International journal of ophthalmology最新文献

{"title":"Predictive analysis of dry eye diagnosis and digital screen usage: a cross-sectional study.","authors":"Rekha Ghimire, Raju Kaiti, Ranjila Shyangbo, Santosh Paudel, Youbraj Neupane","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2025.10.05","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2025.10.05","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To characterize the ocular surface characteristics in the Nepalese population across all age groups who have used digital screens for extended durations over several years.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In a cross-sectional, observational study, 144 digital screen users were assessed for dry eye disease (DED) using subjective and objective measures. The Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) Questionnaire evaluated symptoms, followed by clinical assessments, including slit lamp biomicroscopy, tear breakup time (TBUT), Oxford Scheme grading, and Schirmer I test. DED was diagnosed if a patient had an OSDI score over 13 and at least two clinical signs (OSDI, Schirmer I test, or ocular staining). The prevalence of DED was calculated based on the proportion of patients meeting these criteria.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 144 participants (mean age: 34.6±15.2y), 78 (54.2%) were female. The use of digital screens varied between 2-8h (mean duration: 4.1±2.7h) per day. The mean OSDI score, TBUT score, and the Schirmer I scores were 22.7±10.5 (max-min: 24.4-20.9), 6.8±4.2s (max-min: 7.5-6.1), and 12.3±4.6 mm (max-min: 13.1-11.5) respectively with 95% confidence interval (<i>β</i>=1.96), and a two-tailed statistical significance level of 5% (<i>α</i>=0.05). With increased screen use, TBUT shortened and OSDI scores increased significantly (<i>P</i><0.01), though Schirmer I scores were unaffected (<i>P</i>>0.05). The prevalence of DED ranged from 6.3% to 22.9% in those using screens for more than 2h, with an overall prevalence of 67.4% among digital screen users.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There is a significant association between prolonged use of digital screens and clinical markers of dry eye signs and symptoms.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"18 10","pages":"1851-1855"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12454010/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145137591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlations between inflammatory biomarkers in peripheral blood and branch retinal vein occlusion.","authors":"Xiao-Juan Lai, Song-Yue Yang, Chun-Yan Lei, Rui-Han Xiao, Mei-Xia Zhang","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2025.10.13","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2025.10.13","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To investigate the possible relationship between inflammatory biomarkers in the peripheral blood of patients with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 63 BRVO patients were enrolled in this cross-sectional observational study. Meanwhile, 63 age- and gender-matched cataract patients were included as controls. Complete blood count and biochemical tests were performed, and inflammatory biomarkers including platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), red blood cell distribution width to albumin ratio (RAR), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), systemic immune inflammation index (SII), and monocyte to high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (MHR) were compared between the two groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of age, sex, and prevalence of diabetes mellitus. Compared with the controls, patients with BRVO had a higher prevalence of hypertension and higher body mass index (BMI). Red blood cell distribution width (RDW), triglycerides, MHR, NLR, and RAR were elevated, whereas lymphocyte count and high-density lipoprotein were decreased in the BRVO group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that NLR (adjusted OR=1.686, 95%CI 1.075-2.646), RAR (adjusted OR=8.930, 95%CI 1.911-41.730), and body mass index (BMI; adjusted OR=1.174, 95%CI 1.010-1.365) were significantly associated with the risk of BRVO. In the receiver operating characteristic analysis, the area under the curve for NLR, RAR, and BMI were 0.602, 0.630, and 0.603, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity were 61.9% and 60.3%, 38.1% and 82.5%, and 61.9% and 57.1%, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Peripheral blood inflammatory biomarkers are elevated in BRVO patients, suggesting systemic inflammation involvement. NLR, RAR, and BMI are positively correlated with BRVO. Monitoring NLR and RAR and strict weight control may be beneficial for the prevention and treatment of BRVO.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"18 10","pages":"1908-1913"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12454002/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145137445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Promotion of human choroidal melanoma cell metastases by FOXP3 <i>via</i> Wnt5a/CaMKII signaling pathway.","authors":"Ying-Ying Yuan, Yi-Chong Liu, Qian Zhang, Xiao-Di Gao, Yuan-Zhang Zhu, Kuan Cheng, Han Zhao, Wei-Wei Fu, Ke Lei, Ai-Hua Sui, Wen-Juan Luo","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2025.10.03","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2025.10.03","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To investigate the role of Forkhead box protein P3 (FOXP3) in choroidal melanoma (CM) metastases and elucidate its underlying mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>FOXP3 protein expression was analyzed in CM clinical specimens and cell lines. A stable FOXP3 knockout cell line and a transient FOXP3-overexpressing cell line were established, with transfection efficiencies confirmed by Western blotting (WB). Functional assays, including monoclonal formation, cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) proliferation, migration, invasion, and <i>in vivo</i> tumorigenesis assays in nude mice, were performed to assess the biological effects of FOXP3. Additionally, WB was employed to evaluate epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers and the activation of the Wnt5a/CaMKII signaling pathway.