007). Higher genetically predicted albumin concentrations corresponded with reduced AMD risk (IVW OR=0.827, 95%CI: 0.715-0.957, <i>P</i>=0.013) but increased wet AMD risk (IVW OR=1.229, 95%CI: 1.036-1.458, <i>P</i>=0.018). Reverse MR analysis revealed that genetically predicted dry AMD exhibited significant association with reduced albumin levels (IVW OR=0.987, 95%CI: 0.979-0.996, <i>P</i>=0.004), while wet AMD corresponded with decreased total bilirubin (TBIL) and paraoxonase (PON) activity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results offer strong support for a causal link between markers of oxidative stress and the development of AMD, indicating that oxidative processes play a role in driving the disease progression.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"18 7","pages":"1307-1316"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12207297/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144674735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corneal higher-order aberrations following small incision lenticule extraction for high myopic astigmatism correction.","authors":"Yin Liu, Cheng Hu, Juan Yu, Nian Xiang, Bo Zeng, Wen-Shan Jiang","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2025.07.19","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2025.07.19","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To compare the visual outcomes and corneal higher-order aberrations (HOAs) of patients with high or low myopic astigmatism after small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 157 eyes of 157 patients who underwent SMILE were included in this retrospective, nonrandomized, comparative study. All the eyes which were with the rule astigmatism were divided into high astigmatism group (HAG; astigmatism ≤-2.00 D, 73 eyes) and low astigmatism group (LAG; astigmatism ≥-1.00 D, 84 eyes). Visual and refractive examinations were performed, HOAs of the anterior surface, posterior surface, and total cornea of the eyes were evaluated preoperatively and 6mo postoperatively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At the postoperative 6-month follow-up, uncorrected distance visual acuity of 20/20 or better was achieved in 97% and 100% eyes in HAG and LAG respectively and 74% and 100% eyes were within -0.50 D. Vector analysis revealed no significant differences in the correction index (<i>P</i>=0.066), angle of error (<i>P</i>=0.091) or flattening index (<i>P</i>=0.987) between two groups. The magnitude of error was -0.37±0.31 D in HAG and -0.04±0.19 D in LAG (<i>P</i><0.001). Index of success (IOS) was 0.22±0.09 in the HAG and 0.50±0.46 in the LAG (<i>P</i><0.001). HOAs of most anterior, posterior and total cornea significantly increased after SMILE, especially the spherical aberration and coma. For HAG, the SMILE procedure induced significantly higher anterior, posterior and total cornea horizontal coma and total corneal total HOAs compared with LAG (<i>P</i><0.001) and these surgically induced HOAs predominantly originated from the anterior surface of the cornea.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>SMILE surgery induces more HOAs and a mild under-correction of astigmatism in eyes with high astigmatism. The increment in HOAs after SMILE is related to preoperative astigmatism.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"18 7","pages":"1349-1356"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12207293/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144674738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Refractive status and ocular characteristics of preschool children with retinopathy of prematurity after different treatments.","authors":"Wu-Yang Jiang, Man-Hong Li, Hao Wang, Dong Niu, Yu-Sheng Wang, Zi-Feng Zhang","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2025.07.15","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2025.07.15","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Aim: &lt;/strong&gt;To compare the changes in preschool refractive status, ocular biological parameters, and higher-order aberrations in children with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) after retinal laser photocoagulation or anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatment and explore their underlying factors.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;This observational study involved 118 eyes of 59 children, aged 3 to 6y, with ROP followed up between March 2023 and October 2024. They were divided into the laser, anti-VEGF, and anti-VEGF+laser groups. The laser group received a single session of laser photocoagulation. The anti-VEGF group received a single anti-VEGF treatment. The anti-VEGF+laser group received a single anti-VEGF treatment after birth followed by supplementary laser treatment within 2wk to 6mo. Ocular biological parameters were measured using IOL Master 700 and Pentacam HR. Right-eye higher-order aberrations were measured using the OPD-Scan III. Best-corrected visual acuities (BCVA), refractive statuses, ocular biological parameters, and higher-order aberrations were assessed and compared. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the relationships among ocular biological parameters, higher-order aberrations, spherical equivalent (SE), and treatment methods. Pearson's correlation coefficients were used to assess the relationships between the SE and higher-order aberrations.