International Journal of Retina and Vitreous最新文献

{"title":"Injecting OVD temporarily seal the edge of the retinectomy to prevent subretinal perfluorocarbon liquid droplets retention and retinal slippage during fluid-air exchange.","authors":"Zifang He, Yinong Guo, Yilinuer Yilihaer, Suyu Liu, Yifei Tang, Lv Xie, Ye Zhang, Yajun Liu, Zhenggao Xie","doi":"10.1186/s40942-026-00828-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40942-026-00828-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: To investigate effect of the injection of ophthalmic viscosurgical device (DisCoVisc) temporarily seal the edge of the retinectomy to prevent subretinal perfluorocarbon liquid (PFCL) droplets retention and retinal slippage during fluid-air exchange. METHODS: PFCL was injected, with the fluid level extended 3–5 mm above the posterior edge of the retinectomy. Laser photocoagulation was applied around the edge of the retinectomy. DisCoVisc was then injected under PFCL and evenly applied along the edge of the retinectomy to achieve temporary and complete sealing. Under infusion fluid, PFCL was completely removed. Then fluid-air exchange was applied. Finally, silicone oil was injected for intravitreal tamponade. RESULTS: A total of 9 patients (9 eyes) were included in this study, all of whom underwent retinectomy. On postoperative day 1, the retinas of all patients remained fully attached without any flap inversion or slippage. No subretinal PFCL droplets were detected. At last visit, the mean IOP was 15.61 ± 7.18 mmHg, without significant difference compared to preoperative IOP (13.39 ± 4.97 mmHg) (P = 0.455), but the mean post-operative BCVA (1.01 ± 0.62) logMAR (Snellen equivalent 20/200) with a significant difference compared to preoperative BCVA (2.04 ± 1.42) logMAR (Snellen equivalent 20/2190) (P = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS: Injecting DisCoVisc under PFCL to temporarily seal the edge of the retinectomy effectively prevents infusion fluid and PFCL droplets from entering the subretinal space during fluid–air exchange, thereby reducing the risk of retinal slippage and subretinal PFCL retention. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable. </p>","PeriodicalId":14289,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Retina and Vitreous","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13085658/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147389788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infectious retinitis associated with JAK inhibitors: the ongoing duality of JAK inhibitors.","authors":"Jose S Pulido, Fukutaro Mano, Marcello Casella, Susumu Ishida","doi":"10.1186/s40942-026-00823-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40942-026-00823-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>PURPOSE: To discuss the recent evidence that Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors can cause viral retinitis. METHODS: A commentary on the case report in this issue and a review of cases in the literature. RESULTS: A total of 6 cases have now been reported of cytomegalovirus retinitis associated with Jak inhibitors. Additionally, there was a case of bilateral toxoplasma retinitis and a case of herpetic scleritis. DISCUSSION: It is important to be aware of the potential blinding complications associated with JAK inhibitors and if the patient complains of acute vision loss and/or floaters, the patient should be emergently referred to a retina specialist. </p>","PeriodicalId":14289,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Retina and Vitreous","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12964922/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147369467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of glycemic control among patients undergoing surgical treatment for advanced diabetic retinopathy in Saudi Arabia.","authors":"Ahmed Radi Algethami, Thuraya Zaki Jastaniah, Jouri Khalid Futaini, Abeer Saleh Fallatah, Shahad Aref Almatrafi, Sally Farahat Elsehimy, Ali Mohammed Bin Mahfodh","doi":"10.1186/s40942-026-00826-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40942-026-00826-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Glycemic Control and its most common complication Diabetic retinopathy are a leading cause of visual impairment among diabetic patients which has a significant effect on patients' quality of life.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study aims to determine the impact of poor glycemic control (HbA1c) in preoperative tests and how it will affect the surgical outcome for advanced diabetic retinopathy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective case series study was employed at King Abdullah Medical City, Makkah. Analyzing 91 patients who underwent surgical treatment for advanced diabetic retinopathy from January 1, 2021, to 31 December 2021. Data were collected using the Track Care system, targeting patients whose preoperative level of glycemic control (HbA1c) was uncontrolled.