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>FOXP3 expression was significantly elevated in both CM clinical specimens and cell lines. Functional analyses revealed that FOXP3 enhanced CM cell proliferation, migration, and invasion <i>in vitro</i> and promoted tumorigenesis <i>in vivo</i>. Mechanistically, FOXP3 upregulated EMT-related proteins and activated the Wnt5a/CaMKII signaling pathway. Rescue experiments further confirmed that the oncogenic effects of FOXP3 were mediated <i>via</i> modulation of the Wnt5a/CaMKII axis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study identifies FOXP3 as an oncogenic driver in CM, promoting tumor progression through the Wnt5a/CaMKII signaling pathway. These findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of CM pathogenesis and highlight FOXP3 as a potential therapeutic target.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"18 10","pages":"1834-1845"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12454005/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145137472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systematic review of retinal toxicity after injection of cefuroxime during cataract surgery.","authors":"Shan-Shan Wang, Bi-Jun Zhu, Jian-Nan Huang, Bao-Jiang Li, Ying-Yan Ma, Hai-Dong Zou","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2025.10.24","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2025.10.24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review is to elucidate the retinal toxicity following intraocular injections of cefuroxime, including possible risk factors, clinical manifestations, visual prognosis and treatment. Refereed publications were retrieved from PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and EMBASE databases, using the search terms cefuroxime, retina, macular edema, serous retinal detachment, toxic, cataract surgery. The screening was not limited by publication date, country or study type. We screened out 51 articles out of which 32 met the inclusion criteria for this systematic review. Data regarding sample size calculation reporting and trial characteristics were extracted for each trial. Retinal toxicity can be caused by both high and standard doses of cefuroxime injections in different ethnic groups, with risk factors including overdose, blood-retinal barrier disruption, anterior and posterior chamber connection. The typical clinical manifestations of retinal toxicity are cystoid macular edema and extensive serous retinal detachment, mainly involving the outer nuclear and outer plexiform layers, with a good prognosis for visual acuity in most cases, but in a small number of cases, the prognosis is not satisfactory. In conclusion, though the current use of intracameral injection antibiotics in cataract surgery is gradually increasing, the potential risks should not be ignored. Unexplained poor vision on the first day after cataract surgery can be supplemented with macular optical coherence tomography to rule out cefuroxime-related retinal toxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"18 10","pages":"1990-1999"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12454015/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145137538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eyelid disorders and morphologies among older individuals: a cross-sectional survey in China.","authors":"Yan-Yan Lin, Hai-Rui Jiao, Ya-Qi Peng, Xi Chen, Fan Lyu, Xin-Ting Liu","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2025.10.20","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2025.10.20","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To investigate the prevalence and types of eyelid disorders among an elderly population in China, underscoring the significance of eyelid health for the aging demographic.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional epidemiological survey was conducted on 3038 individuals over the age of 50, all of whom were evaluated at the community health center. Each participant underwent routine ophthalmic examinations and eyelid morphology evaluations by an ophthalmologist. Eyelid disorders and morphology were assessed through slit-lamp examination and direct visual inspection. The study analyzed the characteristics of common eyelid disorders, including blepharoptosis, dermatochalasis, eyelid tumors, entropion, lower eyelid retraction (LER) and ectropion, as well as eyelid morphologies such as sunken and bulging eyelids. Descriptive statistics were used for demographic data, Chi-square test analyzed gender distribution differences, and logistic regression calculated odds ratios for blepharoptosis (<i>P</i><0.05 considered significant).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study revealed that eyelid disorders were present in 1250 (41%) individuals, with blepharoptosis being the most common disorder (25%), followed by severe dermatochalasis (16%), eyelid tumors (9.3%), LER and ectropion (11%), and entropion (1.2%). Sunken eyelids were more prevalent in men (26%) than in women (17%). The study found significant associations between the presence of blepharoptosis and sunken upper eyelids [<i>P</i>=0.01, odds ratio (OR)=1.33], as well as male gender (<i>P</i>=0.038, OR=1.22). Additionally, the prevalence of blepharoptosis increased with age.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Eyelid disorders are highly prevalent in older people and increase steeply with age. This study highlights the need for increased awareness of eyelid health among older individuals at risk for eyelid disorders and the importance of ophthalmic examination for early diagnosis and management of these disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"18 10","pages":"1958-1963"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12454009/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145137478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intermediate impacts of COVID-19 lockdowns on surgical glaucoma cases in Quebec, Canada: insights from a tertiary eye center.","authors":"Huixin Anna Zhang, Sarah McIntyre, Yosra Er-Reguyeg, Andrew Toren","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2025.10.11","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2025.10.11","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To assess the effect of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the wait times and severity of surgical glaucoma cases in a single tertiary referral center in Quebec, Canada.