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;The laser group had a higher incidence of myopia and a lower SE than the anti-VEGF group. The incidence of astigmatism and cylindrical power were significantly lower for the anti-VEGF than for the laser and anti-VEGF+laser groups (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;&lt;0.05). The anterior corneal surface astigmatism was higher for the laser and anti-VEGF+laser groups than for the anti-VEGF group. The anterior corneal surface K&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and lens thickness were higher for the laser and anti-VEGF+laser groups than for the anti-VEGF group. The whole-eye higher-order aberration root mean square (RMS) values for the right eye were significantly higher for the laser and anti-VEGF+laser groups than for the anti-VEGF group. The whole-eye trefoil RMS values for the right eye were also significantly higher for the laser and anti-VEGF+laser groups than for the anti-VEGF group (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;&lt;0.05). Laser treatment was significantly associated with SE, anterior corneal surface curvature and astigmatism, lens thickness, whole-eye high-order aberrations, and whole-eye trefoil (all &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;&lt;0.05).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;Children with ROP who received laser treatment have higher myopia and astigmatism than those who received anti-VEGF treatment. Children treated with laser or supplementary laser treatment have higher anterior corneal astigmatism, anterior corneal curvature, thicker lenses, whole-eye higher-order aberrations, and whole-eye trefoil. The cause of myopia in children with ROP after laser treatment is increased anterior corneal ","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"18 7","pages":"1317-1325"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12207292/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144674785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancement of retinal Müller glia's phagocytic activity against hard exudates by conbercept <i>via</i> activation of PPARγ-CD36 axis in diabetic retinopathy.","authors":"Ying-Ying Zhu, Shi-Yue Qin, Hai Xie, Yin-Ping Liu, Xiao-Sa Li, Chao-Yang Zhang, Yan-Chun Zhang, Jing-Fa Zhang","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2025.07.07","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2025.07.07","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To investigate the effects and the underlying mechanism(s) of conbercept on the phagocytosis of hard exudates (HEs) by Müller glia in diabetic retinopathy (DR).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-one eyes from 17 patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) underwent optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging to examine the changes of HEs before and after intravitreal conbercept injection (IVC). <i>In vitro</i>, rat retinal Müller cell line (rMC-1) was cultured under high glucose and treated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) with or without conbercept. Phagocytosis was analysed with immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and Western blot. Expressions of scavenger receptors (LOX-1, CD36) were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Conbercept's effects on vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), VEGFR2, inflammation (NF-κB, IL-6, iNOS), and oxidative stress (ROS) were evaluated with Western blot and immunofluorescence.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The area of HEs showed minimal change after the first IVC (1.39±1.41 to 1.38±1.3 mm², <i>P</i>=0.938), but significantly decreased after the third IVC (0.45±0.66 mm², <i>P</i>=0.002). <i>In vitro</i>, conbercept enhanced the phagocytosis of Ox-LDL by rMC-1 cells under high glucose condition. Conbercept reduced ROS and inflammation (NF-κB, IL-6, iNOS) in high glucose-treated rMC-1 cells by suppression of VEGF/VEGFR2 pathway. The inhibition of NF-κB by conbercept further activated PPARγ-CD36 axis, increasing CD36 expression and promoting Ox-LDL uptake, thereby facilitating the clearance of HEs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Conbercept reduces HEs in DR by enhancing Müller glia phagocytosis possibly through activating PPARγ-CD36 axis, which is mediated by inhibition of VEGF signaling. Modulation of Müller glia phagocytic capacity might provide a novel therapeutic strategy to treat DR and DME.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"18 7","pages":"1252-1261"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12207301/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144674749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors on diabetic macular edema and the need for intravitreal injection.","authors":"Yoo-Ri Chung, Chungwoon Kim, Eunzee Lee, Kihwang Lee","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2025.07.16","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2025.07.16","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To investigate the effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4i) and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) on diabetic macular edema (DME) and the need for intravitreal injections (IVT) in patients with type 2 diabetes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data were retrospectively collected from the medical records of patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) taking either DPP4i or SGLT2i as secondary oral hypoglycemic agents in addition to metformin between January 2019 and July 2022. We compared the prevalence of DME and the need for IVT among patients treated with DPP4i or SGLT2i. Propensity score matching was performed using the following variables: age, duration of diabetes, blood glucose control (HbA1c) level, and severity of DR.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 268 patients with DR were included in this study. More DPP4i users needed IVT than SGLT2i users (35.3% <i>vs</i> 18.0%, <i>P</i>=0.011), while the prevalence of DME was not different. The use of SGLT2i was associated with a lower need for IVT than DPP4i [odds ratio (OR) 0.404, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.198-0.823], and similar trends were observed after propensity score matching (OR 0.419, 95%CI 0.181-0.970). However, this tendency was not significant in multiple logistic regressions. For DME, the use of DPP4i was not a significant risk factor compared to SGLT2i.