International Journal of Phytoremediation最新文献

{"title":"Molecular insights into rhodamine dye binding with natural okra mucilage.","authors":"Md Kalimuddin Mandal, Mukti Mohammad, Nasima Yasmin, Harun Al Rasid Gazi, Md Maidul Islam","doi":"10.1080/15226514.2026.2748271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2026.2748271","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The interactions of four rhodamine derivatives-Rhodamine B (RB), Rose Bengal (RS), Rhodamine 101 (R101), and Nile Blue (NB)-with okra (<i>Hibiscus esculentus</i>) mucilage were systematically explored to uncover their binding mechanism and structure-affinity relationships. All dyes display strong binding (K ∼10⁵ M^-1), following the order NB > R101 > RB > RS, underscoring the critical role of molecular structure in governing affinity. Thermodynamic parameters reveal a cooperative driving force, with exothermic enthalpy (ΔH = -0.99 to -5.91 kcal·mol^-1) and favorable entropy contributions (ΔS = 5.57-20.88 cal·mol^-1·K^-1), indicating synergistic non-covalent interactions. Molecular docking not only validates the experimental observations but also provides detailed structural insights into the binding modes, highlighting key interaction sites responsible for enhanced affinity.</p>","PeriodicalId":14235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytoremediation","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149227969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of chemically activated hydrochar from filter coffee waste for ibuprofen removal: process optimisation using response surface methodology.","authors":"Nihan Kaya, Zeynep Yildiz Uzun, Rukan Can Seyfeli, Selim Ceylan","doi":"10.1080/15226514.2026.2744384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2026.2744384","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, hydrochars prepared by hydrothermal carbonization from filter coffee waste, which is released in large quantities from the coffee brewing and processing industries and is considered an industrial byproduct due to its organic content, were activated with three different chemical agents, and the activated hydrochar with the highest surface area (1591.89 m²/g) was used as an adsorbent for ibuprofen removal from water. For this purpose, the activated hydrochar was comprehensively characterized using SEM, FT-IR, TGA, and BET analyses. The adsorption process was systematically optimized using response surface methodology, ensuring accurate prediction and optimization of maximum ibuprofen removal efficiency under varying operational parameters (pH, temperature, and contact time). ANOVA results showed that achieving maximum removal efficiency (93.52%) at an initial concentration of 50 mg/L and an adsorbent amount of 0.1 g/50 mL solution required a contact time of 91 min under ambient conditions of pH = 2.35 and 28 °C. Experimental results showed that the adsorption process was best described by the pseudo second order model (R² = 0.985) and the Freundlich isotherm (R² = 0.982). Thermodynamic analysis revealed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and predominantly endothermic. Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) values decreased from -5.03 kJ/mol to -16.17 kJ/mol, confirming the favorable nature of ibuprofen removal. Enthalpy (ΔH°) was determined as 16.99 kJ/mol, while entropy (ΔS°) took a value of 68.77 J/mol.K, indicating increased randomness at the solid-liquid interface. This study demonstrates that activated hydrochars, which can be regenerated and reused for up to four additional cycles while maintaining a high ibuprofen removal efficiency of 80.45%, have considerable potential as effective and sustainable adsorbents for the treatment of aqueous solutions. Moreover, by demonstrating the conversion of waste into value-added products, this approach offers a promising pathway for reducing pharmaceutical-related ecotoxicological risks, conserving water resources, and advancing the development of low-cost, and environmentally friendly water treatment technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":14235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytoremediation","volume":" ","pages":"1-27"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149220256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Viability of different plant families as remediators of crude oil-contaminated soil.","authors":"Yetunde Irinyemi Bulu","doi":"10.1080/15226514.2026.2741679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2026.2741679","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Crude oil-contaminated soils represent major environmental and socioeconomic challenges in regions of intensive petroleum exploration, and the sustainable restoration of the ecosystem has become an issue of concern. Therefore, this study evaluates the viability of diverse plant species, across multiple families, as remediators of petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC)-contaminated soils. Critical issues influencing phytoremediation efficiency, such as contaminant bioavailability, plant tolerance, and soil physicochemical properties, were examined. Furthermore, the review evaluates the importance of biostimulation and bioaugmentation as complementary processes that significantly enhance the remediation capacity of plants in PHC-contaminated soils. The principal phytoremediation mechanisms include phytoextraction, phytostabilization, rhizodegradation, and phytotransformation, each contributing to PHC degradation, immobilization, or uptake. Poaceae, Fabaceae, and Asteraceae were the most