International Journal of Phytoremediation最新文献

{"title":"<i>Sphagnum palustre</i> moss bags as sentinels to monitor indoor air PAHs in university libraries.","authors":"Qimei Wu, Zeke Li, Guangyuan Mo, Zhaohui Zhang, Yanyan Mu, Haifeng Ding","doi":"10.1080/15226514.2026.2734570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2026.2734570","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Indoor air quality in libraries impairs user health and productivity. This study first employed <i>Sphagnum palustre</i> moss bags as low-cost sentinels to monitor indoor polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) across three university libraries differing in age and location. Moss bags were deployed for 45 days during the non-heating (autumn) and heating (winter) periods in study rooms, electronic reading rooms, stack rooms, and outdoors. Total PAH concentrations ranged from 487.20 to 1,049.86 µg/kg in autumn and 734.60 to 3,167.35 µg/kg in winter, with phenanthrene, naphthalene, pyrene, and fluoranthene as dominant congeners. Indoor-to-outdoor ratios indicated indoor sources at some sites in autumn, but outdoor infiltration in winter. Diagnostic ratios revealed petrogenic origins in autumn and mixed petrogenic/pyrogenic inputs in winter at the study room of older libraries, influenced by domestic heating. The levels, profiles, and sources of indoor PAHs varied with room function, building age and location, outdoor air quality, and season. These findings demonstrate that <i>S. palustre</i> moss bags are effective sentinels for detecting spatial and seasonal variations in indoor PAHs, offering a practical alternative for high-density indoor air quality monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":14235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytoremediation","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149038455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of native plant selection for phytomining of strategic/critical raw materials using Artificial Bee Colony algorithm.","authors":"E Işıl Arslan Topal, Murat Topal, Erdal Çelik, Erdal Öbek","doi":"10.1080/15226514.2026.2735401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2026.2735401","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates the potential of native plant species (NPs) as secondary sources for strategic/critical raw materials (SCRMs) through phytomining, aiming to identify the most efficient accumulator for sustainable element recovery. To achieve high-precision results, the Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm, a robust meta-heuristic optimization technique inspired by the foraging behavior of honeybees, was utilized to minimize the error between experimental data and predicted models to optimize the accumulation of key elements including cobalt (Co), strontium (Sr), antimony (Sb), vanadium (V), phosphorus (P), lanthanum (La), magnesium (Mg), titanium (Ti), aluminum (Al), and scandium (Sc). The research focused on three NP species-Musk thistle (MT), curly dock (CD), and Juncus (JS)-collected from a geothermal hot spring area. Methodological validation was performed through comparative statistical analysis and the calculation of bioconcentration factor (BCF) and translocation factor (TF) to assess phytoremediation efficiency. The ABC optimization results revealed that MT exhibited the most significant accumulation capacity, particularly for Mg, reaching a peak concentration of 3,910 mg/kg_dw in the leaves. The concentration range (lowest to highest value) was between 0.01 (for La) and 3,910 mg/kg_dw for the studied plants. Principal component analysis (PCA) corroborated these findings, explaining cumulative variances of 80.4% (MT), 89.4% (CD), and 76.4% (JS). The innovation of this study lies in the application of the ABC algorithm to the field of phytomining, which offers a more dynamic and flexible alternative to traditional regression-based models. The primary advantage of this proposed method is its superior global search capability and ability to handle multi-elemental interactions with high predictive accuracy. However, a potential disadvantage remains the computational complexity and the requirement for fine-tuning control parameters to ensure consistent convergence. Overall, MT is identified as a highly promising candidate for the phytomining of SCRMs, with Mg emerging as the most effectively accumulated element under the optimized ABC model.</p>","PeriodicalId":14235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytoremediation","volume":" ","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149038539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amendments for enhancing phytoextraction potential of marigold (<i>Tagetes erecta</i> L.) in heavy metal polluted soil: effects on crop growth, physiological and biochemical responses.","authors":"N Athira, P Anand, M C Singh, P Ray, D Golui, M Kumar, S K Lal","doi":"10.1080/15226514.2026.2736173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2026.2736173","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To enhance phytoextraction potential of marigold (<i>Tagetes erecta</i> L. var. Pusa Bahar), an attempt was made to increase the bioavailability of heavy-metals in a polluted-soil through organic amendments and microbial inoculant. The study evaluated the effectiveness of farmyard manure (FYM), green-manure (<i>Sesbania sp.)