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The final outcome determined that preoperative vision was poor in 18 patients with controlled HbA1c (≤7), and 52 patients (57%) had uncontrolled HbA1c (>7%). Compared with postoperative vision, it was poor in 20 patients with controlled HbA1c and 49 with uncontrolled HbA1c, and good in only 4 patients with controlled HbA1c and 18 with uncontrolled HbA1c (p>0.05). The average level of poorly controlled HbA1c in preoperative tests reaches 8.13 in our referred patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study concluded that the elevated HbA1c levels were associated with poor perioperative outcomes in diabetic patients undergoing surgical management for advanced retinopathy, highlighting the importance of optimizing glycemic control prior to surgery.</p>","PeriodicalId":14289,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Retina and Vitreous","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13059287/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147344240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19-related acute macular neuroretinopathy in China: a retrospective study of 90 cases (152 eyes).","authors":"Hua Fu, Boya Chen, Yanming Xu, Houyue Liu, Zeyu Cai, Qiannan Chai, Nalei Zhou, Xuejing Li, Jialiang Duan","doi":"10.1186/s40942-026-00825-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40942-026-00825-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: Acute macular neuroretinopathy (AMN), a rare retinal disorder, is characterized by mild visual impairment that is associated with macular lesions. AMN cases increased during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Chinese ophthalmology clinics have also observed an increase in cases since the end of 2022. We analyzed the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19-related AMN cases in China. METHODS: This retrospective study included 90 patients (152 eyes). Information regarding COVID-19-related AMN cases was collected from online consultations and local clinics. Cases were diagnosed using multimodal fundus imaging. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate clinical features and prognostic characteristics. RESULTS: Most patients were female (n = 70; 78%) and young (mean age, 28.6 ± 6.0 years). Bilateral AMN lesions were observed in 69% (n = 62) of patients. Most patients (n = 79; 88%) experienced a peak in ocular symptoms on the second to third day after COVID-19 symptoms, following a high fever. The most common ocular symptom was scotomas (n = 63 eyes; 41%). Most eyes (n = 112; 74%) had a baseline best-corrected visual acuity of ≥ 20/40. Among 56 patients (96 eyes) with follow-up durations of 3–15 months, changes in patient-reported visual symptoms were observed, with improvement in 41% of eyes (n = 39), no change in 46% (n = 44), and worsening in 13% (n = 13). CONCLUSIONS: Recognizing and addressing COVID-19-related retinal complications, particularly AMN, are important. Follow-up is crucial for monitoring the progression and evolution of visual symptoms and retinal changes over time. </p>","PeriodicalId":14289,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Retina and Vitreous","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13059550/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147321529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural and microvascular retinal changes following bariatric surgery: a prospective study.","authors":"Lívia da Silva Conci, Leandro Bortolon Bissoli, Davi Paraguassu de Sousa Martins, Cleide Guimarães Machado, André Carvalho Kreuz, Rony Carlos Preti, Leonardo Proveti Cunha, Alexandre Grobberio Pinheiro, Marco Aurelio Santo, Mario Luiz Ribeiro Monteiro, Leandro Cabral Zacharias","doi":"10.1186/s40942-026-00819-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40942-026-00819-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: This study sought to evaluate structural retinal changes, mainly microvascular ones, in obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery. METHODS: Obese patients who were candidates for bariatric surgery at University of São Paulo Medical School Clinics Hospital were recruited. Each participant underwent ophthalmic evaluation with ultra-widefield retinography, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) obtained within one month before and six months following the surgical procedure. Structural OCT parameters (subfoveal choroidal thickness, mean peripapillary nerve fiber layer thickness, central foveal thickness, and macular volume) and OCTA parameters (peripapillary vascular density, macular vascular density, area, perimeter and circularity of the foveal avascular zone - FAZ - of both superficial and deep vascular complexes) were calculated and compared. RESULTS: 42 participants were included (83.3% female, mean age 47 years) of whom 24 (57.14%) were diabetic and 18 (42.86%) were non-diabetic. Of this sample, 81 eyes were evaluated. Six months after bariatric surgery, a significant increase in central foveal thickness (from 258±26 μm to 260±25 μm, p < 0.001), macular volume (from 8.6 ± 0.4 mm³ to 8.7 ± 0.4 mm³, p < 0.001), peripapillary vascular density (from 63 ± 8% to 65 ± 8%, p = 0.003) and macular vascular density in the superficial (from 27 ± 4.7% to 28 ± 4.4%, p = 0.005) and deep vascular complexes (29 ± 3.9% to 31 ± 3.5%, p < 0.001) were observed. No significant changes were detected in the metrics of the FAZ, subfoveal choroidal thickness and mean peripapillary nerve fiber layer thickness. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, bariatric surgery was associated with improved retinal microvascular perfusion, as demonstrated by the increase in macular and peripapillary vascular density. The increase in central foveal thickness and macular volume may be secondary to improved microvascular perfusion. </p>","PeriodicalId":14289,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Retina and Vitreous","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13040880/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147306024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vitamin D supplementation in diabetic retinopathy: an optical coherence tomography angiography study of changes in macular perfusion.","authors":"Sahba Fekri, Maryam Hosseini, Golnar Hassanzadeh, Hosein Nouri, Sare Safi, Nooshin Ahmadi, Zahra Khorrami, Seyed-Hossein Abtahi","doi":"10.1186/s40942-026-00822-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40942-026-00822-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: Observational studies suggested a link between vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR). However, evidence from interventional studies on possible effects of VDD correction on retinal microvasculature in DR is scarce. METHODS: This single-arm exploratory interventional study included 60 eyes from 30 patients with VDD and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), without DR or with mild or moderate non-proliferative DR (NPDR). Participants received oral vitamin D3 (50,000 IU/week for 8 weeks) followed by a daily maintenance dose (800 IU). Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) imaging was performed before and three months after vitamin D repletion. Outcome measures were macular perfusion parameters and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). Linear mixed effects models were used to evaluate the association between changes in outcome measures with change in serum 25(OH)D3 levels. RESULTS: The mean serum 25(OH)D3 level increased significantly post-intervention (14.20 ± 4.04 to 55.82 ± 6.79 ng/mL; p < 0.001), and VDD was corrected in all patients. A small improvement was noted in BCVA with marginal statistical significance (0.12 ± 0.13 to 0.10 ± 0.13 Logarithm of the Minimum Angle of Resolution; p = 0.051). Other than a small reduction in parafoveal superficial vessel density at the superior quadrant (-3.23 ± 6.66%, p = 0.011), none of the perfusion metrics had changed three months after VDD correction. Linear models yielded no association between changes in serum 25(OH)D3 levels and alterations in BCVA or OCTA macular perfusion metrics. CONCLUSIONS: Based on this non-controlled interventional study, short-term effects of VDD correction in people with DM without severe DR does not appear to significantly influence the visual acuity or macular perfusion profile on OCTA. </p>","PeriodicalId":14289,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Retina and Vitreous","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13036907/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147283588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of strabismus surgery on choroidal blood flow: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Sahel Khazaei, Zahra Moravej, Mehrdad Motamed Shariati","doi":"10.1186/s40942-026-00818-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40942-026-00818-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: Strabismus surgery may affect choroidal circulation, with potential implications for outer retinal nourishment and visual function. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to quantify postoperative changes in subfoveal choroidal thickness and vascularity parameters following strabismus surgery. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. After two-stage title/abstract and full-text screening, eligible observational studies reporting pre- and postoperative optical coherence tomography (OCT) or OCT angiography (OCTA) choroidal measures were included. Random-effects meta-analyses estimated pooled mean differences for subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), choroidal vascularity index (CVI), foveal choriocapillaris vessel density (VD), and choriocapillaris flow. Subgroup analyses, meta-regression, quality assessment using the Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool, and evaluation of publication bias were performed. RESULTS: Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Pooled analysis of 22 groups (14 studies) showed no significant