frequently employed families for remediation due to their ecological adaptability, high biomass production, and ability to stimulate rhizosphere microbial activity. Poaceae and Fabaceae independently showed mean efficiencies of 63.81% and 60.78%, respectively, while their combinations achieved approximately 87.55%. Diverse multispecies assemblages exceeded 88%, highlighting the role of biodiversity, root traits, and microbial interactions in optimizing remediation performance. The study identified the potential of each family as a sustainable, cost-effective, and eco-friendly approach for restoration of the PHC-contaminated soil ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":14235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytoremediation","volume":" ","pages":"1-21"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149220215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Queensland nut tree (<i>Macadamia integrifolia</i>) activated carbon-based material for methylene blue dye removal: experimental design optimization with desirability function.","authors":"Hasan M Agha, Ali H Jawad, Ruihong Wu, Hussein A Kazem, Zeid A ALOthman","doi":"10.1080/15226514.2026.2743787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2026.2743787","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The discharge of dye-containing wastewater, particularly methylene blue (MB) dye, poses significant environmental and health concerns due to its toxicity and persistence in aquatic systems. Herein, Queensland nut tree (<i>Macadamia integrifolia</i>) biomass waste was converted into mesoporous activated carbon (MAC-AC) for MB dye removal from aqueous environment. The MAC-AC was produced by using microwave-assisted H₃PO₄ activation at operating power (600 W) and residence time (15 min). Several characterization methods such as BET, XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDX, and pH_pzc were applied to investigate the physicochemical properties of MAC-AC. Moreover, Box-Behnken design (BBD) and desirability functions were applied to optimize and validate the MB dye removal by MAC-AC. The best removal (98.8%) of MB was achieved at optimal desirability functions parameter of solution pH 8.6, MAC-AC dose = 0.09 g/100 mL, and contact time 119 min. The adsorption kinetic and isotherm analysis revealed that the adsorption process of MB dye onto MAC-AC surface followed the pseudo-second order (PSO) kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model respectively. Moreover, the maximum adsorption capacity of MAC-AC for MB dye was found to be 459.9 mg/g. The adsorption of MB dye onto MAC-AC can be attributed to π-π interactions, pore filling, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic forces. Furthermore, the production yield of MAC-AC was 25.2%, while the adsorbent retained 63.9% of its initial adsorption efficiency after five regeneration cycles, demonstrating acceptable regeneration capability and practical applicability. This research introduces a cost-effective, renewable, and reusable mesoporous activated carbon material as a promising adsorbent for wastewater remediation.</p>","PeriodicalId":14235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytoremediation","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149193551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elevated CO₂ increases cover crop sensitivity to imidazolinones but does not substantially alter post-cultivation soil dissipation.","authors":"Maurício C Files, Bianca C Aranha, Marcus V Fipke, Dante B Elias, Edinalvo R Camargo, Filipe S Carlos, Ezequiel C C Miola, Matheus F Souza, Luis A Avila","doi":"10.1080/15226514.2026.2741670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2026.2741670","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study evaluated the effects of elevated (700 ± 50 µmol mol^-1) and ambient (400 ± 50 µmol mol^-1) atmospheric CO₂ concentrations on soils treated with imazapyr, imazapic and imazethapyr using Italian ryegrass and Persian clover. Two open-top-chamber experiments assessed herbicide dissipation, soil microbial respiration (C-CO₂) and plant biochemical responses, including acetolactate synthase (ALS) activity, free amino acids, proteins and soluble sugars. Soils amended with Persian clover residues showed greater herbicide dissipation (≈15-30%) than fallow soil after 40 days, regardless of CO₂ level (except for imazethapyr under elevated CO₂), whereas Italian ryegrass showed limited improvement, mainly for imazapic. Microbial respiration was highest in soils amended with Persian clover, while ryegrass resulted in the lowest respiration and reduced C-CO₂ emission after imazapyr + imazapic application under elevated CO₂. Elevated CO₂ increased shoot biomass in both species but also reduced herbicide tolerance, decreasing GR₅₀ values by 12-31% (from 64.5 to 44.6 g a.i. ha^-1 in Italian ryegrass and from 29.8 to 26.1 g a.i. ha^-1 in Persian clover), indicating greater plant susceptibility under future CO₂ scenarios. At 28 days after emergence, herbicide application reduced ALS activity under both CO₂ conditions, although ALS activity remained higher under elevated CO₂. Persian clover showed greater biochemical resilience, maintaining higher amino acid contents under herbicide stress. Overall, cover-crop identity, rather than atmospheric CO₂, was the primary determinant of herbicide dissipation in soil: Persian clover consistently enhanced microbial activity and imidazolinone degradation, whereas elevated CO₂ increased plant sensitivity without improving post-cultivation soil remediation.