International journal of ophthalmology最新文献

{"title":"Efficacy of 3% diquafosol sodium eye drops at different frequencies in the treatment of dry eye after FS-LASIK.","authors":"Jin-Jin Wang, Ao-Miao Yu, Chang Liu, Yue Huang, Rui-Bo Yang, Chen Zhang, Hui Liu, Shao-Zhen Zhao","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2025.06.04","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2025.06.04","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To compare the efficacy of 3% diquafosol sodium (DQS) eye drops at different frequencies in dry eye (DE) after femtosecond laser-assisted <i>in situ</i> keratomileusis (FS-LASIK).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this prospective study, DE patients after FS-LASIK were randomly divided into two groups. All patients were administered routine anti-inflammatory and anti-infective drugs after FS-LASIK. Additionally, both groups were treated with DQS, at frequencies of 4 (DQS4 group) and 6 (DQS6 group) times daily. Corneal fluorescein staining (CFS) score, non-invasive tear breakup time (NIBUT), tear meniscus height (TMH), lipid layer thickness (LLT), and incomplete blink rate (IBR) were assessed in patients preoperatively and at 1wk, 1, and 3mo postoperatively. The Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire was also administered.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Totally 119 patients (238 eyes) were randomly divided into the DQS4 group (60 individuals with 120 eyes) and DQS6 group (59 individuals with 118 eyes). From 1wk to 1mo after FS-LASIK, the CFS score in the DQS6 group decreased with statistical significance (<i>P</i>=0.014), while the DQS4 group showed an upward trend. Comparing with preoperative values, the NIBUT of both groups was significantly prolonged at various time points after FS-LASIK (<i>P</i><0.05). Within 1mo post FS-LASIK, both groups had significantly higher OSDI scores compared with preoperative values (<i>P</i><0.05). At postoperative 3mo, the DQS4 group recovered to a level similar to that before surgery (<i>P</i>>0.05), while the DQS6 group remained a little higher than preoperative values (<i>P</i>>0.05). The TMH levels in the DQS4 group increased significantly at 1wk postoperatively (<i>P</i><0.05), while there was no statistically significant change in the TMH levels in the DQS6 group (<i>P</i>>0.05). There was no significant difference in IBR and LLT between the two groups within 1mo postoperatively. At postoperative 3mo, the LLT in the DQS4 group was significantly higher than that in the DQS6 group (<i>P</i><0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Within 1mo post-FS-LASIK, applying DQS six times daily is superior to four daily applications in improving CFS score, and in increasing NIBUT meanwhile. After 1mo, applying DQS four times daily also effectively alleviate DE symptoms and improve DE signs. Therefore, we recommend DE patients using DQS eye drops 6 times daily within 1mo after FS-LASIK, and maintaining it 4 times daily until 3mo postoperatively.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"18 6","pages":"996-1002"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12120458/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144325603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ghrelin alleviates high glucose-induced retinal microvascular endothelial cell injury by activating Nrf2/HO-1 pathway to inhibit ferroptosis.","authors":"Fen-Fen Wang, Rong Li, Dan Liao, Chao-Qun Liu, Xiao-Li Yang","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2025.06.02","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2025.06.02","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To investigate the protective role of ghrelin against diabetic retinopathy (DR), focusing on its anti-ferroptotic mechanism in high glucose-induced retinal endothelial injury.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>First, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated interference was conducted to knockdown nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), the expression level of Nrf2 was determined from human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) transfected with either si-NC or si-Nrf2. After that, cells were treated with 10 nmol/L ghrelin and then cultured in a high glucose (30 mmol/L) environment. EdU assay was utilized to assess cell proliferation, while transmission electron microscopy was employed to observe mitochondrial morphology. Flow cytometry was used to measure the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and biochemical assays were conducted to detect malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ferrous iron (Fe²⁺). Western blotting was used to identify the presence of ferroptosis-related proteins such as glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11), Nrf2, and haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Under a high glucose environment, ghrelin could significantly promote the proliferation of HRMECs and mitochondrial status, remarkably decrease the levels of intracellular ROS and MDA, and up-regulate the level of GSH and SOD. Besides, ghrelin greatly reduced Fe²⁺ level in the cells while increased protein levels of GPX4 and SLC7A11. Subsequently, we found that high glucose induced inactivation of Nrf2/HO-1 axis and the protein expression profile were significantly promoted by ghrelin. Moreover, silencing of Nrf2 by siRNA delivery markedly diminished the changes induced by ghrelin in high glucose-induced HRMECs, shown as reduced cell proliferation and increased mitochondrial malformation, up-regulated ROS, MDA, Fe²⁺, GPX4 and SLC7A11, as well as down-regulated GSH, SOD, Nrf2 and HO-1.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Ghrelin attenuates high glucose-induced injury of retinal endothelial cells <i>via</i> inhibiting ferroptosis, and activation of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway may be one of the mechanisms involved in this effect of ghrelin.