International journal of ophthalmology最新文献

{"title":"Combining orbital intensity modulated radiation therapy with periorbital triamcinolone acetonide injection for Graves' orbitopathy.","authors":"Huan Jian, Rui-Xin Ma, Wei-Min He","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2025.05.17","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2025.05.17","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To evaluate the efficacy of combined orbital radiation and periorbital triamcinolone acetonide injection for patients with Graves' orbitopathy (GO) who experienced treatment failure with glucocorticoid pulse therapy (GPT).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 57 eligible patients (35.09% males, mean age of 51.19±11.90y) were included in this case-series study. The medical information collected during each visit was evaluated and analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant improvement was observed in patients six months after radiation therapy. Both the clinical activity score and the efficacy score showed substantial improvement (<i>P</i><0.001). Furthermore, there was significant resolution of extraocular muscle inflammation on magnetic resonance imaging at three and six months after radiation therapy. The initial high signal intensity ratio (SIR) max was found to be associated with greater improvement in SIR sum (<i>P</i><0.001, <i>B</i>=2.002, 95%CI: 1.377 to 2.628), while the presence of sight-threatening stage or moderate to severe diplopia negatively influenced the improvement of SIR sum (<i>P</i>=0.045, 0.008, 0.006; <i>B</i>=-1.966, -1.478, -0.997; 95%CI: -3.886 to -0.045, -2.552 to -0.403, -1.694 to -0.300; respectively).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The combination therapy demonstrates significant effectiveness in treating patients with GO who experienced severe ocular inflammation and have previous GPT failure. Noticeable improvement is observed as early as one month after initiating radiation therapy, and patients with more severe inflammatory states showes greater benefit from the treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"18 5","pages":"904-911"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12043304/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144093715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automatic diagnosis of extraocular muscle palsy based on machine learning and diplopia images.","authors":"Xiao-Lu Jin, Xue-Mei Li, Tie-Juan Liu, Ling-Yun Zhou","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2025.05.01","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2025.05.01","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To develop different machine learning models to train and test diplopia images and data generated by the computerized diplopia test.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Diplopia images and data generated by computerized diplopia tests, along with patient medical records, were retrospectively collected from 3244 cases. Diagnostic models were constructed using logistic regression (LR), decision tree (DT), support vector machine (SVM), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and deep learning (DL) algorithms. A total of 2757 diplopia images were randomly selected as training data, while the test dataset contained 487 diplopia images. The optimal diagnostic model was evaluated using test set accuracy, confusion matrix, and precision-recall curve (P-R curve).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The test set accuracy of the LR, SVM, DT, XGBoost, DL (64 categories), and DL (6 binary classifications) algorithms was 0.762, 0.811, 0.818, 0.812, 0.858 and 0.858, respectively. The accuracy in the training set was 0.785, 0.815, 0.998, 0.965, 0.968, and 0.967, respectively. The weighted precision of LR, SVM, DT, XGBoost, DL (64 categories), and DL (6 binary classifications) algorithms was 0.74, 0.77, 0.83, 0.80, 0.85, and 0.85, respectively; weighted recall was 0.76, 0.81, 0.82, 0.81, 0.86, and 0.86, respectively; weighted F1 score was 0.74, 0.79, 0.82, 0.80, 0.85, and 0.85, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In this study, the 7 machine learning algorithms all achieve automatic diagnosis of extraocular muscle palsy. The DL (64 categories) and DL (6 binary classifications) algorithms have a significant advantage over other machine learning algorithms regarding diagnostic accuracy on the test set, with a high level of consistency with clinical diagnoses made by physicians. Therefore, it can be used as a reference for diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"18 5","pages":"757-764"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12043308/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144093729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dexamethasone intravitreal implant monotherapy in naive patients with macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: long term follow-up retrospective cohort study.","authors":"Gamze Karataş, Akın Çakır, Tahsin Uzundede, Öznur Aday, Ahmet Melih Özoğuz, Mehmet Egemen Karataş, Aslı Kırmacı Kabakcı","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2025.05.13","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2025.05.13","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To investigate the efficacy and safety of repeated dexamethasone implants with real-life data in eyes with naive retinal vein occlusion (RVO) with macular edema (ME) at a minimum of 60mo follow-up.