International Journal of Phytoremediation最新文献_第4页

Elicitors fortifies the plant resilience against metal and metalloid stress. 诱导剂可增强植物抵御金属和类金属胁迫的能力。

IF 3.4 4区环境科学与生态学

International Journal of Phytoremediation Pub Date : 2024-11-03 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2024.2420328

Parammal Faseela, Mathew Veena, Akhila Sen, K S Anjitha, K P Raj Aswathi, Palliyath Sruthi, Jos T Puthur

{"title":"Elicitors fortifies the plant resilience against metal and metalloid stress.","authors":"Parammal Faseela, Mathew Veena, Akhila Sen, K S Anjitha, K P Raj Aswathi, Palliyath Sruthi, Jos T Puthur","doi":"10.1080/15226514.2024.2420328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2024.2420328","url":null,"abstract":"This review addresses plant interactions with HMs, emphasizing defence mechanisms and the role of chelating agents, antioxidants and various elicitor molecules in mitigating metal toxicity in plants. To combat soil contamination with HMs, chelate assisted phytoextraction using application of natural or synthetic aminopolycarboxylic acids is an effective strategy. Plants also employ diverse signaling pathways, including hormones, calcium, reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases influencing gene expression and defence mechanisms to counter HM stress. Phytohormones enhance the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defence mechanism and the level of secondary metabolites in plants when exposed to HM stress. Also it activates genes responsible for DNA repair mechanism. In addition, the plant hormones can also regulate the activity of several transporters of HMs, thereby preventing their entry into the cell. Elicitor molecules regulate metal and metalloid absorption, sequestration and transport in plants. Combining of different elicitors like jasmonic acid, calcium, salicylic acid etc. effectively mitigates metal and metalloid stress in plants. Moreover, microbes including bacteria and fungi, offer eco-friendly and efficient solution for HM remediation. Understanding these elicitors, microbes and various signaling pathways is crucial for developing strategies to enhance plant resilience to metal and metalloid stress.","PeriodicalId":14235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytoremediation","volume":" ","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142567308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Research on the optimal ratio of improved electrolytic manganese residue substrate about Pennisetum sinese Roxb growth effects. 关于改良电解锰渣基质对 Pennisetum sinese Roxb 生长影响的最佳配比研究

IF 3.4 4区环境科学与生态学

International Journal of Phytoremediation Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2024.2379610

Jian Yang, Zuyong Chen, Jie Dai, Fang Liu, Jian Zhu

{"title":"Research on the optimal ratio of improved electrolytic manganese residue substrate about Pennisetum sinese Roxb growth effects.","authors":"Jian Yang, Zuyong Chen, Jie Dai, Fang Liu, Jian Zhu","doi":"10.1080/15226514.2024.2379610","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15226514.2024.2379610","url":null,"abstract":"Electrolytic manganese slag (EMR) is a solid waste generated in the manganese hydrometallurgy process. It not only takes up significant land space but also contains Mn2+, which can lead to environmental contamination. There is a need for research on the treatment and utilization of EMR. Improved EMR substrate for Pennisetum sinese Roxb growth was determined in pot planting experiments. The study tested the effects of leaching solution, microorganisms, leaf cell structures, and growth data. Results indicated a substrate of 45% EMR, 40% phosphogypsum, 5% Hericium erinaceus fungi residue, 5% quicklime, and 5% dolomite sand significantly increased the available phosphorus content (135.54 ± 2.88 μg·g-1) by 17.95 times, compared to pure soil, and enhanced the relative abundance of dominant bacteria. After 240 days, the plant height (147.00 ± 0.52 cm), number of tillers (6), and aerial dry weight (144.00 ± 15.99g) of Pennisetum sinese Roxb increased by 5.81%, 200%, and 32.58%, respectively. Analyses of leaves and leaching solution revealed that the highest leaf Mn content (46.84 ± 2.91 μg·g-1) being 3.38 times higher than in pure soil, and the leaching solution Mn content (0.66 ± 0.13 μg·g-1) was lowest. Our study suggested P. sinese Roxb grown in an improved EMR substrate could be a feasible option for solidification treatment and resource utilization of EMR.","PeriodicalId":14235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytoremediation","volume":" ","pages":"2206-2215"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141758614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Pontederia crassipes utilization for dual phytoremediation and adsorption in greywater treatment: a techno-economic and sustainable approach. 在中水处理中利用 Pontederia crassipes 进行双重植物修复和吸附：一种技术经济和可持续的方法。

IF 3.4 4区环境科学与生态学

International Journal of Phytoremediation Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-05 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2024.2374887

