International Journal of Retina and Vitreous最新文献

{"title":"Ocular neuromodulation as a novel treatment for retinitis pigmentosa: identifying rod responders and predictors of visual improvement.","authors":"Ismail M Musallam","doi":"10.1186/s40942-025-00699-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40942-025-00699-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the safety and efficacy of ophthalmic nerve stimulation (ONS), combined with ascorbic acid (AA) in the treatment of retinitis pigmentosa (RP).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Forty participants with RP were enrolled in a prospective open-label single-armed intervention. Patients with non-syndromic RP; aged ≥ 4 years, with BCVA ≥ 20/400 were included. All participants were treated with bilateral ONS sessions combined with intravenous administration of AA for two weeks. The primary efficiency endpoint was the change in scotopic vision at 6 months, assessed using 10-item, 100-point, Low Luminance Questionnaire (LLQ-10). The secondary efficiency points included BCVA and contrast sensitivity. Rod responders were defined by ≥ 25 points increment of LLQ-10 score at 6 months' visit.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ocular neuromodulation therapy significantly improved low luminance vision, BCVA, and contrast sensitivity in patients with RP (p ≤ 0.05). At 6-month visits, 60% of patients were identified as rod responders. The mean change in LLQ-10 score was (46.35 ± 16.81 point) in rod responders versus (4.9 ± 7.6 point) in non-responders (p < 0.0001). A clinically significant improvement of BCVA (≥ 0.2 logMAR unit) and contrast sensitivity (≥ 0.3 log unit) were demonstrated in 50% of the right eyes of rod responders.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Ocular neuromodulation significantly improved night vision, BCVA, and contrast sensitivity. Determinants of rod responders include the duration of night blindness, stage of the disease, and thickness of ganglion cell layer at baseline. Two therapeutic scenarios were recognized; an early disease-modifying intervention that restores night vision and a late cone rescue intervention that improves/maintains central vision.</p>","PeriodicalId":14289,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Retina and Vitreous","volume":"11 1","pages":"73"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12210903/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144540127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Open globe injuries in a croatian cohort: characteristics and prognostic value of the ocular trauma score in predicting the final visual outcome.","authors":"Ivan Borjan, Ivna Pleština-Borjan, Robert Stanić, Ljubo Znaor, Beáta Éva Petrovski, Goran Petrovski","doi":"10.1186/s40942-025-00696-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40942-025-00696-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Open globe injuries (OGI) are the most severe and sight-treating ocular traumas encountered in ophthalmology. The purpose of the study is to analyze the characteristics and prognostic factors of OGI and to evaluate the prognostic value of the Ocular Trauma Score (OTS) in predicting final visual outcome.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective study analyzing OGI in 56 patients referred to the Eye Clinic, University Hospital Centre Split, Croatia, was conducted between January 2020 and January 2023. The characteristics of OGI and other relevant factors contributing to the final visual outcome were analyzed. The comparison between the final visual outcomes predicted by OTS system and those observed in the study was performed. Non-parametric statistical methods (Wilcoxon, Kruskal-Wallis and chi-square tests) with the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons were used in statistical analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The average age of patients was 45 years; 48 (86%) were males and 8 (14%) females. Most of the patients (68%) were admitted to the hospital and treated within 6 h after the injury. Most of the injuries (88%) occurred during leisure time and most often were located in zone 2 (46%). Penetrating injuries were the most frequent injury type (52%), while globe rupture was present in 16 (29%) patients. The posterior segment was affected in 27 (48%) patients. In 16 (29%) patients, final BCVA reached ≥ 0.5. The worst final BCVA- NLP was most commonly experienced in patients with globe rupture (38%). Poor final BCVA was statistically significantly associated with worse initial BCVA (P < 0.001), globe rupture (P < 0.001), lower OTS category (P < 0.001), and the presence of RAPD (P < 0.001). The final visual results were comparable with predicted visual outcome by OTS.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study cohort from Croatia showed that the most important factors in the prognosis of final BCVA in OGI were initial BCVA, injury type, RAPD, localization and extent of the wound, and appropriate, timely surgical treatment in specialized institutions with experienced surgeons. Furthermore, our study findings are mostly consistent with those of the international OTS group and support the view that OTS is a reliable predictor of the final visual outcome.