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this retrospective cohort study, the data about best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT), serous macular detachment (SMD), hard exudate, hyperreflective foci (HRF), cystoid degeneration, pearl necklace sign, epiretinal membrane (ERM), disorganization of retinal inner layers (DRIL), ellipsoid zone and external limiting membrane (EZ-ELM) integrity, intraocular pressure (IOP) and lens condition were recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirty-eight eyes of 38 patients were included in the study. Thirteen patients presented with central RVO (CRVO) and 25 with branch RVO (BRVO). The mean follow-up time was 69.9±15.8mo, and the mean number of injections was 7.9±4.0. The mean BCVA gain was 25.0±36 letters, and this difference was statistically significant (<i>P</i>=0.021). The BCVA gain was 19.4±20.4 letters in the CRVO group, and 26.5±38.6 letters in the BRVO group (<i>P</i>=0.763). Besides, 21 (55.2%) of the patients achieved ≥15 letters improvement. At the end of the follow-up period, SMD was not observed in any of the patients (<i>P</i>=0.016). Hard exudate, HRF number were decreased; while DRIL, ERM and EZ-ELM defects were increased but not significantly.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Intravitreal dexamethasone monotherapy is an effective and safe treatment option for the treatment-naive RVO-ME patients in the long-term follow-up.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"18 5","pages":"876-882"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12043306/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144093737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety evaluation after LASIK surgery based on the linear creep property: a finite element analysis.","authors":"Ji-Xi Guo, Xue-Feng Li, Xin-Chao Wang, Xin-Heng Zhao, Yan Wang, Li-Hua Fang","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2025.05.15","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2025.05.15","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To investigate the effect of the percent tissue altered (PTA) on the safety after laser-assisted <i>in situ</i> keratomileusis (LASIK) based on linear creep characteristics.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The linear creep characteristics of the cornea were characterized by the generalized Kelvin-Voigt constitutive relationship with five parameters. Then, the displacement and stress distribution on the anterior and posterior surfaces of the cornea were analyzed by constructing the eye model with different PTA.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>When PTA was above 39%, the vertex displacements under physiological intraocular pressure (IOP, 15 mm Hg) exceeded that of the preoperative glaucoma under average IOP. That is, an excessively high displacement value was found. In addition, with the increase of PTA, the central cornea was stretched thinner and more obviously due to IOP. When PTA was above 39%, the stress at the center of the anterior surface of the residual stroma was more than 20% larger than that of the normal human eye. The residual stroma was forced to stretch more severely due to excessive stress on the anterior surface. This resulted in deformation of the stroma and induced corneal ectasia. Meanwhile, the postoperative vertex displacement increased with the decrease in viscosity ratio.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>PTA less than 39% is the safe range for LASIK surgery. This study may provide a reliable numerical basis for postoperative corneal dilatation and the outcomes after refractive surgery.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"18 5","pages":"889-896"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12043300/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144093570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous versus sequential corneal cross-linking and intracorneal ring segments implantation for keratoconus: two-year study.","authors":"Ismail Omar, Rasha Safwat Elhiny","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2025.05.08","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2025.05.08","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To compare simultaneous corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) with intracorneal ring segment (ICRS) implantation versus successive ICRS followed by CXL and detect the impact of the timing of CXL after ICRS implantation in the successive method.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a retrospective study of the records of three groups of patients. Group 1 of 28 patients were operated on with simultaneous ICRS implantation and CXL, group 2 of 32 patients had ICRS implantation followed by CXL after 1mo, and group 3 of 38 patients had ICRS implantation followed by CXL after 3mo. The three groups had follow-up visits after 6, 12, and 24mo.