</i> and heavy-metal solubilizing bacteria (MSB: <i>Bacillus aerius</i>-WSB68) when applied in different combinations for enhancing the bioavailability of Ni and Zn in marigold grown on a polluted-soil. A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to prove the hypothesis. Results indicated that FYM application at 3% w/w (T2) improved growth and flowering traits; whereas, the combined-application of FYM (at 3% w/w), <i>Sesbania</i> (at 30 g fresh leaf kg^-1 soil) and MSB (T7) enhanced heavy-metal bio-availability, which resulted in stress-induced higher antioxidant-enzyme activities, carotenoid content, and other biochemical properties, relative water-content and membrane-stability index of test crop with respect to control. Plants in polluted-(control)-soil (T1) showed higher photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate due to lower heavy-metal bioavailability with respect to amended soils. Findings of the present study indicate that combined-application of FYM, green manure and MSB in metal polluted-soil could be effective in enhancing phytoextraction potential of the ornamental marigold without compromising its growth and aesthetic quality of flower.</p>","PeriodicalId":14235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytoremediation","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149024818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agro-industrial wastewater treatment and biomass production using macrophyte <i>Lemna minor</i> in sequencing batch reactor experiments.","authors":"Argyri Xenaki, Georgia Gatidou, Athanasios S Stasinakis","doi":"10.1080/15226514.2026.2736171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2026.2736171","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Conventional methods often fail to treat high-load agro-industrial wastewater, whereas plant-based systems offer superior pollutants removal and high-value biomass. This study investigated the performance of <i>Lemna minor</i> in sequencing batch reactors for treating dairy, citrus juice and chili sauce wastewater. It also evaluated the effect of NH₄-N addition and wastewater dilution with a chemical medium or tap water on pollutants removal and biomass characteristics. According to the results, COD removal ranged between 59% ± 12% and 91% ± 6% while nitrogen supply did not significantly affect the plant's ability to remove organic load. NH₄-N removal exceeded 60% in all bioreactors. Citrus juice and chili sauce were the most suitable types of wastewater for biomass production while nitrogen addition enhanced the biosynthesis of proteins, lipids and lutein. The use of a chemical medium to dilute the agro-industrial wastewater in the bioreactors at a ratio of 1:3 (25% wastewater and 75% medium) enhanced macrophyte growth, resulting in higher growth rates. The biochemical composition of the biomass varied depending on the wastewater types used with total protein and lipid content ranged up to 36% and 54%, respectively. The lutein concentrations ranged between 2.52 and 9.61 mg g^-1. <i>L minor</i> showed high assimilation efficiency in treating nutrient-rich agro-industrial wastewater, simultaneously generating biomass with significant potential for commercial valorization.</p>","PeriodicalId":14235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytoremediation","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149024792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the phytoremediation capacity of <i>Amaranthus</i> species in trace metal(loid)-impacted terrestrial environments.","authors":"Harshana Galahitigama, W H P Sandamali, D G D D S Jayarathne, S G A R Sugathadasa, W M P H Weerasekara, Dhulmy Bandara, Hasintha Wijesekara, Caixian Tang, Tharanga Bandara","doi":"10.1080/15226514.2026.2729102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2026.2729102","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Environmental contamination by trace metal(loid)s threatens human health and ecological sustainability. Plants possess natural mechanisms to mitigate contaminated environments. This review synthesizes current evidence on the phytoremediation potential of <i>Amaranthus</i> spp. a widely distributed genus characterized by rapid growth, high biomass production, and tolerance to metal stress. Available controlled-environment and field studies show that <i>Amaranthus</i> spp. can contribute to the phytoextraction or phytostabilization of Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Ba, Cs, and other trace metal(loid)s. However, performance varies strongly among species, contaminants, soil conditions, and enhancement strategies. Mechanistic evidence indicates that transporter-mediated uptake, chelation, vacuolar sequestration, antioxidant defense, microbial interactions, and genetic/proteomic regulation support metal tolerance and accumulation. Moreover, we evaluate the effectiveness of <i>Amaranthus</i> spp. in the removal of metal contaminants through agronomic practices, genetic improvement, and microbial associations. Importantly, the review often overlooked food safety and health risks associated with the dual use of <i>Amaranthus</i> spp. as both a phytoremediator and an edible or medicinal plant. By identifying current limitations, knowledge gaps, and future research priorities, this review establishes <i>Amaranthus</i> spp. as a versatile yet complex candidate for sustainable remediation of trace metal(loid)-contaminated terrestrial ecosystems and provides a framework for their safe and effective deployment.