</p>","PeriodicalId":14289,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Retina and Vitreous","volume":"11 1","pages":"72"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12210725/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144540187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of epiretinal membrane stage and postoperative treatment on visual and anatomical outcomes following vitrectomy in eyes with preexisting macular edema.","authors":"Efstathios Vounotrypidis, Julie Meyer, Denise Vogt, Christian Wertheimer, Tina Herold, Siegfried Priglinger, Armin Wolf","doi":"10.1186/s40942-025-00697-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40942-025-00697-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Backround: </strong>Idiopathic epiretinal membrane (iERM) is often associated with different types of macular edema (ME). This study aimed to evaluate the impact of iERM stage and postoperative treatment on visual and anatomical outcomes after pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with peeling in eyes with iERM and treatment-naïve pre-existing ME.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective analysis included eyes with iERM and different preexisting ME (microcystic = MME, cystoid = CME or combined ME) that underwent PPV with iERM and ILM-peeling and were followed for 12 months. Various OCT parameters, including central foveal thickness (CRT), outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness, ectopic inner foveal layer (EIFL) thickness, presence of subretinal fluid, ellipsoid zone defects and central bouquet abnormalities were evaluated for their correlation with visual outcomes. Standard escalating postoperative treatment was steroids, adjuvant non-steroidal anti-inflammatory eye drops, adjuvant parabulbous injection (40 mg triamcinolone), intravitreal injection of long-lasting dexamethasone implant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fifty eyes of 50 patients with iERM (stages 2-4) and MME (n = 20), CME (n = 15) or combined ME (n = 15) were included. Baseline BCVA was better in lower iERM stages (p = 0.011), showed no significant differences at 12 months (p = 0.379) and depended on underlying ME (p < 0.001). Worse final BCVA was associated with older age (Odds ratio [OR], 1.292; p = 0.001), need for treatment with intravitreal injection according to the standard escalating treatment schema (OR: 1.230; p = 0.007), preoperative EIFL > 100 μm (OR: 1.305; p < 0.001) and preoperative CRT < 450 μm (OR: 1.164; p = 0.048).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Baseline BCVA varied depending on pre-existing ME and iERM stage. Final BCVA was similar across all iERM stages but poorer in eyes with combined ME. Older age, preoperative EIFL > 100 μm, and need for treatment with intravitreal injection were associated with worse final BCVA.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board and the Ethics Committee of the Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich (Ethics Votum: 19/624) and adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.</p>","PeriodicalId":14289,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Retina and Vitreous","volume":"11 1","pages":"74"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12217536/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144540188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of horizontal and vertical posterior pole steepness on the dimensions of idiopathic macular hole.","authors":"Niroj Kumar Sahoo, Jay Chhablani, Ashika Patil, Ninan Jacob, Mudit Tyagi, Srinivas Rao Podili, Rahman Khan Pathan","doi":"10.1186/s40942-025-00700-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40942-025-00700-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Macular holes (MH) vary immensely with respect to size and shape among different individuals. In an attempt to see if the curvature of the retinal pigment epithelium has any role, we aimed to analyse the influence of horizontal and vertical posterior pole steepness on idiopathic macular hole dimensions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a retrospective observational study done in eyes with a diagnosis of idiopathic macular hole. Various MH parameters like baseline hole parameters like minimum linear diameter (MLD), baseline hole diameter (BHD), and hole angles were calculated. Steepness in the form of tangent angles was measured in both horizontal and vertical meridian at 6 mm and under the MH margins at 1.5 mm.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>52 eyes of 52 patients were included. Horizontal MLD showed weak correlation with average horizontal hole angle (r=-0.28, p = 0.04); average vertical hole angle (r=-0.28, p = 0.04). Horizontal BHD showed significant correlation with the horizontal hole margin tangent apical angle (r=-0.46, p = 0.001); average horizontal hole angle (r=-0.45, p = 0.001). Vertical MLD showed correlation with average horizontal hole angle (r=-0.28, p = 0.04) and average vertical hole angle (r=-0.33, p = 0.03). Vertical BHD showed correlation with horizontal hole margin tangent apical angle (r=-0.38, p = 0.004) and vertical hole margin tangent apical angle (r=-0.31, p = 0.03); vertical 6 mm tangent apical angle (r=-0.36, p = 0.01). On multivariate regression analysis, factors favouring a type 2 closure include, lower superior hole angle and higher inferior to superior tangent base angle ratio.