Morish Azabo, Amal Abdelhaleem, Manabu Fujii, Mahmoud Nasr

{"title":"Pontederia crassipes utilization for dual phytoremediation and adsorption in greywater treatment: a techno-economic and sustainable approach.","authors":"Morish Azabo, Amal Abdelhaleem, Manabu Fujii, Mahmoud Nasr","doi":"10.1080/15226514.2024.2374887","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15226514.2024.2374887","url":null,"abstract":"While phytoremediation has been widely employed for greywater treatment, this system suffers from the transfer of considerable amounts of surfactants to the aquatic environment through partially treated effluent and/or exhausted plant disposal. Hence, this study focuses on greywater phytoremediation followed by recycling the spent plant for preparing an adsorbent material used as post-treatment. P. crassipes was used to operate a phytoremediation unit under 23 °C, 60% relative humidity, plant density (5-30 g/L), dilution (0-50%), pH (4-10), and retention time (3-15 days). The optimum condition was 12.7 g/L density, 34.0% dilution, pH 8.4, and 13 days, giving chemical oxygen demand (COD), surfactant, and NH4-N removal efficiencies of 94.62%, 90.45%, and 88.09%, respectively. The exhausted plant was then thermally treated at 550 °C and 40 min to obtain biochar used as adsorbent to treat the phytoremediation effluent. The optimum adsorption process was biochar dosage of 1.51 g/L, pH of 2.1, and 137 min, providing a surfactant removal efficiency of 92.56%. The final discharge of this phytoremediation/adsorption combined process contained 8.30 mg/L COD, 0.23 mg/L surfactant, and 0.94 mg/L NH4+-N. Interestingly, this approach could be economically feasible with a payback period of 6.5 years, 14 USD net present value, and 8.6% internal rate of return.","PeriodicalId":14235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytoremediation","volume":" ","pages":"2113-2126"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141534430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of monocultures and polycultures of Typha latifolia and Heliconia psittacorum on the treatment of river waters contaminated with landfill leachate/domestic wastewater in partially saturated vertical constructed wetlands. 在部分饱和的垂直建造湿地中，单株和多株栽培晚香玉（Typha latifolia）和鹤望兰（Heliconia psittacorum）对处理受垃圾填埋场渗滤液/生活废水污染的河水的影响。

IF 3.4 4区环境科学与生态学

International Journal of Phytoremediation Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2024.2379007

Denisse Astrid Hernández-Castelán, Florentina Zurita, Oscar Marín-Peña, Erick Arturo Betanzo-Torres, Mayerlin Sandoval-Herazo, Jesús Castellanos-Rivera, Luis Carlos Sandoval Herazo

{"title":"Effect of monocultures and polycultures of Typha latifolia and Heliconia psittacorum on the treatment of river waters contaminated with landfill leachate/domestic wastewater in partially saturated vertical constructed wetlands.","authors":"Denisse Astrid Hernández-Castelán, Florentina Zurita, Oscar Marín-Peña, Erick Arturo Betanzo-Torres, Mayerlin Sandoval-Herazo, Jesús Castellanos-Rivera, Luis Carlos Sandoval Herazo","doi":"10.1080/15226514.2024.2379007","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15226514.2024.2379007","url":null,"abstract":"Partially Saturated Vertical Constructed Wetlands (PSV-CWs) are novel wastewater treatment systems that work through aerobic and anaerobic conditions that favor the removal of pollutants found in high concentrations, such as rivers contaminated with domestic wastewater and landfill leachate. The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficiency of PSV-CWs using monocultures and polycultures of Typha latifolia and Heliconia psittacorum to treat river waters contaminated with leachates from open dumps and domestic wastewater. Six experimental units of PSV-CWs were used; two were planted with Typha latifolia monoculture, two with Heliconia psittacorum monoculture and two with polycultures of both plants. The results indicated better organic matter and nitrogen removal efficiencies (p < 0.05) in systems with polycultures (TSS:95%, BOD5:83%, COD:89%, TN:82% and NH4+:99%). In general, the whole system showed high average removal efficiencies (TSS:93%, BOD5:79%, COD:85%, TN:79%, NH4+:98% and TP:85%). Regarding vegetation, both species developed better in units with monocultures, being Typha latifolia the one that reached a more remarkable development. However, both species showed high resistance to the contaminated environment. These results showed higher removals than those reported in the literature with conventional Free Flow Vertical Constructed Wetlands (FFV-CWs), so PSV-CWs could be a suitable option to treat this type of effluent.","PeriodicalId":14235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytoremediation","volume":" ","pages":"2163-2174"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141590314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Soil amendment-assisted phytoremediation with ryegrass offers a promising approach to mitigate environmental health concerns. 利用黑麦草进行土壤改良辅助植物修复，为缓解环境健康问题提供了一种前景广阔的方法。