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Preoperative severity data included mean visual field (VF) deficit, intraocular pressure (IOP), the number of topical glaucoma medication classes, and preoperative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA). The times from referral to procedure (referral time) and from listing date to procedure (waitlisting time) were calculated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This retrospective cohort study involved 181 eyes of patients undergoing glaucoma surgery from March 1 to June 30, 2019 (pre-pandemic period), and 201 eyes in the same timeframe in 2021 (pandemic period) at Saint-Sacrement Hospital in Quebec City. There was no significant difference in the severity data of surgical glaucoma across both periods (VF deficit: <i>P</i>=0.48; IOP: <i>P</i>=0.14; BCVA: <i>P</i>=0.24; topical medication classes: <i>P</i>=0.27). The number of patients referred with oral glaucoma medication increased slightly from 45 to 70 in 2019 and 2021 respectively (<i>P</i>=0.08). Delay data were also comparable. Mean referral time was 122±120d in 2019 versus 144±136d in 2021 (<i>P</i>=0.09), whereas waitlisting time before the pandemic was 43±44.5 versus 39±41.8d in 2021 (<i>P</i>=0.13).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Despite North America's strictest pandemic restrictions, limited negative impact is observed on waitlisting delays and the severity of glaucoma cases presenting at our center. A larger subset of patients is treated with oral medications indicating a possible increase in advanced glaucoma.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"18 10","pages":"1894-1900"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12454003/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145137440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of conjunctival flora in congenital ptosis.","authors":"Mehmet Balbaba, Fatih Ulaş, Mehmet Canleblebici, Ozan Güven, Zülal Aşcı Toraman, Hakan Yıldırım, Murat Erdağ","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2025.10.04","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2025.10.04","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To assess and compare the conjunctival bacterial flora in patients with congenital ptosis (CP) to that of healthy individuals.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study included 38 patients with CP and 42 healthy control subjects. Conjunctival cultures were collected using a cotton-tipped swab applied to the inferior conjunctival fornix. The samples were inoculated into blood agar, eosin methylene blue agar, chocolate agar for bacteria, and Sabouraud dextrose agar medium for fungi.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The culture positivity rate was 68.4% in CP and 47.6% in the control group (<i>P</i><0.001). Additionally, there was a significant difference in culture positivity between the eyes of patients with unilateral ptosis (<i>P</i>=0.039). In the CP group, the most common found microorganism was <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> at 23.67%, followed by <i>Haemophilus species</i> at 21.04%, and <i>Corynebacterium species</i> at 15.78%. In the control group, <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> and <i>Corynebacterium species</i> were both the most commonly isolated microorganisms, each accounting for 19.04%. More than one species of bacteria was grown in the cultures of 36.84% and 23.80% of the CP and control subjects, respectively. Gram-negative bacteria were more common in CP than in control subjects (<i>P</i>=0.031).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Culture positivity is significantly higher in the ptotic eyes of CP. Potentially pathogenic microorganisms are more frequently isolated from the CP group compared with the healthy control group.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"18 10","pages":"1846-1850"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12453997/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145137450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corneal endothelial characteristics and biometric parameters in microcornea.","authors":"Xiang-Zheng Zhang, Li Pei, Jia-Ning Shi, Xi Lu, Ran-Yi Ding, Xiao-Wei Zhong, Xin Wang, Du-Lei Zou, Wei-Yun Shi, Can Zhao, Ting Wang","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2025.10.06","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2025.10.06","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To assess the corneal biometric parameters and endothelial cell characteristics in microcornea patients, and exploring their correlations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study included 28 patients of microcornea with uveal coloboma (MCUC), 13 patients of microcornea without coloboma (MCNC), and 30 age-matched healthy individuals (the control group). Corneal biometric parameters such as axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), and white-to-white corneal diameter (WTW) were measured using the IOL Master. The corneal endothelial cell density (ECD), percentage of hexagonal cells (6A), average cell area (AVE), maximum cell area (MAX), minimum cell area (MIN), cell area standard deviation (SD), and coefficient of variation (CV) were collected by specular microscopy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study included MCUC and MCNC patients with age- and sex-matched controls. All patients exhibited significantly reduced WTW (MCUC: 8.51±0.71 mm; MCNC: 9.08±0.42 mm) and worse logMAR BCVA (MCUC 0.62±0.43; MCNC 0.46±0.28) compared to controls (both <i>P</i><0.001). The ECD was 3106.32±336.80 cells/mm² in the MCUC group and 2906.92±323.53 cells/mm² in the MCNC group, both significantly higher than the control group (2647.43±203.06 cells/mm², <i>P</i><0.05). In contrast, the CV, AVE, SD, and ACD in the MCUC and MCNC groups were significantly lower compared to controls (<i>P</i><0.01). In patients with microcornea, the WTW was negatively correlated with the ECD and 6A, but positively with the CV, MAX, AVE, and SD. The ACD was negatively linked to the ECD, but positively to the AVE.