</p>","PeriodicalId":14235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytoremediation","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149181551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Confluence of nanotechnology and phytoremediation for lead detoxification using <i>Chrysopogon zizanioides</i>.","authors":"Lekshmi S, Smitha Chandran S, Vinod V T Padil, Jorge E Celi","doi":"10.1080/15226514.2026.2743718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2026.2743718","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heavy metal pollution occurs due to unsustainable waste disposal, rapid industrialization, and urbanization. Phytoremediation is an eco-friendly technology that utilizes plants to remove or stabilize the HMs, and its efficiency can be increased using nanotechnology. The present study compares the potential of both phytoremediation and ZnO nanoparticle-assisted nano-phytoremediation in removing lead using <i>Chrysopogon zizanioides.</i> Batch studies were carried out in a greenhouse with different concentrations of lead (50 µg/mL, 150 µg/mL, 250 µg/mL, 350 µg/mL, and 450 µg/mL) at different time intervals (3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days), and three concentrations of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) (10 µg/mL, 50 µg/mL, and 100 µg/mL) that were synthesized from the same plant using a green pathway were deployed in this work. Various biochemical parameters like cellulose, carbohydrates, chlorophyll, phenols, and proline content were studied at different doses and time intervals. During phytoremediation, Vetiver grass absorbed 45.79% of the lead from the contaminated medium. In the nano-phytoremediation treatments, lead absorption increased to 56.57% at 10 µg/mL ZnO concentration, whereas 47.27% and 41.53% lead absorption were observed at 50 µg/mL and 100 µg/mL ZnO concentrations, respectively. These results indicate that the lower ZnO nanoparticle concentration (10 µg/mL) was the most effective in enhancing lead uptake and remediation efficiency, while higher nanoparticle concentrations reduced the remediation performance. The bio-concentration factor and translocation factor less than 1 indicate the phytostabilization mechanism that happens in the Vetiver grass during the remediation process. The statistical analysis using IBM SPSS (version 20.0) software (Armonk, NY) proves that all the data are statistically significant at <i>p</i> < 0.05. Findings of this work immediately advance the field of green remediation technology by providing workable answers for extensive environmental cleanup projects. The results also provide strong support for the advancement of the global sustainable development goals.</p>","PeriodicalId":14235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytoremediation","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149181448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of the parameters in the Freundlich function using a modified method in the case of the bioaccumulation factor of <i>Populus tremula</i>.","authors":"Zafer Cakir, Alaaddin Vural","doi":"10.1080/15226514.2026.2741671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2026.2741671","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study proposes a modified coefficient-estimation approach for the Freundlich function to model soil-to-leaf element transfer without relying on conventional logarithmic linearization. For this purpose, the leaf uptake capability of European aspen (<i>Populus tremula</i> L.), which grows abundantly in the Avliyana (Torul) region of Gümüşhane Province, one of Türkiye's significant metallogenic zones, was investigated using this modified coefficient-estimation approach. This region has undergone hydrothermal alteration and ore mineralization, resulting in elevated concentrations of heavy metals compared to background levels. The soil-to-leaf regression curves obtained using the modified coefficient-estimation approach provided a closer representation of element transfer from soil to <i>P. tremula</i> leaves. Overall, the results indicate that estimating the <math><mrow><mi>a</mi></mrow></math> and <math><mrow><mi>b</mi></mrow></math> parameters directly in the original concentration scale provides leaf concentration estimates that are closer to the measured values than those obtained using the classical log-transformed Freundlich approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":14235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytoremediation","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149169426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanobiochar outperforms biochar in reducing cadmium and lead mobility through soil chemical and rhizosphere-mediated phytostabilization.","authors":"Habiba Tasleem, Sumera Anwar, Fahad Shafiq, Muhammad Ashraf","doi":"10.1080/15226514.2026.2741667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2026.2741667","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A soil-column experiment was conducted to compare biochar (BC) and nanobiochar (NB) at 2.5, 5, and 10% (w/w) to investigate their potential for stabilizing cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) under bare-soil and maize-planted conditions, enabling separation of amendment effects from rhizosphere-mediated influences. Soil properties, metal leaching behavior, microbial biomass nitrogen, plant growth, tissue metal accumulation, and phytostabilization indices were assessed. In contaminated unamended soil, soil organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and microbial biomass nitrogen declined, with