International Journal of General Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Variations in Poisoning Epidemiology and Management During the Initial COVID-19 Outbreak in a Taiwanese Emergency Department.","authors":"Lu-Chen Chen, Chih-Yang Mao, Chan-Wa Cheong, Wei-Chen Chen, Tzung-Hai Yen, Hsien-Yi Chen","doi":"10.2147/IJGM.S520738","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJGM.S520738","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted the epidemiology of emergency department (ED) presentations, including those for self-harm and poisoning. Taiwan, with its strict border controls and quarantine measures, experienced a delayed COVID-19 outbreak in late April 2022. We evaluated epidemiological changes in ED poisoning cases and assessed whether their management was affected during the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective cohort study of ED poisoning cases during the early phase of the COVID-19 outbreak (May 1-July 31, 2022) and the corresponding pre-COVID-19 periods (May 1-July 31, 2018, and 2019) at a tertiary medical center. Demographic data, poisoning characteristics, treatment efficiency, and clinical outcomes were compared between the two periods.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 145 poisoning cases (48.3 per month) were identified during the pandemic, compared to 572 (95.3 per month) in the pre-pandemic period. Poisoned patients were significantly older (median age: 48 vs 40.5 years, p = 0.009) during the pandemic compared to the pre-pandemic periods, with a significant decline in pediatric poisoning cases. Although an increase in prescription drug exposures and a slight decrease in other poisoning categories was observed, these differences were not statistically significant. The proportion of severe poisoning cases (poisoning severity score 3 or 4) was significantly higher during the pandemic than in the pre-pandemic period (14.5% vs 7.9%, p = 0.021), and was accompanied by increased rates of intubation and intensive care unit admissions. ED stays were significantly prolonged during the pandemic, particularly among patients at risk of concurrent COVID-19 infection. Mortality rates remained comparable between the two periods.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The epidemiology, disease severity, and management efficiency of poisoning cases were significantly affected during the early phase of the nationwide COVID-19 outbreak. Further large-scale studies are needed to validate these findings and inform future interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":14131,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of General Medicine","volume":"18 ","pages":"3175-3183"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12176141/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144325660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial Epidemiologic Analysis of Fetal Birth Defects in Guangxi, China.","authors":"Zhenren Peng, Xiuning Huang, Jie Wei, Biyan Chen, Lifang Liang, Baoying Feng, Qiufen Wei, Sheng He","doi":"10.2147/IJGM.S521948","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJGM.S521948","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To apply various spatial epidemiological approaches to detect spatial trends and geographical clusters of birth defects (BDs) prevalence in Guangxi, China, and to explore the risk factors for BDs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Between 2016 and 2022, the Guangxi Birth Defects Monitoring Network (GXBDMN) monitored a total of 4.57 million fetuses in this study. The BDs data for fetuses could be obtained from the GXBDMN. The kriging interpolation, spatial autocorrelation, and spatial regression analyses were used to explore the spatial trends patterns, and risk factors of BDs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Between 2016 and 2022, 101,786 fetuses were diagnosed with BDs, resulting in an overall BDs prevalence of 222.68 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 221.33-224.04] per 10,000 fetuses. The global spatial autocorrelation analysis showed a positive spatial autocorrelation in the prevalence of BDs at the county level. The local spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed that the primary clustering patterns of BDs prevalence were High-High and Low-Low. The local indicators of spatial association (LISA) cluster map and kriging interpolation analysis showed that the High-High cluster aggregation areas for the BDs prevalence were gradually shifted from Nanning and Liuzhou to Nanning from 2016 to 2022. The spatial lag model (SLM) results showed that the coefficients of education level (β=15.898, P=0.001), family monthly income per capita (β=0.010, P=0.005) and pre-gestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM)/gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) (β=10.346, P=0.002) were statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The spatial trends and geographical cluster patterns of county-level prevalence of BDs in Guangxi are very obvious. Especially, the trend of high clustering in the prevalence of BDs is particularly evident. In addition, BDs are becoming more prevalent due to higher education levels, an increase in family monthly income per capita of pregnant women, and pregnant women with PGDM or GDM.