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The preoperative data, age, and gender differences among 3 groups revealed no significant differences. The postoperative spherical equivalent and best-corrected visual acuity were improved significantly in all groups compared to the baseline, which were more evident in groups 1 and 2. The differences between preoperative and postoperative mean values of mean of K readings (Km) and maximum K reading (Kmax) at 6mo were 4.66 and 4.1 D in group 1, 4.43 and 4.64 D in group 2, but 3.2 and 3.4 D in group 3, respectively. The spherical aberrations and the vertical coma showed significant postoperative changes in all groups, and trefoil showed nonsignificant changes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Simultaneous and sequential ICRS implantation and CXL at 1mo has similar Km and Kmax better postoperative changes than when both surgeries were done at three-month intervals.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"18 5","pages":"840-845"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12043302/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144093603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meibomian gland atrophy in children with allergic conjunctivitis.","authors":"Wen-Fang He, Yi-Ping Wu, Jing-Wei Zheng, Bin-Ge Huang, Jing-Jing Zuo, Jin-Yang Li, Dan Jiang, Hui-Xiang Ma","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2025.05.07","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2025.05.07","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To investigate the factors influencing meibomian gland atrophy (MGA) in children with allergic conjunctivitis (AC).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this cross-sectional study, 60 children with AC aged 6-17y and 20 age-matched children without signs or symptoms of ocular surface dysfunction were included. Information on the duration of AC, untreated time, electronic screen time (EST), outdoor exercise time, body mass index (BMI), and frequency of eye rubbing was collected using a health history form. The Standard Patient Evaluation of Eye Dryness (SPEED) score was used for dry eye assessment. Images of the meibomian glands (MGs) were obtained using Keratograph 5M, and the rate of meibomian gland atrophy (MGAR) was calculated using Image J. All subjects underwent routine eye examinations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The average age of the AC group was 10.43±2.75y (range 6-17y) and 10.35±3.42y (range 6-14y) in the control group. The MGAR in the AC group was 33.42%±11.91%, significantly higher than that in the control group (18.10%±11.74%, <i>P</i><0.001). Moreover, the MGAR in younger children (aged 12 and below) was significantly higher than in older children (<i>P</i><0.05). Multi-factor linear regression analysis revealed that EST non-projector was a risk factor for MGAR (<i>β</i>=0.332, 95%CI 0.04-0.22, <i>P</i>=0.004), while outdoor exercise time was a protective factor against MGAR (<i>β</i>=-0.407, 95%CI -0.39 to -0.10, <i>P</i>=0.001). The untreated time of AC was identified as a risk factor for MGAR (<i>β</i>=0.24, 95%CI 0.07-1.98, <i>P</i>=0.037), and the frequency of eye rubbing was associated with MG distortion score (<i>P</i>=0.00).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Children with AC exhibit exacerbate MGA, with the degree of atrophy worsening as the untreated time of AC prolongs. Children under 12 years old show a higher MGAR, and EST non-projector negatively impacts MGA, while increased outdoor exercise time acts as a protective factor against MGA.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"18 5","pages":"832-839"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12043294/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144093485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An innovative external drainage device for suprachoroidal fluid: the puncture needle with drainage groove.","authors":"Jing-Wen Hui, Xiao-Li Li, Bo Xiao, Quan-Hong Han, Ying Wang","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2025.05.24","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2025.05.24","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"18 5","pages":"962-964"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12043286/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144093721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corneal light scattering and anterior segment findings in rheumatoid arthritis patients: a prospective study on disease monitoring.","authors":"Serife Ciloglu Hayat, Yusuf Cem Yilmaz, Sefik Can Ipek, Handan Yarkan","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2025.05.18","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2025.05.18","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To evaluate changes in corneal light scattering and anterior segment parameters in newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients who achieved remission with systemic treatment, compared to healthy controls.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital, in ophthalmology, and rheumatology departments. A total of 42 RA patients (13 men and 29 women) and 56 healthy individuals (23 men 33 women) underwent comprehensive ophthalmologic evaluations, including Scheimpflug corneal densitometry and Pentacam HR measurements. Those who initiated systemic treatment for RA were monitored at first, third, and sixth-month follow-ups. Participants who achieved remission at each follow-up assessment were included.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant differences in corneal densitometry were observed, with higher values in RA patients, particularly in the middle and posterior layers. Anterior segment parameters such as anterior chamber volume and angle were significantly reduced in RA patients compared to other groups (<i>P</i><0.001). Following systemic treatment and achievement of remission, these parameters showed regression toward normal values.