</p>","PeriodicalId":14235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytoremediation","volume":" ","pages":"1-23"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148989881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Remediation of crystal violet, methyl violet and methylene blue dyes by carbon-based <i>Gundelia tournefortii</i> seed shells: thermochemical activation and desirability function optimization.","authors":"Ali H Jawad, Hasan M Agha, Chong Liu, Zeid A ALOthman","doi":"10.1080/15226514.2026.2729106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2026.2729106","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study reports the valorization of <i>Gundelia tournefortii</i> (GT) seed shell biomass waste into activated carbon (GTAC) <i>via</i> H₃PO₄-assisted microwave activation for efficient wastewater remediation. The surface area analysis indicated that GTAC is a mesoporous activated carbon with specific surface area of 315.3 m²/g. Three cationic dyes, namely crystal violet (CV), methyl violet (MV) and methylene blue (MB) were utilized as toxic dyes models in testing the adsorptive performance of GTAC for wastewater remediation. The statistical optimization for the adsorption process of CV, MV, and MB dyes by GTAC was carried out by combination of Box Behnken Design and desirability function approach. The adsorption kinetics of CV, MV, and MB were well fitted to the pseudo second order kinetic model. The adsorption isotherm results show a good fitness of CV to Freundlich isotherm model, while MV and MB were well described by Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacities of GTAC CV = 420.2 mg/g, MV = 252.5 mg/g and for MB = 765.6 mg/g. GTAC retained more than 74% of its adsorption efficiency after five adsorption-desorption cycles, demonstrating good reusability and regeneration performance. Thus, this finding confirms the potential applicability of GTAC for removal of different types of toxic organic dyes from aqueous environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":14235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytoremediation","volume":" ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148976711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harnessing green nanotechnology and phytoremediation for sustainable mitigation of heavy metals and nanoparticles from wastewater.","authors":"Mansi Sharma, Dinesh Kumar, Rekha Sharma","doi":"10.1080/15226514.2026.2729107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2026.2729107","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Environmental pollutants are responsible for the deterioration of air, water, and soil quality. The non-biodegradability of heavy metal ions makes them a more problematic pollutant. Human and natural activities are the main sources of their presence in water. Conventional remediation techniques for heavy metals are costly and time-consuming. This review explores the integration of phytoremediation with nanotechnology for sustainable environmental clean-up. It highlights the adsorption of heavy metal ions using nanomaterials and the remediation of residual nanoparticles through plant species. It also discusses nanoparticle leaching and its toxicological effects, as well as recent water purification technologies. The novelty of this review lies in combining adsorption and phytoremediation within a single framework. This approach minimizes nanoparticle persistence and promotes a more sustainable water treatment. The long-term effects of nanoparticles on plants, their interaction, and their ecological impacts are less understood under combined exposure. This review also highlights case studies, comparisons with traditional methods, social impacts, scalability challenges, regulatory issues, and proposes future research needs.</p>","PeriodicalId":14235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytoremediation","volume":" ","pages":"1-36"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148968716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HYDRO-FILTER: an experimental pilot integrating phytoremediation and adsorption for sustainable wastewater treatment.","authors":"Karima Seddiki, Rim Werheni Ammeri, Abdelhak Maazouzi, Mebarka Daoudi, Ahmed Kattab, Najla Sadfi Zouaoui","doi":"10.1080/15226514.2026.2729141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2026.2729141","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In arid regions facing severe water scarcity, phytoremediation coupled with efficient treatment and reuse of non-conventional water resources is vital for sustainable development and environmental preservation. This study evaluates the PV-Hydro Filter, an integrated technology that synergizes mechanical filtration, chemical adsorption, and phytoremediation. The system utilizes a multi-layered sand and coal residue filter as a primary stage, followed by a secondary hydroponic phytoremediation unit featuring two plant species <i>Cyperus papyrus</i> and <i>Nerium oleander</i>. To evaluate the efficiency of this multi-stage system, comprehensive physical, chemical, and microbiological analyses were performed on water samples, alongside physiological assessments of the plants and seed germination assays. Results demonstrate that this dual-treatment approach is highly effective, achieving removal rates of 79% for nitrates, 87% for nitrites, and 85% for phosphates, while simultaneously reducing the organic load with biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand removal between 75% and 85%. Microbiological analysis confirmed the system's superior disinfection capacity, achieving a total elimination of <i>Escherichia coli</i> in the final stage. Plant physiological assessments revealed high adaptation to the wastewater environment. While <i>C. papyrus</i> exhibited higher chlorophyll a levels, N. oleander showed a substantially higher concentration of chlorophyll b at 59.02 mg. g^-1 and higher total chlorophyll concentrations, indicating robust photosynthetic health. Furthermore, the phytotoxicity of the treated water was validated