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Hole margin tangent angles were seen to correlate with the size and shape of the hole. Future studies with bigger sample size are required to validate it further.</p>","PeriodicalId":14289,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Retina and Vitreous","volume":"11 1","pages":"70"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12183840/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144475152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography biomarkers in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: a systematic review.","authors":"Omid Mirmosayyeb, Mohammad Yazdan Panah, Reza Kord, Elahe Espoo, Saeed Vaheb, Aram Zabeti, Vahid Shaygannejad","doi":"10.1186/s40942-025-00698-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40942-025-00698-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) are autoimmune disorders of the central nervous system with overlapping clinical manifestations but distinct treatments and prognoses. Imaging markers are necessary to differentiate between these disorders, especially when serologic testing is unavailable or unclear. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) serves as a non-invasive imaging tool that assesses retinal microvascular alterations, potentially as a modality for differentiating MS and NMOSD. This review aimed to assess and consolidate evidence on retinal vascular alterations, measured by OCT-A, in people with MS (PwMS) and people with NMOSD (PwNMOSD) to help discriminate between these disorders.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase were systematically searched up to August 27, 2024, to identify original English studies that compared OCT-A parameters between PwMS and PwNMOSD. The risk of bias across studies was evaluated utilizing the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Findings were consolidated using a narrative synthesis method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nine studies involving 181 PwMS and 166 PwNMOSD were included. Compared to PwMS, PwNMOSD exhibited significantly lower vessel densities in the peripapillary and macular regions, reduced radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) density, and smaller foveal avascular zone (FAZ) areas, particularly in optic neuritis (ON)-affected eyes. Minimal differences were observed in eyes without ON, suggesting that ON may be crucial when utilizing OCT-A biomarkers for disease discrimination.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>OCT-A metrics demonstrate potential as biomarkers that may help distinguish MS and NMOSD, with PwNMOSD showing more severe retinal vascular alterations. These preliminary findings highlight that OCT-A may hold promise as a diagnostic tool for differentiating MS and NMOSD. Further studies are needed to validate these findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":14289,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Retina and Vitreous","volume":"11 1","pages":"71"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12183867/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144475073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of tilt and decentration of a 4-point scleral fixated intraocular lens using an innovative digital measurement methodology.","authors":"Denise Pardini, Monica Ms Matsumoto, Marina Roizenblatt, Ana Marisa Branco, Paulo Schor, Norma Allemann, Michel Farah, André Maia, Maurício Maia","doi":"10.1186/s40942-025-00690-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40942-025-00690-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14289,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Retina and Vitreous","volume":"11 1","pages":"69"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12180274/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144336525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Faricimab for treatment-resistant choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD): seven-months results using artificial intelligence and OCTA.","authors":"Anna Heinke, Alexandra Warter, Ines D Nagel, Akshay Agnihotri, Nehal Nailesh Mehta, Carlo Miguel B Galang, Daniel N Deussen, Dirk-Uwe G Bartsch, Lingyun Cheng, Henry A Ferreyra, William R Freeman","doi":"10.1186/s40942-025-00691-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40942-025-00691-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>To analyze the therapeutic response to faricimab 6 mg/0.05 ml in eyes with neovascular AMD (nAMD) with refractory intra- and/or subretinal fluid due to choroidal neovascularization (CNV), previously unresponsive to 4 mg monthly aflibercept and combination therapy with anti-VEGF and long-acting steroids.