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"18 6","pages":"978-985"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12120455/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144325607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping key trends, relationships, and molecular pathways for neuroprotection in glaucoma: a bibliometric approach.","authors":"Puneet Agarwal, Renu Agarwal, Igor Iezhitsa","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2025.06.21","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2025.06.21","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glaucoma, a degenerative optic neuropathy, causes retinal ganglion cell (RGC) apoptosis and irreversible vision loss. Current therapies often fail to stop disease progression despite lowering intraocular pressure, the main risk factor. Thus, neuroprotective strategies have gained interest. We performed a bibliometric analysis to determine global publishing trends and relationships among prolific authors, publications, institutions, funding agencies, and journals. We also analyzed author keywords to identify research hotspots in glaucoma neuroprotection. Further, based on keyword analysis, we reviewed most recent literature to understand mechanistic pathways underlying glaucoma-related pathophysiological responses leading to RGC loss. Bibliographic data were sourced from Scopus. Basic bibliographic features were characterized using Scopus's functions. VOSviewer was used for mapping and visualizing bibliometric networks. The analysis included trends in publications since 2000, the most prolific countries, institutions, authors, and the strength of their linkages. A significant increase in publication output over the past two decades was noted. The United States leads in funding support, research output, and citation links, followed by China and the UK. Among the top 10 most cited authors, three are from Japanese institutions. Keyword analysis shows a focus on molecular targets related to ischemia, excitotoxicity, inflammation, and oxidative stress, with fewer emerging drug candidates and limited clinical trials. Based on the most recent literature, emerging molecular targets underlying these key pathophysiological mechanisms are summarized. In conclusion, while pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms are the current focus, there is not much progress in developing new drug candidates and conducting clinical trials.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"18 6","pages":"1131-1145"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12120456/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144325622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Acanthamoeba</i> keratitis in a tertiary referral hospital in central China: demographics, risk factors, clinical presentation, treatments and outcomes.","authors":"Jia-Song Wang, Dan Zhao, Tian-Yu Yao, Xiao-Ying Jiang, Hua-Tao Xie, Ming-Chang Zhang","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2025.06.07","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2025.06.07","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To investigate the demographics, risk factors, clinical presentation, treatments and outcomes of <i>Acanthamoeba</i> keratitis (AK) in a tertiary referral hospital in central China.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this noncomparative, retrospective study, a total of 21 AK patients were enrolled between April 2020 and March 2023. All patients underwent anterior segment photography, <i>in vivo</i> confocal microscopy (IVCM), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The most common potential predisposing factors were contact lens wearing (71.4%), mostly were students, and organic trauma (23.8%), mainly by outdoor workers. And 80.9% of patients were initially misdiagnosed with herpes keratitis. The clinical features were radial keratoneuritis 42.8% (<i>n</i>=9), crude salt-like granular dense infiltration 28.6% (<i>n</i>=6), and corneal ring infiltration 28.6% (<i>n</i>=6). Fifteen patients were completely cured by medical therapy, and six patients with corneal ring infiltration feature were performed conjunctival flap covering surgery (CFCS), three of them later underwent secondary deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK). All patients completed their follow-up at the Union Hospital, with a total of 20 patients (95.2%) had improved visual acuity after treatment, 1 had no change. Corneal scarring and vascularization were the two most common complications of AK in this study, with incidence rates of 85.7% and 28.6%, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In central China, AK occurs predominantly in contact lens wearers, mainly in students with myopia prevention and control. The radial keratoneuritis with crude salt-like granular dense infiltration can generally be effectively managed with medications. In contrast, corneal ring infiltration necessitates immediate surgical intervention. The CFCS combined with secondary DALK is effective for patients with high-risk AK in this condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"18 6","pages":"1016-1022"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12120450/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144325681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of combining posterior scleral contraction and intravitreal C₃F₈ injection in high myopia with macular hole retinal detachment.","authors":"Si Chen, Jie Ye, Qin-Tuo Pan, Fang Huang, Lin-Yan Zheng, Hui-Fang Ye, Yan-Feng Su, Yan Li, Shuang-Qian Zhu","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2025.06.14","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2025.06.14","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To evaluate the efficacy and safety of combining posterior scleral contraction (PSC) with intravitreal perfluoropropane (C₃F₈) injection in high myopia with macular hole retinal detachment (MHRD).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 22 participants (22 eyes) with high myopia [axial length (AL)≥26.5 mm] and MHRD who underwent PSC combined with intravitreal C₃F₈ injection, with at least 6mo of follow-up were retrospectively recruited. Outcome measures included best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), AL, optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings, and adverse events. Retinal recovery was categorized as type I (macular hole bridging with retinal reattachment) or type II (reattachment without hole bridging).