through seed germination tests, where experimental groups irrigated with treated effluent showed a superior germination rate of 100% compared to the 73.3% observed in the control group, confirming the water's safety and nutrient-rich quality for irrigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":14235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytoremediation","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148968794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From ecological threats to environmental solutions: a critical review of invasive plant species for heavy metal phytoremediation.","authors":"Rasheed Akbar, Jibiao Fan, Amir Abdullah Khan, Kashif Ahmad, Jianfan Sun, Babar Iqbal","doi":"10.1080/15226514.2026.2729111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2026.2729111","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heavy metal contamination represents a persistent environmental challenge threatening ecosystem stability, agricultural productivity, and human health. Therefore, the development of sustainable and cost-effective remediation strategies is essential. Phytoremediation, an environmentally compatible approach that utilizes plants and their associated biological processes to reduce contaminant mobility, bioavailability, and toxicity, has gained increasing attention as an alternative to conventional remediation techniques. Among potential phytoremediation candidates, invasive plant species (IPS) have attracted interest due to their rapid growth, high biomass production, extensive root systems, physiological plasticity, and tolerance to stressful environments, including heavy metal contamination. Species such as <i>Alternanthera philoxeroides</i>, <i>Arundo donax</i>, <i>Eichhornia crassipes</i>, and <i>Pistia stratiotes</i> have demonstrated potential for metal uptake, accumulation, immobilization, or tolerance in contaminated ecosystems. This review critically examines the role of invasive plants in heavy metal phytoremediation by evaluating the physiological, biochemical, and ecological traits that influence remediation outcomes. Key mechanisms, including phytoextraction, phytostabilization, rhizosphere-mediated processes, and plant-microbe interactions, are discussed using evidence from contaminated soil and aquatic environments. The potential advantages of invasive plants, particularly their high biomass production and environmental adaptability, are evaluated alongside ecological concerns associated with their utilization. Importantly, invasion success does not necessarily translate into remediation success, and the effectiveness of invasive plants depends on contaminant characteristics, ecosystem conditions, and management practices. Major challenges, including uncontrolled spread, ecosystem disruption, contaminated biomass management, and limited field-scale validation, are critically assessed. Overall, invasive plants represent context-dependent remediation resources rather than universal solutions. Their application requires integrated risk assessment, containment strategies, long-term monitoring, and evidence-based management frameworks to maximize remediation benefits while minimizing ecological risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":14235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytoremediation","volume":" ","pages":"1-26"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148955650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioremediation of sewage water by microalga <i>Graesiella emersonii</i> for sewage-fed aquaculture in East Kolkata Wetlands, a Ramsar site in India.","authors":"Santhana Kumar Vanniaraj, Soma Das Sarkar, Dhruba Jyoti Sarkar, Rumali Sahoo, Snehasis Dalal, Anjon Kumar Talukder, Arka Mondal, Srikanta Samanta, Archana Sinha, Basanta Kumar Das","doi":"10.1080/15226514.2026.2729100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2026.2729100","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Increased nutrient load from industrial and domestic sewage has led to eutrophication and the gradual deterioration of East Kolkata wetland (EKW) fisheries. Thus, the present study investigated the nutrient removal efficiency and physiological responses of <i>Graesiella emersonii</i> MN877773, a native chlorophyte strain, cultivated in EKW sewage water. Microalgae inoculated in different sewage and lab grade water dilutions (50:50, 60:40, 80:20, and 100%). Physico-chemical characterization revealed elevated nutrient and organic loads in raw sewage, with progressive improvement in water quality following 60:40 dilution. <i>G. emersonii</i> demonstrated efficient removal of nitrate (up to 41.5%), ammonium (91.73%), and COD (54.2%) within 3-6 days of cultivation. The 60:40 dilution exhibited the highest algal growth rate (μ = 0.65 day^-1), cell viability and chlorophyll-a concentration, accompanied by balanced antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD, CAT, GST, and Gt) and low malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Principal component analysis indicated a strong association between antioxidant defence and nutrient removal. Post-cultivation analysis of sewage water showed reduced ionic load and COD, along with increased DO, indicating improved water quality for sewage-fed aquaculture. A separate experiment on sewage dilution with rain water (60:40) showed nutrient removal efficiency similar to lab grade water, highlights the potential for field applicability.</p>","PeriodicalId":14235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytoremediation","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148955408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}