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective case series study of 22 eyes with unresponsive CNV, despite monthly intravitreal treatment (mean number of pre-faricimab injections: 35.52 ± 17.12). We evaluated therapeutic response in eyes with persistent intra/subretinal fluid (IRF/SRF) unresponsive to anti-VEGF double-dose (DD) monotherapy (4-mg aflibercept) and/or simultaneous DD anti-VEGF (4-mg aflibercept) with steroids (triamcinolone). Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), and optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements of central retinal thickness (CRT) were recorded for 7 follow-ups. Baseline and follow-up OCTs were examined by an AI-developed platform (Discovery OCT Fluid and Biomarker Detector, RetinAI AG, Switzerland) to measure the volume of IRF, SRF, and pigment epithelium detachment (PED) in nanoliters (nL) and CRT in micrometers (μm). Paired t-test compared these parameters at baseline and after treatment. OCTA analysis of CNV before and after treatment with faricimab was conducted using Angio-Tool software.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Anatomic outcomes included mean CRT reduction of -25.3 μm (p = 0.0118) at month-1, -16.15 μm (p = 0.0414) at month-4, and -26.36 μm (p = 0.0129) after the 7th follow-up. AI-assisted software analysis showed a significant reduction of IRF, SRF, and PED volume at multiple time points after initiating faricimab. There was a non-significant improvement in BCVA.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Switching to faricimab improved anatomy in highly treatment-resistant CNV eyes, indicating its potential when other therapeutic options have failed.</p>","PeriodicalId":14289,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Retina and Vitreous","volume":"11 1","pages":"68"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12175346/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144316871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation of retinal thickness, macular volume, and their fluctuation with visual outcomes in patients with macular edema due to retinal vein occlusion.","authors":"Kwanchanok Rattanalert, Patama Bhurayanontachai, Mansing Ratanasukon, Pichai Jirarattanasopa, Wantanee Dangboon Tsutsumi","doi":"10.1186/s40942-025-00693-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40942-025-00693-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study aimed to examine the utility of macular volume (MV), central retinal thickness (CRT), and their fluctuations for predicting post-treatment visual acuity in patients with macular edema (ME) secondary to retinal vein occlusion (RVO).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective cohort study included patients treated with intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy for ME due to RVO at a tertiary university hospital between August 2016 and July 2020. We identify the correlation of the MV, CRT, with their fluctuations, and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) measured using optical coherence tomography at baseline and at 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-months post-treatment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 74 eyes included, 27 and 47 had central RVO (CRVO) and branch RVO (BRVO), respectively. Following anti-VEGF therapy both, the CRVO and BRVO group exhibited significant improvements in BCVA, CRT, and MV compared to baseline. In all patients, MV was consistently correlated with BCVA, whereas CRT was correlated with BCVA at selected time points. In patients with CRVO, MV was a better predictor of post-treatment visual outcomes than CRT. Moreover, fluctuations in CRT and MV correlated with BCVA over 12 months.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>MV yielded more correlation with visual outcomes in patients with RVO and ME receiving anti-VEGF therapy than CRT. Considering concurrent MV and CRT measurements could enhance more precision of treatment assessment, especially in CRVO patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":14289,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Retina and Vitreous","volume":"11 1","pages":"67"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12168338/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144309866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visualizing the invisible: inner plexiform layer stratification with conventional spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.","authors":"Ricardo Luz Leitão Guerra, Luiz Roisman, Jay S Duker, Giuseppe Querques, Luiz Filipe Adami Lucatto, Emmerson Badaró, Gabriel Castilho S Barbosa, Eduardo Amorim Novais","doi":"10.1186/s40942-025-00692-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40942-025-00692-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The inner plexiform layer (IPL) of the retina plays a key role in visual processing, consisting of five stratified sub-bands (S1-S5) that segregate ON and OFF visual pathways. Until now, resolving these IPL sub-layers was only possible with experimental high-resolution (HR-OCT) or visible-light OCT (VIS-OCT), which remain inaccessible for clinical use. This study provides the first demonstration that IPL stratification can be visualized using commercially available spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT) with optimized imaging and grayscale inversion.