overall change in SFCT after strabismus surgery (mean difference − 1.13 μm; 95% CI − 6.93 to 4.67; p = 0.70; I2 = 52.1%). CVI (seven groups, five studies) showed no significant change (pooled mean change 0.001; 95% CI − 0.006 to 0.008; p = 0.70; I2 = 0.04%). Foveal choriocapillaris VD and flow showed no significant pooled changes, though choriocapillaris VD exhibited substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 87.9%). Meta-regression detected no associations with follow-up duration, surgical procedure, or number of muscles. No clear publication bias was observed. CONCLUSION: Current observational evidence suggests no consistent alterations in SFCT, CVI, or choriocapillaris vascularity metrics during the intermediate postoperative period following strabismus surgeries. </p>","PeriodicalId":14289,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Retina and Vitreous","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13041447/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147276313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative incidence of endophthalmitis after intravitreal dexamethasone implant versus anti-VEGF injections: a retrospective study.","authors":"Iza D Zabaneh, Tanner Dunn, Kortney Dunn, Patrick Williams","doi":"10.1186/s40942-026-00824-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40942-026-00824-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: Endophthalmitis is a rare but vision-threatening complication of intravitreal injections. Intravitreal dexamethasone implants and anti–vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents are widely used, yet comparative real-world endophthalmitis rates remain incompletely defined. This study aimed to compare the incidence of endophthalmitis following intravitreal dexamethasone implant injections with that following anti-VEGF injections administered in outpatient retina practices. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included all intravitreal injections performed between January 2019 and January 2024 at participating practices. Endophthalmitis events consistent with post-injection exogenous endophthalmitis occurring within two weeks of intravitreal injection were identified through clinical records. Chi-square testing was used to compare incidence rates between dexamethasone implant and anti-VEGF injections. Patient characteristics, visual acuity outcomes, and treatment approaches were assessed for confirmed endophthalmitis cases. RESULTS: A total of 330,572 intravitreal injections were analyzed, including 318,618 anti-VEGF injections and 11,954 dexamethasone implant injections. Endophthalmitis occurred more frequently after dexamethasone implant injections (0.125%, 15/11,954; 1.25 per 1,000 injections) than after anti-VEGF injections (0.033%, 106/318,618; 0.33 per 1,000 injections). This difference was statistically significant (χ² = 23.45, p = 2.3 × 10⁻⁷). Among dexamethasone-associated cases, 46.7% recovered to baseline or better visual acuity by six months, while the remaining patients experienced persistent visual deficits. Management commonly included intravitreal antibiotics with or without adjunct corticosteroids. CONCLUSIONS: Intravitreal dexamethasone implant injections were associated with a significantly higher incidence of endophthalmitis compared with anti-VEGF injections in this large outpatient cohort. Although nearly half of affected patients regained baseline vision, many had lasting impairment. These findings highlight the need for careful risk–benefit assessment when selecting intravitreal dexamethasone implants and underscore the importance of further study into modifiable risk factors and prevention strategies. A key limitation to consider is that clinically diagnosed endophthalmitis may include sterile intraocular inflammatory reactions following dexamethasone implant injection. </p>","PeriodicalId":14289,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Retina and Vitreous","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13036943/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147271003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between coronary artery calcium scores and retinal ischemic perivascular lesions.","authors":"Jay Bharatsingh Bisen, Hayden Sikora, Michael Drakopoulos, John Bryan, Maxwell Shramuk, Adin-Cristian Andrei, Richard L Weinberg, Rukhsana G Mirza","doi":"10.1186/s40942-026-00798-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40942-026-00798-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: Coronary artery calcium (CAC) scores measure atherosclerosis and are associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Retinal ischemic perivascular lesions (RIPLs) represent focal retinal infarcts and have been linked to systemic CVD. Given their association with retinal microcirculation dysfunction, RIPLs might serve as early indicators of systemic vascular dysfunction. This study aims to assess the relationship between CAC scores and RIPLs. METHODS: Retrospective, single-institution, cross-sectional