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study underscores the potential utility of corneal densitometry and anterior segment analysis as sensitive indicators of subclinical ocular involvement in RA, offering insights into disease progression and treatment efficacy. These findings highlight the importance of early detection and regular monitoring in preventing vision-threatening complications in RA patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"18 5","pages":"912-918"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12043288/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144093732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and validation of a visual impairment prediction nomogram in chronic kidney diseases: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2008.","authors":"Yu-He Tan, Jia-Qi Li, Xu-Fang Sun","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2025.05.19","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2025.05.19","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To develop a nomogram to predict the risk of visual impairment (VI) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Totally 897 patients with CKD were selected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The training and validation sets were divided in a 7:3 ratio. Multivariate logistic regression and bidirectional stepwise regression was used to select the factor of developing nomogram. The performance of the nomogram was evaluated by receiver operator characteristic curve, calibration curve and decision curve analysis (DCA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Age, diastolic blood pressure, glucose, serum creatinine, income at or above poverty, and history of smoking were included in the nomogram. And the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the training and validation sets were 0.684 and 0.640, respectively. The fit of the model was demonstrated the calibration curve, and DCA showed the value of clinical application.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The nomogram may help to screening the probability of VI in patients with CKD. Larger samples are needed to validate and improve the model to increase its efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"18 5","pages":"919-924"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12043303/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144093734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of simultaneous intravitreal ranibizumab and extended-release dexamethasone injection on patients with naïve versus refractory retinal vein occlusion macular edema: a prospective, multicenter, and interventional open-label study.","authors":"Yao-Yao Sun, Jie Meng, Shan-Shan Li, Qin Xiao, Tian-Zi Zhang, Heng Miao, Ming-Wei Zhao, Hui-Jun Qi","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2025.05.11","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2025.05.11","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To evaluate the efficacy and safety of concurrent intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) and extended-release dexamethasone injections (Dex-I) in naïve and refractory patients with retinal vein occlusion macular edema (RVO-ME).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a prospective, interventional, and open-label clinical trial. There were two groups: naïve and refractory patients (received ≥5 times of previous IVR within one year prior to enrollment) enrolled. Patients received IVR and Dex-I concurrently and re-combination therapy was required if one or more retreatment criteria were met. IVR and Dex-I were given pro re nata (PRN). The mean changes in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central macular thickness (CMT) were measured as main outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Totally 63 patients (63 eyes) completed the entire follow-up (31 naïve and 32 refractory patients). At month 12, the change in BCVA was greater in the naïve group than in the refractory group [19.67±11.7 (95%CI: 15.03, 24.31) letters <i>vs</i> 11.74±11.18 (95%CI: 7.32, 16.16) letters, <i>P</i>=0.014). There was no difference between the two groups of mean macular thickness reduction [364.26±215.29 (95%CI: 279.09, 449.43) µm <i>vs</i> 410.19±204.34 (95%CI: 329.35, 491.02) µm, <i>P</i>=0.43). The mean co-injection numbers were 2.52±0.58 (95%CI: 2.29, 2.75) and 2.33±0.55 (95%CI: 2.11, 2.55) in both groups (<i>P</i>=0.24), respectively. The retreatment interval was 115.81±13.79 d (95%CI: 110.36, 121.27) and 122.74±14.06 d (95%CI: 119.93, 133.56) in both groups (<i>P</i>=0.073). There was no significant difference in the incidence of glaucoma or the progression of cataracts between the two groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In both naïve and refractory RVO-ME patients, IVR combined with Dex-I is effective. The initial combination therapy for naïve patients demonstrates more efficient improvement in BCVA and may reduce total injection numbers compared to refractory patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"18 5","pages":"860-867"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12043289/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144093763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}