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective, cross-sectional image analysis study included three healthy individuals who underwent macular OCT imaging. Two subjects were imaged with SD-OCT devices (Nidek RS3000 Advance and Zeiss Cirrus 6000), while one subject was imaged with a swept-source OCT (SS-OCT) device (Topcon Triton DRI). High-density B-scans (1024 A-scans per B-scan) with 120 repetitions for noise reduction were analyzed in both standard and inverted grayscale display modes. The impact of scan size (12 mm, 6 mm, and 3 mm) on IPL visualization was also evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In conventional grayscale, IPL stratification was indistinct. However, inverted grayscale revealed five IPL sub-bands in all cases, particularly in the parafoveal region where the IPL is thicker. Hyperreflective dots near IPL-1, likely representing the superficial capillary plexus, were also identified. The 3-mm scan protocol provided superior sub-layer differentiation compared to 12-mm scans. However, SS-OCT images did not allow for the distinction of the five IPL strata.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study challenges the belief that IPL stratification cannot be identified with conventional SD-OCT. By refining imaging parameters and using grayscale inversion, this approach enhances retinal circuit analysis with standard technology. While SD-OCT enables detailed IPL visualization under specific conditions, SS-OCT does not appear to be well-suited for this purpose. These findings redefine SD-OCT's diagnostic capabilities, opening avenues for research in ophthalmology and neurodegenerative disease monitoring. Further studies should establish best practices and expand clinical applications for this novel methodology.</p>","PeriodicalId":14289,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Retina and Vitreous","volume":"11 1","pages":"65"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12168253/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144302112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of disease duration on foveal microvasculature assessed by OCTA in type 2 diabetes mellitus without clinical diabetic retinopathy.","authors":"David Leonardo Cruvinel Isaac, Alexandre Caiado Ferreira Pires, Laís Lauria Neves, Jamil Miguel Neto, Heitor do Amaral Simões, Karime Fugihara Iwamoto, Raphael Toledo Remiggi, Leticia Pinheiro de Freitas, Alexandre Chater Taleb, Marcos Avila","doi":"10.1186/s40942-025-00694-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40942-025-00694-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The objective of this study was to establish a comparison between the vessel density (VD) and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who lacked clinical signs of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and non-diabetic patients using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional comparative case-control study (unpaired) was carried out at two tertiary hospitals. All subjects underwent optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) examination (DRI OCT Triton Swept Source, Topcon, Japan). The average VD in the superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and the deep capillary plexus (DCP), the FAZ area (mm2) in SCP, and DCP were taken into analysis. The time since the diagnosis of T2DM was used to stratify patients with diabetes between 5 and 10 years and those with a diagnosis of more than 10 years.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared to non-diabetic controls, the parafoveal VD in both SCP and DCP was significantly reduced in the eyes of T2DM patients without clinical DR (p < 0.001). Additionally, the VD was also statistically reduced in T2DM diagnosed more than 10 years ago compared to T2DM cases diagnosed between 5 and 10 years ago (p < 0.001). The FAZ area in both plexuses was larger in T2DM eyes compared to controls (p < 0.001). The FAZ area was enlarged in DCP (p = 0.04), but there was no significance of FAZ area in SCP when comparing patients with T2DM diagnosed between 5 and 10 years ago to those diagnosed more than 10 years ago (p = 0.06).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In diabetic patients with long-term diagnosed disease, OCTA was shown to be capable of detecting preclinical microvascular foveal abnormalities prior to the development of clinically apparent retinopathy. According to our findings, OCTA has the potential to be a promising instrument for the early detection of vascular micro-abnormalities and the routine screening of diabetic eyes.</p>","PeriodicalId":14289,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Retina and Vitreous","volume":"11 1","pages":"66"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12168325/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144302111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}