IF 3.4 4区环境科学与生态学

International Journal of Phytoremediation Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-30 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2024.2380039

Albert Kobina Mensah

{"title":"Soil amendment-assisted phytoremediation with ryegrass offers a promising approach to mitigate environmental health concerns.","authors":"Albert Kobina Mensah","doi":"10.1080/15226514.2024.2380039","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15226514.2024.2380039","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to examine the potential of soil amendment-assisted phytoremediation using ryegrass in reclaiming abandoned gold mine soil in southwestern Ghana, with a specific focus on the soil contamination hazards associated with metals and metalloids. A pot experiment lasting 60 days was carried out to assess the efficacy of soil amendments, such as compost, iron oxide, and poultry manure, in mitigating environmental hazards. Three soil contamination indices (soil contamination = CF, enrichment factor = ER, and pollution load index = PLI) were used to calculate the extent of soil contamination, enrichment, and pollution of the sites with Co, Hg, Ni, Mo, Se, Sb, and Pb. The findings show that Hg made the greatest contribution (with a maximum soil CF of 18.0) to the overall PLI, with a maximum value of 74.4. The sites were averagely and consequently enriched with toxic elements in the decreasing order: Ni (ER = 33.3) > Mo (20.5) > Sb (14.1) > Pb (11.0) > Hg (7.9) > Se (2.1). The bioaccumulation factor (BCF > 1) suggests that ryegrass has the ability to phytostabilize Co, Hg, Mo, and Ni. This means that the plant may store these elements in its roots, potentially decreasing their negative effects on the environment and human health. Ultimately, the addition of combined manure with iron oxides might have augmented the sequestration of these metals in the root. The elements may have accumulated through sorption on manure or Fe surfaces, dissolution from watering the plants in the pot, or mineralization of organic manure. Thus, ryegrass has shown potential for phytostabilisation of Co, Hg, Mo, and Ni when assisted with a combination of manure and iron oxides; and can consequently mitigate the environmental and human health impacts.","PeriodicalId":14235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytoremediation","volume":" ","pages":"2216-2233"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141855529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Spontaneous growth of plants enhances phytoextraction on abandoned coal mine wastes in Central Alborz coalfield, Iran. 植物的自发生长提高了伊朗中部阿尔博兹煤田废弃煤矿废料的植物萃取能力。

IF 3.4 4区环境科学与生态学

International Journal of Phytoremediation Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-12 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2024.2378217

Nateq Lashkari Sanami, Jamshid Ghorbani, Ghorban Vahabzadeh, Seyed Mohammad Hodjati, Babak Motesharezadeh

{"title":"Spontaneous growth of plants enhances phytoextraction on abandoned coal mine wastes in Central Alborz coalfield, Iran.","authors":"Nateq Lashkari Sanami, Jamshid Ghorbani, Ghorban Vahabzadeh, Seyed Mohammad Hodjati, Babak Motesharezadeh","doi":"10.1080/15226514.2024.2378217","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15226514.2024.2378217","url":null,"abstract":"Coal mining disperses heavy metals into the environment, necessitating the identification of metal-tolerant plants for ecosystem restoration. This study evaluated the phytoremediation potential of plant species in abandoned coal wastes in northern Iran. Pollution indices indicated moderate contamination of Cu, Ni, V, Zn, Pb, Cr, and As in coal wastes. The plants varied in their ability to accumulate and translocate these metals, with most showing efficient root-to-shoot translocation. Artemisia scoparia (41.06 mg.kg-1) and Capparis spinosa (42.48 mg.kg-1) were effective for Cu phytoextraction. Most species, notably Cynodon dactylon (3.4 mg.kg-1), showed promise for phytoextraction of Cr. Capparis spinosa (7.67 mg.kg-1) exhibited potential for Pb phytoextraction. Most plants, particularly Hordeum vulgare and Melica persica, were effective phytoextractors of Ni. Sylibum marianum accumulated V beyond phytotoxic levels. Chenopodium album and Glaucium fimbriligerum were identified as phytoextractors of Zn while Cynodon dactylon and Hordeum vulgare, accumulating >100 mg.kg-1 Zn in roots, showed potential for phytostabilization. Sylibum marianum and Glaucium fimbriligerum, acted as excluders for As. Kochia prostrata and Artemisia aucheri were excluders for Cu, Cr, Ni, and Pb. This study provided the role of multiple indigenous plants, including perennials and annuals with diverse life forms, in metal extraction and stabilization for sustainable coal waste management.","PeriodicalId":14235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytoremediation","volume":" ","pages":"2154-2162"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141599869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ectopic expression of the yeast Mn²⁺ transporter SMF2 enhances tolerance and resistance to cadmium and arsenic in transgenic Arabidopsis. 异位表达酵母 Mn2+ 转运体 SMF2 可增强转基因拟南芥对镉和砷的耐受性和抗性。