study. Patients consenting for research who had both high-quality, bilateral, macular optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging and a CAC score of either 0 (low risk) or ≥ 300 (high risk) within one year after their macular OCT imaging. RIPLs were identified as regions of focal inner nuclear layer (INL) thinning, outer plexiform layer (OPL) inward deviation, and outer nuclear layer (ONL) expansion on OCT B-scans in the absence of underlying or overlying retinal pathology. The difference in mean total RIPLs per patient between the high- and low-risk groups was assessed. The percentages of individuals in each group with high RIPL count (≥ 2) were compared as well. The effects of potential confounders (known cardiovascular risk factors) on the relationship between RIPL counts and CAC-score-based risk group were examined with multivariate analysis. RESULTS: 90 patients (low-risk: 66; high-risk: 24) were included. High-risk patients were older (mean ± std of 72.1y ± 7.7 vs. 62.1y ± 10.5; p < 0.001), more likely male (46% vs. 17%; p = 0.004), and were more likely to have hypertension (79% vs. 30%; p < 0.001), type 2 diabetes mellitus (38% vs. 9%; p = 0.003), smoking history (62% vs. 22%; p = 0.021), atrial fibrillation (17% vs. 0%; p = 0.004), and lower total cholesterol (155.2 mg/dL ± 36.3 vs. 201.0 mg/dL ± 41.2; p < 0.001). Increased raw RIPL counts (5.29 ± 7.54 vs. 2.36 ± 3.52; p = 0.008) and increased probability of elevated RIPL presence (75% with ≥ 2 RIPLs vs. 48%; p = 0.025) were observed in high-risk patients. CONCLUSIONS: CAC score ≥ 300 is associated with an increased number of RIPLs and an increased probability of elevated RIPL presence (≥ 2 RIPLs), potentially mediated by known CVD risk factors. RIPLs might identify those with elevated CVD risk, and RIPLs might suggest presence of established CVD risk factors. </p>","PeriodicalId":14289,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Retina and Vitreous","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13032268/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146776283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Branch retinal artery occlusion time to presentation and diagnosis: a retrospective review.","authors":"Hannah El-Sabrout, Daniel Lee, Ronak Shah, Aubrey L Gilbert, Amar Patel, Dana Sax, Mary Reed, Mubarika Alavi, Nikita Vora, Cindy Hwang, Tova Mannis, Adrian Dokey, Shannon Moore, Robin A Vora","doi":"10.1186/s40942-026-00815-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40942-026-00815-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: Branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) is an acute, vision-threatening condition that often signals underlying systemic vascular disease and the need for urgent vascular risk assessment and mitigation. Although prompt evaluation is critical for accurate diagnosis and early identification of modifiable vascular risk factors, patterns of clinical presentation remain poorly characterized. METHODS: This retrospective study included BRAO patients who presented to Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC) within 30 days of symptom onset from 2014 to 2023. Demographic data, symptom timing, healthcare contact, and ophthalmologic evaluation were collected. The type of contact was categorized as eye care provider, call center, emergency department/urgent care, or other. Delays in presentation were defined as time from symptoms to initial contact and were analyzed across subgroups. RESULTS: From 2014 to 2023, 760 patients were diagnosed with acute BRAO. Mean age of the study population was 70.2 ± 12.6 years, and 330 (43.4%) were female. Initial contact most commonly occurred with eye care providers (370; 48.7%), followed by call centers (251; 33.0%), emergency/urgent care (73; 9.6%), and other providers (66; 8.7%). Only 219 (28.8%) presented within 1 day of symptom onset, while 97 (12.8%) presented after 8 days. The majority (541; 71.2%) were not evaluated by an eye care provider until > 24 h after symptom onset. Among the 153 (20.1%) with known time of symptom onset, median delay to any healthcare contact was 4.0 h. 80 (52.3%) patients presented within 4.5 h, but just 5 (6.3%) were seen by an eye care provider within that window. CONCLUSIONS: In a large, multi-center, community population, delays in BRAO care were common. Although no Level 1 evidence currently exists to support BRAO treatment, success of future therapies will likely require early administration. Prompt evaluation is also critical to enable risk assessment and mitigation. Most patients in this cohort presented in a delayed fashion, underscoring the need for public education and workflow improvements to support earlier recognition and care. </p>","PeriodicalId":14289,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Retina and Vitreous","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13032270/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146776352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}