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The use of SGLT2i may be associated with a lower need for IVT for overall DR complications, while other factors may contribute to this effect. The effect of SGLT2i on the prevention of DME is not evident.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"18 7","pages":"1326-1332"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12207314/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144674787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> endophthalmitis following central retinal artery occlusion.","authors":"Huang-Yi Lei, Feng Jiang, Zheng-Gao Xie","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2025.07.25","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2025.07.25","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"18 7","pages":"1401-1404"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12207307/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144674730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations between organophosphorus pesticides exposure and age-related macular degeneration risk in U.S. adults: analysis from interpretable machine learning approaches.","authors":"Yu-Xin Jiang, Si-Yu Gui, Xiao-Dong Sun","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2025.07.04","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2025.07.04","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To investigate the associations between urinary dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) exposure and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) risk.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants were drawn from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2005 and 2008. Urinary DAP metabolites were used to construct a machine learning (ML) model for AMD prediction. Several interpretability pipelines, including permutation feature importance (PFI), partial dependence plot (PDP), and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analyses were employed to analyze the influence from exposure features to prediction outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 1845 participants were included and 137 were diagnosed with AMD. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis evaluated Random Forests (RF) as the best ML model with its optimal predictive performance among eleven models. PFI and SHAP analyses illustrated that DAP metabolites were of significant contribution weights in AMD risk prediction, higher than most of the socio-demographic covariates. Shapley values and waterfall plots of randomly selected AMD individuals emphasized the predictive capacity of ML with high accuracy and sensitivity in each case. The relationships and interactions visualized by graphical plots and supported by statistical measures demonstrated the indispensable impacts from six DAP metabolites to the prediction of AMD risk.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Urinary DAP metabolites of OPPs exposure are associated with AMD risk and ML algorithms show the excellent generalizability and differentiability in the course of AMD risk prediction.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"18 7","pages":"1214-1230"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12207304/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144674734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Childhood amblyopia in a tertiary eye care center in western India.","authors":"Jai A Kelkar, Harsh H Jain, Aditya S Kelkar, Shreekant Kelkar","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2025.07.21","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2025.07.21","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To describe the demographics, clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of childhood amblyopia in a tertiary eye center in western India.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a retrospective longitudinal hospital-based study of 1382 children aged ≤12y included in the National Institute of OphthalMology AmBlyopia StUdy in Indian Paediatric EyeS (NIMBUS) Study. Data on patient demographics, treatment approach, and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) changes were reviewed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age of the study cohort was 4.54±2.46y, with males constituting the majority (55.4%). The cause of amblyopia was refractive error in 73.2%, strabismus in 7.3%, and anisometropia in 6.8% of eyes. The majority of therapies comprised glasses (74.4%), followed by occlusion+glasses (10.3%), occlusion alone (7.3%), and surgery+patching+glasses (5.1%). The mean occlusion time was 2.46±1.14h. After a median follow-up of 10.00 (6-85)mo, the mean BCVA significantly improved from 0.85±0.41 to 0.55±0.42 logMAR. Subgroup analysis revealed BCVA gain for all etiologies, including refractive errors (<i>P</i><0.001), strabismus (<i>P</i><0.001), cataract (<i>P</i><0.001), and ptosis (<i>P</i><0.001). Additionally, eyes with refractive errors showed significantly better BCVA than eyes with cataracts (<i>P</i><0.001), strabismus (<i>P</i><0.001) and marginally better BCVA than eyes with ptosis (<i>P</i><0.05), both at the baseline and final visit.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Refractive errors are the commonest cause of amblyopia, followed by strabismus and anisometropia. Timely detection, optimal therapy, and periodic follow-up are crucial in bettering visual acuity regardless of the cause.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"18 7","pages":"1369-1374"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12207316/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144674736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}