</p>","PeriodicalId":14131,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of General Medicine","volume":"18 ","pages":"3151-3173"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12176105/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144325659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial Intelligence in Chronic Disease Management for Aging Populations: A Systematic Review of Machine Learning and NLP Applications.","authors":"Gang Feng, Falin Weng, Wei Lu, Libin Xu, Wenxiang Zhu, Man Tan, Pengjuan Weng","doi":"10.2147/IJGM.S516247","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJGM.S516247","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As China's elderly population grows rapidly and the aging society arrives, the number of elderly patients with chronic diseases (mainly including chronic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, etc) continues to increase, significantly impacting individuals, families, and society. Geriatric Chronic Disease Management in China faces multiple challenges, including unequal distribution of medical resources, lack of professional management teams, insufficient health education, improper medication management, inadequate psychological support, insufficient medical insurance coverage, and insufficient family support. The rise of artificial intelligence (AI) technology (eg, machine learning, deep learning, NLP, computer vision) offers possibilities for improving Geriatric Chronic Disease Management, including optimizing the distribution of medical resources, supplementing professional management teams, popularizing health education, optimizing medication management, enhancing psychological support, improving medical insurance efficiency and accuracy, and strengthening family support. However, the application of AI in Geriatric Chronic Disease Management still faces challenges such as the data scarcity, model generalization, clinician adoption, alignment of AI decision-making with clinical guidelines, Integration with existing healthcare systems, privacy and security, user acceptance, ethics and law. To overcome these challenges, interdisciplinary collaboration is needed to promote the rational and effective application of AI technology, aiming to achieve healthy aging. This paper systematically reviews the current status, challenges, and future directions of AI application in Geriatric Chronic Disease Management.</p>","PeriodicalId":14131,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of General Medicine","volume":"18 ","pages":"3105-3115"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12170813/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144316803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploration of TCM Comprehensive Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome Based on Pathophysiological Mechanism.","authors":"Xiaonan Xu, Yan Huang, Zhuolin Ma, Zhaoxia Liu","doi":"10.2147/IJGM.S513906","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJGM.S513906","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a gastrointestinal disorder that is characterized by abdominal pain and altered bowel habits. The clinical manifestations of IBS include abdominal discomfort; irregular bowel movements; potential bleeding; and various symptoms associated with somatic, visceral, and psychiatric conditions. Presently, the diagnosis of IBS relies on symptomatology and the exclusion of other organic disorders, while treatment modalities include pharmacological interventions targeting primary symptoms, dietary modifications, and psychotherapy. Although the underlying mechanisms contributing to morbidity in IBS remain inadequately understood, potential etiological factors include increased epithelial cell permeability, biological irregularities, inflammation, visceral hypersensitivity, genetic and epigenetic influences, and altered brain-gut interactions. IBS significantly diminishes the quality of life and imposes substantial burdens on patients, healthcare providers, and healthcare systems. Recent academic research has indicated that traditional Chinese medicine plays an increasingly significant role in IBS management. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in treating IBS, focusing on the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the disorder, to provide insights into a promising complementary approach for managing IBS, with potential applications in clinical practice to improve symptom management and patient quality of life. Further research into the specific mechanisms of TCM in IBS treatment could pave the way for the development of targeted therapeutic strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":14131,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of General Medicine","volume":"18 ","pages":"3075-3091"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12170834/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144316817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting Stroke-Associated Pneumonia in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Machine Learning Model Development and Validation Study with CBC-Derived Inflammatory Indices.","authors":"Mengqi Xie, Zhiying Liu, Fangfang Dai, Zhen Cao, Xiaobei Wang","doi":"10.2147/IJGM.S524450","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJGM.S524450","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP), a critical complication of ischemic stroke, significantly worsens outcomes. Our aim was to identify SAP risk factors and develop a machine learning (ML) model for early risk stratification.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study analyzed 574 ischemic stroke patients, divided into training (75%) and testing (25%) sets. Nine ML models were trained using 10-fold cross-validation, with performance evaluated by accuracy, AUC-ROC, and F1-score. Key predictors were interpreted via SHAP analysis. An interactive web tool was developed using the optimal model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>SAP incidence was 32.4%. LightGBM demonstrated superior predictive performance (ranking score=54) without overfitting, identifying Monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), NIHSS score, age, aggregate index of systemic inflammation (AISI), and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) as the top predictors.