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age of participants was 62.1±8.8y and mean follow-up duration was 9.18±4.21mo. Complete retinal reattachment was observed in 11 eyes (50%) at postoperative day 1, 19 eyes (86.3%) at week 1, and all 22 eyes at month 1. Ten eyes (45.5%) achieved type I recovery and 12 eyes (54.5%) achieved type II. Mean BCVA improved from 1.68±0.84 logMAR before surgery to 1.21±0.65 logMAR after surgery (<i>P</i><0.001), and AL was significantly reduced compared to baseline (29.07±2.05 <i>vs</i> 30.8±2.2 mm; <i>P</i><0.001). No serious complications were reported.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>PSC combined with intravitreal C₃F₈ injection is a safe and effective treatment for MHRD in highly myopic eyes, especially for retinal detachment limited within the vascular arcade.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"18 6","pages":"1077-1084"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12120467/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144325604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the risk factors for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment associated with choroidal detachment from the viewpoint of treatment patterns: a retrospective study.","authors":"Kai Gao, Zi-Ye Chen, Zhuang-Ling Lin, Ya-Ping Liu, Bao-Yi Liu, Yuan Ma, Zi-Tong Chen, Rebiya Tuxun, Lan Jiang, Zhuo-Jun Xu, Chin-Ling Tsai, Kun-Bei Lai, Tao Li","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2025.06.13","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2025.06.13","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To compare the proportion of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) associated with choroidal detachment (RRDCD) in the emergency surgery group with the routine inpatient surgery group and determine risk factors for RRDCD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 694 patients (694 eyes) diagnosed with RRD in the emergency surgery (the median duration of RRD was 5d) group were included from the Department of Ophthalmic Emergency, and 692 patients (eyes) in the routine inpatient surgery group (the median duration was 15d) were selected randomly from the Ocular Fundus Department. Demographics, refractive status, macular status, lens status, extent of retinal detachment, number of retinal breaks, duration of symptoms before surgery, and the incidence of RRDCD were compared. A logistic regression analysis was used to determine potential risk factors for RRDCD.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared to the routine inpatient surgery group, the emergency surgery group had a significant less median time to surgery (<i>P</i><0.001) and a decreased proportion of RRDCD (2.88% <i>vs</i> 10.84%, <i>P</i><0.001). Logistic regression analysis revealed that a prolonged duration of RRD [OR 3.51, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.98-6.23], pseudophakia/aphakia status [OR 2.74, 95%CI (1.50-4.98)], multiple retinal breaks [OR 1.67, 95%CI (1.03-2.70)], and a substantial extent of RRD [OR 11.58, 95%CI (7.12-18.84)] were independent risk factors for RRDCD.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Emergency surgical pattern of RRD demonstrates a lower incidence of RRDCD. The adoption of an expedited surgical approach has the potential to reduce the duration of RRD, possibly correlating with a decreased risk of RRDCD development.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"18 6","pages":"1071-1076"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12120457/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144325606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of combined eplerenone, aflibercept and nepafenac therapy on central serous chorioretinopathy.","authors":"Wael Ahmed Ewais, Lamia Samy Ali, Fayrouz Aboalazayem","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2025.06.12","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2025.06.12","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To describe the influence of adding topical nepafenac to both; oral eplerenone and intravitreal aflibercept on serous foveal detachment in eyes with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective cohort study included 31 eyes with non-resolving and recurrent CSCR that have been treated between 2015 and 2022 at Kasr Alainy Hospital. They were subdivided into Group A, which had been treated with a combination of systemic eplerenone, intravitreal aflibercept and topical nepafenac, and Group B, which had been treated with a combination of systemic eplerenone and intravitreal aflibercept (without topical nepafenac). Our outcome measures included changes in the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central subfield macular thickness (CMT) and serous detachment height (SDH) at baseline and at 2mo after treatment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Group A included 16 eyes. BCVA improved significantly from a logMAR of 0.62±0.44 to 0.42±0.47 (<i>P</i>=0.03), CMT decreased significantly from 401±61 to 301±100 µm, and SDH decreased significantly from 188±81 to 71±100 µm. Group B included 15 eyes. BCVA improved significantly from a logMAR of 0.68±0.39 to 0.55±0.62 (<i>P</i>=0.03), CMT decreased significantly from 411±39 µm to 334±92 µm, and SDH decreased significantly from 191±88 to 121±74 µm. There was a significant difference between changes in BCVA, CMT, and SDH between the two groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Using topical nepafenac in combination with both systemic eplerenone, and intravitreal aflibercept may provide better results in the treatment of CSCR.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"18 6","pages":"1064-1070"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12120463/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144325610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Macular pigment optical density and measurement technology based on artificial intelligence: a narrative review.","authors":"Yu-Xuan Yuan, Hong-Yun Wu, Wen-Jin Yuan, Yi-Lin Zhong, Zhe Xu","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2025.06.23","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2025.06.23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Macular pigment (MP) is a crucial pigment in the macular region. It plays an important role in filtering blue light, and exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Macular pigment optical density (MPOD) is a key indicator for assessing the density of MP in the macular area and is closely associated with eye diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma. This review aims to explore the clinical significance of MPOD and its research value in ophthalmology and other medical fields. It summarizes the current MPOD measurement techniques, categorizing them into two main types (<i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i>), and discusses their respective advantages and limitations. Additionally, given the advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and deep-learning technologies that offer new opportunities for improving MPOD assessment, this review analyzes the significant potential and future prospects of AI-based fundus image analysis in MPOD measurement. The goal of AI-based analysis is to provide faster and more accurate detection methods, thereby promoting further research and new clinical applications of MPOD in the field of ophthalmology.