substantial adverse effects in bare soil than in planted soil. Both amendments improved soil properties and shifted Cd and Pb from bioavailable to residual fractions, with a stronger effect by NB. Under 10% NB with plant cover, bioavailable Cd and Pb declined by 76% and 73%, respectively, compared with the unamended treatment, while residual fractions increased markedly. Nanobiochar strongly reduced mobility-related indices; the Cd leaching index and desorption ratio decreased by 93%, while those of Pb decreased by 90%, relative to the unamended bare-soil treatment. Plant metal concentrations followed the order root > shoot > leaf. Under 10% NB, shoot and leaf Cd declined by 95-96%, while shoot and leaf Pb declined by 94-95%. Overall, the NB-maize system showed the greatest stabilization efficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":14235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytoremediation","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149166322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-situ green synthesis of Zn/Fe co-doped NiO nanocatalysts using <i>Rheum ribes</i> root extract for band-gap engineering and enhanced solar-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue.","authors":"Ahmed Jaddo Zebari, Khalid M Omer, Amin K Qasim","doi":"10.1080/15226514.2026.2741668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2026.2741668","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>In-situ</i> green co-doping synthesis offers a sustainable and efficient route for tailoring the structural, optical, and catalytic properties of nanocatalysts, enabling enhanced charge separation, band-gap modulation, and superior photocatalytic performance under solar-light irradiation. This study presents a sustainable phytogenic strategy for the one-pot, <i>in-situ</i> synthesis of pristine NiO and Zn/Fe co-doped NiO nanocatalysts using <i>Rheum ribes</i> root extract, highlighting the significance of green co-doping engineering in tailoring the structural and photocatalytic properties of nanomaterials. Zn and Fe were incorporated to tailor the structural and optical properties of NiO, leading to a reduction in the band gap. Comprehensive characterization using common microscopic and spectroscopic techniques confirmed successful co-doping, high crystallinity, homogeneous morphology, and modified optical behavior. The Zn/Fe co-doped NiO exhibited a reduced optical band gap of approximately 2.8 eV, enabling enhanced visible-light absorption and catalytic degradation under both a white LED lamp and solar light. Photocatalytic performance was evaluated <i>via</i> methylene blue degradation, where the co-doped nanocatalyst achieved 95% degradation within 4 h under sunlight illumination, significantly outperforming pristine NiO. The improved activity is attributed to the synergistic effect of Zn and Fe dopants, which enhance charge carrier separation, suppress the recombination of electron-hole pairs, and increase the creation of reactive oxygen species, particularly hydroxyl radicals (•OH). Furthermore, the nanocatalyst demonstrated outstanding stability and reusability across four repeated cycles without a noticeable decrease in activity. Altogether, this study emphasizes the value of locally sourced <i>Rheum ribes</i> root extract as a green and reproducible platform for developing Zn/Fe@NiO nanocatalysts with enhanced photocatalytic activity for wastewater remediation.</p>","PeriodicalId":14235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytoremediation","volume":" ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149136732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytoremediation of elements in municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent by <i>Lemna gibba</i> L.: a full-scale study.","authors":"Murat Topal, Erdal Öbek, Erdal Çelik, E Işıl Arslan Topal","doi":"10.1080/15226514.2026.2743765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2026.2743765","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, capacity of naturally growing <i>Lemna gibba</i> L. in removing elements (B, As, Al, Ca, Ba, Co, Fe, Cu, K, Cr, Li, Mo, Ni, Mn, Na, Mg, Sb, P, Si, Pb, Se, Ti, Zn, V, and Sr) from the effluent of secondary clarifier of a municipal wastewater treatment plant (MWWTP) was determined week by week (W1, W2, W3, and W4) and analyzed as a whole using statistical models. To determine the removal contribution of <i>Lemna gibba</i> L. to the MWWTP effluent, secondary clarifier without <i>Lemna gibba</i> L. was used as a control. The aim here is to determine the contribution of <i>Lemna gibba</i> L. to MWWTP's removal efficiency. Trace elemental quantification was conducted <i>via</i> validated ICP-MS following microwave-assisted acid digestion. In this context, according to the analysis results, the removal efficiency of <i>Lemna gibba</i> L. for Al was highest at 89.66% over the weeks. Furthermore, treatment efficiencies above 50% were achieved for Co (57.86-60.61%), Sb (64.25-67.35%), and Ti (63.27-66.21%). Based on statistical analyses, PCA (principal component analysis)) and HCA (hierarchical cluster analysis) models explained 85% of the total variance. As a result, this study demonstrated that <i>Lemna gibba</i> L. removes elements from MWWTP effluent, contributing to the removal efficiency of the secondary clarifier and clearly showing its potential use in phytoremediation.</p>","PeriodicalId":14235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytoremediation","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149127299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}