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings demonstrate that machine learning models exhibit strong predictive performance for SAP, with the LightGBM algorithm outperforming other approaches. The web-based prediction tool developed from this model provides clinicians with actionable insights to support real-time clinical decision-making.</p>","PeriodicalId":14131,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of General Medicine","volume":"18 ","pages":"3117-3128"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12170845/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144316818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Synergistic and Attenuated Mechanism of Action of the Xihuang Pill in Dual Immunotherapy After Stenting for Advanced Cholangiocarcinoma: A Controlled Clinical Trial.","authors":"Peng Wang, Yu-Huan Wang, Yun Tao, Xiang-Long Zheng, Wan-Chun Wang","doi":"10.2147/IJGM.S496375","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJGM.S496375","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aims to investigate the synergistic and attenuation mechanism of Xihuang pill in the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), thereby providing a reliable scientific basis for the selection of postoperative treatment strategies in cholangiocarcinoma patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In total, 120 patients with advanced CCA who underwent stent implantation were divided into control group I (n = 40), control group II (n = 40), and observation group (n = 40). The patients in control group I were only treated with a tumor immunosuppressant (tislelizumab injection), the patients in control group II were administered tumor double immunotherapy (tislelizumab injection + thymalfasin injection), and the patients in the observation group were treated with Xihuang pill combined with tumor double immunotherapy. The therapeutic effect, side effects, coagulation function, tumor markers, and immune function were compared among the three groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared to the patients in control groups I and II, those in the observation group showed significantly longer activated partial thromboplastin time (APPT) and prothrombin time (PT), and lower fibrinogen (FIB) levels and platelet count (PLT) after treatment (P < 0.05). In the observation group, the levels of CD3+, CD4+, and CD4+/CD8+ increased, but the level of CD8+ decreased. The levels of CEA, CA125, CA19-9, CA242, and CA50 in serum decreased. The adverse reactions in the observation group were lower, while the objective remission rate (ORR) was significantly higher than their corresponding values in control groups I and II (42.5%vs17.5%, 27.5%) (P < 0.05). The 1-year overall survival rates of the control group I, control group II and observation group were 42.5%, 50% and 60%, and the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Xihuang Pill combined with dual immunotherapy can synergistically enhance anti-tumor efficacy and reduce treatment-related toxicity in patients with advanced CCA by regulating coagulation function and immune mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":14131,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of General Medicine","volume":"18 ","pages":"3063-3074"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12170798/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144316820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CircRNA Networks in CAD: Multi-Cellular Mechanisms and Clinical Potential.","authors":"Huan Cheng, Xinyu Wu, Jingru Li, Luqiao Wang","doi":"10.2147/IJGM.S524189","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJGM.S524189","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Coronary artery disease (CAD), is a global cardiovascular disease that is characterized by myocardial ischemia and hypoxia caused by coronary artery occlusion. Circular RNAs (CircRNAs) is a particular kind of endogenous non-coding RNA, which can affect the occurrence and development of CAD. Concurrently, several circRNAs display stable persistence in CAD patients, attributable to their exceptional exonuclease resistance, thereby harboring the capacity to evolve into a biomarker for CAD diagnosis and prognosis. This article endeavors to clarify the pivotal role of circRNAs in the intricate pathophysiological processes underlying CAD patients or CAD disease models based on their unique biological characteristics and functionalities, and further discuss their prospects in clinical applications of CAD.</p>","PeriodicalId":14131,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of General Medicine","volume":"18 ","pages":"3129-3150"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12170827/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144316804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distinct Trajectories of Fatigue Among Families with Post-Intensive Care Syndrome.","authors":"Qiong Chen, Yanjin Huang, Limin Xu, Xiaomei Chen","doi":"10.2147/IJGM.S513018","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJGM.S513018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study investigated the trajectories of fatigue symptoms in post-intensive care syndrome among family members (PICS-F) and aimed to explore the sociodemographic and clinical factors related to these trajectories.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>This was a longitudinal observational study conducted in an intensive care unit (ICU) of a tertiary hospital in Xiamen, China. Data were collected when adult patients were transferred from the ICU to the ordinary ward of the hospital or discharged, and at 1 month, 2 months, and 3 months later. Fatigue symptoms were assessed using the Fatigue Severity subscale, and sociodemographic and clinical information was collected. The study used latent growth mixture modelling to construct the trajectories of fatigue symptoms, and logistic regression was used to identify the factors associated with fatigue.