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"18 6","pages":"1152-1162"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12120468/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144325611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between findings in nailfold capillaroscopy and diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review and Meta-analysis.","authors":"Qi Yan, Shi-Si Chen, Xi-Ting Lu, Hao Chen, Chao-Ying Han, Hui-Qun Wu, Li-Li Shi","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2025.06.20","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2025.06.20","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To systematically evaluate the association between nailfold capillaroscopic findings and diabetic retinopathy (DR) and compare findings in diabetic patients with and without DR.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases were searched from inception to February 2024. The quality of the included studies was evaluated using a National Institutes of Health (NIH) Quality Assessment tool for Observational Cohort and Cross Sectional Studies. Meta-analysis was conducted to compare the findings of nailfold capillaroscopy between diabetic patients with or without DR. Subgroup analysis was employed to investigate the source of heterogeneity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Totally 12 studies with 1349 diabetic patients were included, of which 628 had DR. The overall quality of included studies was acceptable. Patients with DR had increased arteriolar diameters [mean difference (MD): 2.68, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.64-4.72] and a higher risk of developing nailfold capillaroscopic abnormalities, including bushy capillaries [odds ratio (OR): 2.82, 95%CI: 1.65-4.80], neoformation (OR: 4.61, 95%CI: 3.15-6.76), megacapillaries (OR: 8.37, 95%CI: 5.07-13.80), tortuosity (OR: 7.29, 95%CI: 2.76-19.22), microhemorrhages (OR: 6.16, 95%CI: 2.48-15.26), meandering capillaries (OR: 4.68, 95%CI: 1.05-20.80) and avascular areas (OR: 7.92, 95%CI: 2.68-23.38). The presence of tortuous capillary was more common in DR in India than in Turkey, while avascular area in the nailfolds was linked to DR only in India (OR: 11.28, 95%CI: 3.91-32.60). Among the nailfold capillaroscopic abnormalities, tortuosity, microhemorrhage, and meandering capillary showed no significant correlation with the severity of DR, except for avascular area (<i>P</i>=0.04).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There are significant associations between nailfold capillaroscopic findings and the presence of DR, supporting its potential as a non-invasive technique for monitoring microvascular changes in diabetic patients. However, further research is needed to validate its utility as an early screening tool for microvascular complications in diabetes.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"18 6","pages":"1123-1130"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12120462/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144325684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between blood urea nitrogen to albumin ratio and diabetic retinopathy: insights from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.","authors":"Fei-Fei Dai, Jian-Dong Pan, Xiao-Jie He","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2025.06.17","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2025.06.17","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To investigate whether blood urea nitrogen to serum albumin ratio (BAR) influences the onset and progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in diabetic patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The diabetic individuals were extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database spanning 1999 to 2018. The BAR was calculated as the ratio of blood urea nitrogen to serum albumin. To evaluate the association between BAR levels and DR, a generalized additive model and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed. Additionally, subgroup analyses were conducted to determine whether other factors modified this association.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The number of eligible individuals in the current research endeavor equaled 5798. The resulting data were indicative of the existence of a nearly linearly positive relationship between BAR levels and DR. Following confounding variable adjustment (age, gender, marital status, red blood cell, hemoglobin, lactate dehydrogenase, uric acid, creatinine, gender, red cell distribution width, high-density lipoprotein, glucose, sodium, glycated hemoglobin, hypertension, and total cholesterol), the multivariate investigation implied that an elevated DR risk correlated with elevated levels of BAR (OR: 1.46, 95%CI: 1.20-1.79). This relationship was noted to be reliable and stable across diverse analyses, following the conduction of sensitivity analysis (<i>P</i> for trend: 0.0002). Subgroup analysis showed no statistically significant interactions between BAR and most other risk factors for DR.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study provides evidence of a positive association between elevated BAR levels and an increased risk of DR in diabetic individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"18 6","pages":"1097-1104"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12120471/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144325683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}