IF 3.4 4区环境科学与生态学

International Journal of Phytoremediation Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-08 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2024.2373974

Jiangbo Guo, Hanyang Liu, Yang Xu, Lu Li, Cuihua Xin

引用次数: 0

Self-purification in tropical upland rivers as affected by environmental factors: the case of Balili River in Benguet, Philippines. 受环境因素影响的热带高地河流的自净能力：菲律宾本格特省巴利利河的案例。

IF 3.4 4区环境科学与生态学

International Journal of Phytoremediation Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2024.2380751

Mercedes K Ago, Regine D Caasi, Divina S Kege-E, Jones T Napaldet

{"title":"Self-purification in tropical upland rivers as affected by environmental factors: the case of Balili River in Benguet, Philippines.","authors":"Mercedes K Ago, Regine D Caasi, Divina S Kege-E, Jones T Napaldet","doi":"10.1080/15226514.2024.2380751","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15226514.2024.2380751","url":null,"abstract":"A major data gap in tropical river ecology is the limited documentation of natural water purification of upstream rivers. This study documented the improvement of water quality of downstream Balili River as affected by environmental factors and macrophyte diversity using a mixed-method approach (water quality assessment, plant inventory, field observation, canonical correspondence analysis, community interview). Results showed that the distance from pollution plays a significant role in the self-purification of the river while the floral diversity maintains the riparian from further contaminating the water and at the same time absorbing air pollutants. Generally, the pollution reduction and %change is exponential at 2 and 3 km from point source then taper at 4 and 5 km. At 3 km from the point source, 30% improvement in TDS, BOD and salinity, 25% for EC, 20% in TSS, 35% in WQI, 36% in CPI, and 50% for DO were noted. Key factors that influence the self-purification process in the river were distance from pollution source, elevation, human disturbance (as indicated by %tree canopy) and temperature. These findings highlight the importance of distance from pollution sources and floral diversity in driving water quality improvements, with implications for sustainable water resource management in tropical regions.","PeriodicalId":14235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytoremediation","volume":" ","pages":"2234-2249"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141758615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The scientific landscape of phytoremediation of tailings: a bibliometric and scientometric analysis. 尾矿植物修复的科学前景：文献计量学和科学计量学分析。

IF 3.4 4区环境科学与生态学

International Journal of Phytoremediation Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-08 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2024.2373427

Brian F Keith, Elizabeth J Lam, Ítalo L Montofré, Vicente Zetola, Jaume Bech

{"title":"The scientific landscape of phytoremediation of tailings: a bibliometric and scientometric analysis.","authors":"Brian F Keith, Elizabeth J Lam, Ítalo L Montofré, Vicente Zetola, Jaume Bech","doi":"10.1080/15226514.2024.2373427","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15226514.2024.2373427","url":null,"abstract":"This article seeks to evaluate the scientific landscape of the phytoremediation of mine tailings through a series of bibliometric and scientometric techniques. Phytoremediation has emerged as a sustainable approach to remediate metal-contaminated mine waste areas. A scientometric analysis of 913 publications indexed in Web of Science from 1999 to 2023 was conducted using CiteSpace. The results reveal an expanding, interdisciplinary field with environmental sciences as the core category. Keyword analysis of 561 nodes and 2,825 links shows a focus on plant-metal interactions, microbial partnerships, bioavailability, and field validation. Co-citation analysis of 1,032 nodes and 2,944 links identifies seminal works on native species, plant-microbe interactions, and amendments. Temporal mapping of 15 co-citation clusters indicates a progression from early risk assessments and native plant inquiries to integrated biological systems, economic feasibility, and sustainability considerations. Recent trends emphasize multidimensional factors influencing adoption, such as plant-soil-microbe interactions, organic amendments, and field-scale performance evaluation. The findings demonstrate an intensifying translation of phytoremediation from scientific novelty to engineering practice. This quantitative and qualitative analysis of research trends aids in understanding the development of phytoremediation for mine tailings. The results provide valuable insights for researchers and practitioners in this evolving field.","PeriodicalId":14235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytoremediation","volume":" ","pages":"2084-2102"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141554818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Synthesis of hydrochar from date palm seeds using microwave-enhanced hydrothermal carbonization and its application in dyes removal. 利用微波增强水热碳化法合成枣椰籽水炭及其在脱除染料中的应用。

IF 3.4 4区环境科学与生态学

International Journal of Phytoremediation Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-16 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2024.2377809

Lahssen El Blidi, Mohanad El-Harbawi, Saeed Alhawtali, Maher Alrashed, Musaad Aleid

引用次数: 0