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 133 family members with PICS-F were included. Four trajectories of fatigue symptoms were identified and attributed to two groups. Controlling for individual's age and severity of illness, the length of stay in the ICU and in the hospital increased the odds of belonging to the fatigue group, whereas a lower level of dependence (higher Barthel index score) was a protective factor for the non-fatigue group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Four distinct trajectories of fatigue symptoms were identified. Longer ICU stays and hospitalization durations of patients may increase the risk of fatigue of PICS-F, while a lower level of dependence has the potential to reduce the risk of fatigue. Further multicenter studies with larger sample sizes and diverse populations are needed to validate this hypothesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":14131,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of General Medicine","volume":"18 ","pages":"3093-3103"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12170875/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144316816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Copper Metabolism-Related Genes as Biomarkers in Colon Adenoma and Cancer.","authors":"Taikun Zhang, Ying Fu","doi":"10.2147/IJGM.S521512","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJGM.S521512","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To elucidate the role of copper (Cu) metabolism in the progression of colon adenoma (CA) to colorectal cancer (CRC) and to identify potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets through comprehensive bioinformatics analysis.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>Datasets associated with colon adenoma were retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between CA samples and normal controls (NC) were intersected with genes related to copper metabolism (CMRGs) and DEGs between CRC and CA. Five machine-learning algorithms were employed to identify biomarkers. The degree of immune infiltration was evaluated using single-sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (ssGSEA), and the expression profiles of these biomarkers across various cell types were further characterized using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). The expression levels of the identified genes were validated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and data from the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) database.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Five biomarkers were identified: ZEB1, ABCA1, SLC24A3, CAV1, and FLNA. Functional enrichment analysis revealed significant pathway alterations in the low-expression groups of CAV1 (eg, phagosome pathway) and FLNA (eg, ribosome pathway). Significant differences in the infiltration abundance of macrophages and mast cells were observed between CA and NC. scRNA-seq analysis demonstrated that these biomarkers were expressed in fibroblasts, lymphocytes, goblet cells, B cells, and macrophages. The consistency of gene expression between patient samples and public datasets was confirmed through qPCR and HPA data.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study explores the role of copper metabolism in colon adenoma progression using bioinformatics. Five genes (ZEB1,ABCA1, SLC24A3, CAV1, FLNA) were identified as potential biomarkers. These genes correlate with immune infiltration and may serve as diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Further clinical validation is needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":14131,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of General Medicine","volume":"18 ","pages":"3021-3043"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12169024/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144309843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Helicobacter Pylori</i>-Induced Apoptosis in Gastric Diseases: Mechanisms, Implications, and Diagnostic Applications.","authors":"Yan Li, Guozheng Liu, Lijie Zhou, Yinghou Wang, Yangyang Sun, Yanyan Chen, Liming Chen, Jingdong Xiao","doi":"10.2147/IJGM.S520982","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJGM.S520982","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)</i> is a spiral-shaped gram-negative bacterium that causes one of the most common infections worldwide, affecting a significant portion of the human population. It plays a crucial role in regulating cellular activities, such as apoptosis, through various virulence factors, thereby contributing to the development and progression of gastrointestinal diseases including gastritis, ulcers, and gastric cancer. Here, we explored the complex relationship between <i>H. pylori</i> infection and apoptosis, emphasizing how <i>H. pylori</i> induces apoptosis via virulence factors (such as cytotoxin-associated gene A and vacuolating cytotoxin A), death receptor pathways, and host cell responses. Additionally, we critically examine current diagnostic strategies used to detect <i>H. pylori</i> infection and apoptosis, including non-invasive tests, invasive histopathological methods, and emerging molecular techniques. We assess their diagnostic value, limitations, and applicability in clinical settings, with the aim of identifying more effective approaches for early detection and disease monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":14131,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of General Medicine","volume":"18 ","pages":"2995-3009"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12168956/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144309924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}