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The corneal ECD and 6A are increased, while the CV is decreased in patients with microcornea, particularly in those accompanied by uveal coloboma. The ECD and morphology demonstrate close correlations with the WTW and ACD.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"18 10","pages":"1856-1863"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12454012/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145137497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of causality between circulating inflammatory proteins and subtypes of diabetic retinopathy.","authors":"Min Dong, Ning-Zhi Zhang, Wen-Ye Cao, Xiao-Xi Deng, Wen-Xi Zhang, Yi-Qiao Xing, Ning Yang","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2025.10.22","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2025.10.22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To explore the causal links among circulating inflammatory proteins (CIPs) and the varying severities of diabetic retinopathy (DR).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This research utilized a two sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach to explore the causal relationships between 91 CIPs and various severities of DR: background DR (BDR) or non-proliferative DR (NPDR), and proliferative DR (PDR). Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to the 91 CIPs as exposure factors were identified. These SNPs were selected from an extensive genome-wide association study (GWAS) analyzing large genomic datasets. Genetic variation data of various DR phenotypes provided by the FinnGen collaboration were utilized as outcomes. Inverse-variance weighting (IVW) was used as the main MR analysis. Robustness of study results was evaluated through a series of sensitivity analyses, employing the MR-pleiotropy-test and mendelian randomization pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO) to confirm the absence of pleiotropy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In a bidirectional MR analysis, we uncovered a complex relationship between CIPs and DR. Elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 14 (TNFSF14), latency associated peptide transforming growth factors beta-1 (LAP-TGF-beta1), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) were associated with a reduced risk of NPDR. Conversely, elevated levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) were associated with an increased risk of NPDR. Concentrations of adenosine deaminase (ADA), matrix metalloproteinase-10 (MMP-10), eotaxin, and IL-10 showed elevated levels and were linked to a reduced risk of NPDR. On the other hand, the levels of oncostatin-M, beta-nerve growth factor (β-NGF), and interleukin-7 (IL-7) were elevated and associated with an increased risk of SNPDR. Elevated levels of ADA, MMP-10, and macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) were linked to a lower likelihood of PDR. Conversely, elevated levels of Caspase 8 and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) were associated with an increased risk of PDR. In reverse MR analysis, DR affected the expression of these factors.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our research demonstrates evidence supporting a potential causal link between key inflammatory factors and the risk and prognosis of various DR phenotypes. These findings emphasize the regulation of inflammatory factors responses as a strategic approach for preventing and managing DR. Altogether, our results validate the pathogenic role of inflammatory factors dysregulation in DR and support the rationale for exploring immunotherapeutic targets further.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"18 10","pages":"1971-1979"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12453999/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145137482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ocular findings of the patients with congenital leptin deficiency under long-term leptin replacement therapy.","authors":"Ozlem Candan, Sevde Nur Fırat","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2025.10.19","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2025.10.19","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To analyze the ocular findings of patients who received lifelong leptin therapy due to congenital leptin deficiency (CLD), an extremely rare condition.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A prospective, cross-sectional comparative study was performed on six patients with CLD and 13 healthy age- and sex-matched controls. The central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior chamber depth (ACD), axial length (AL), keratometry (K1, K2), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and OCT angiography parameters were compared between the leptin and control groups at the baseline visit. The change in these measurements in leptin patients over a two-year period was analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CLD patients had lower mean AL, ACD, and CCT (<i>P</i>≤0.012 for all). Mean K1, K2 (<i>P</i>≤0.047 for both), choroidal thickness (<i>P</i>≤0.001), and central ganglion cell layer (GCL) thickness (<i>P</i>=0.029) were higher in the leptin group. Perifoveal superficial capillary plexus (SCP) density was decreased in all quadrants except the temporal region (<i>P</i><0.05), and parafoveal deep capillary plexus (DCP) density was decreased in the superior hemisphere, temporal quadrant (<i>P</i>≤0.036 for both) and nasal quadrant (<i>P</i>=0.048) in the leptin group. During the two-year follow-up, no changes in anterior and posterior segment measurements were observed in the leptin patients, except for subfoveal choroidal thickness (<i>P</i><0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>CLD patients exhibit structural alterations in both the anterior and posterior segments of the eye, including notable changes in retinal and choroidal vasculature. However, there is limited evidence concerning the influence of leptin therapy on the eye.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"18 10","pages":"1949-1957"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12453996/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145137443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}