Liu Jin, Xiang Chen, Jieqiong Wu, Jian Yang, Xiuli Du
{"title":"Deterioration mechanism of the macroscopic properties and microstructure of concrete under low-temperature cyclic fatigue action","authors":"Liu Jin, Xiang Chen, Jieqiong Wu, Jian Yang, Xiuli Du","doi":"10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109493","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109493","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the microstructural and macro-mechanical property degradation mechanisms of concrete subjected to low-temperature freeze–thaw cycles (LFC, –40 ℃ to 20 ℃) in four representative solutions (C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (ethylene glycol), H<sub>2</sub>O, 3.5% NaCl, and 3.5% Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>). The correlations between microstructures and macro-mechanical properties are analyzed with the aid of innovative techniques including vickers hardness, nanoindentation, etc. Results show that compared with the freeze–thaw with minimum temperature of almost –20 °C, LFC lead to more severe damage and alter the damage order as: 3.5% NaCl > 3.5% Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> > H<sub>2</sub>O > C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, originated from expansion effects including the water ice expansion, corrosion product expansion, and uneven expansion (or contraction) due to temperature gradients. Although the low-temperature expansion rates of 3.5% Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> and 3.5% NaCl solutions are lower than that of water, their damage is severe: the former involves synergistic damage from ice and ettringite expansion, while the latter is exacerbated by hysteretic low-temperature expansion and hygroscopicity of NaCl. Besides, LFC increase the porosity, the more-harmful pore proportion, porous phase, while decrease the nano-indentation elastic modulus of the cement matrix and the high-density C-S-H content with more severe damage to the cement matrix than the aggregates, leading to the concrete strength degradation. Furthermore, the strength damage is linearly correlated with the more-harmful pore proportion, vickers hardness damage, nano-indentation elastic modulus, but non-linearly related to the porosity, porous phase, and high-density C-S-H content.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14112,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fatigue","volume":"207 ","pages":"Article 109493"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145995471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Long Yang , Xiao An , Wenyang Shao , Guangwu Yang , Bing Yang , Tao Zhu , Zhe Zhang
{"title":"Shear fatigue life prediction method for plug welded joints based on the equivalent structural stress model","authors":"Long Yang , Xiao An , Wenyang Shao , Guangwu Yang , Bing Yang , Tao Zhu , Zhe Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109500","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109500","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fatigue fracture often occurs in plug welded joints under shear loads, but an accurate fatigue life evaluation method for this special type of joint has not yet been proposed. Therefore, the fatigue failure behavior of plug welded joints through extensive shear fatigue tests was investigated in this study. To this end, the fatigue failure process and failure modes of plug welded joints under shear loading were obtained, and <em>F</em><sub>a</sub>–<em>N</em> curves were established. The investigation revealed that the overall <em>F</em><sub>a</sub>–<em>N</em> curve exhibited poor correlation and did not satisfy the engineering requirements. Consequently, an equivalent structural stress model that accurately captures the stress state of plug welded joints using the coupled node loads as input conditions was derived. A beam-shell finite element (FE) model that can accurately simulate the stress distribution of the plug welded joint was subsequently established to obtain the load inputs for the model. The forces and moments of the coupled nodes extracted from the FE model were input into the equivalent structural stress model to obtain the equivalent structural stress <em>σ</em><sub>s</sub> of the plug welded joint. Finally, <em>S</em><sub>s</sub>–<em>N</em> and <em>P</em>–<em>S</em><sub>s</sub>–<em>N</em> curves normalized for different <em>F</em><sub>a</sub>–<em>N</em> curves were developed, and a shear fatigue life prediction method for plug welded joints based on the equivalent structural stress method was established. The accuracy of this method was verified through random vibration fatigue test. The findings of this study provide a reference for the structural design and life prediction of plug welded joints.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14112,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fatigue","volume":"207 ","pages":"Article 109500"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145995467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arianna Mena , Jiashi Miao , Daniel Veghte , Bruce Williams , Aeriel D. Murphy-Leonard
{"title":"In-situ observations of cyclic deformation in an extruded Mg-2Nd-1Y-0.1Zr-0.1Ca alloy","authors":"Arianna Mena , Jiashi Miao , Daniel Veghte , Bruce Williams , Aeriel D. Murphy-Leonard","doi":"10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109489","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109489","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, the evolution of deformation mechanisms during cyclic loading in an extruded, solution-treated Mg–2Nd–1Y–0.1Zr–0.1Ca alloy was investigated using a combination of in-situ loading, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and focused ion beam (FIB) nanofabrication. The initial microstructure exhibited a crystallographic texture where the c-axis were orie. Flat, rectangular dog-bone specimens were subjected to load-controlled, fully reversed fatigue for 50 cycles, during which the same region was sequentially mapped to track microstructural changes. After 10 cycles of loading deformation twins were observed. During tensile reloading detwinning or narrowing of those twinned regions occurred. After 20 cycles, detwinning ceased and residual twins remained in the material. SEM imaging revealed numerous surface slip traces after cyclic loading. EBSD-assisted slip trace analysis identified the activation of prismatic < a > and pyramidal < c + a > slip systems during low-cycle fatigue. Site-specific scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) further revealed that deformation was also accommodated by basal < a > slip and the dissociation of < c + a > dislocations. Center-of-symmetry (COS) analysis confirmed that the dissociation of < c + a > dislocations resulted in the formation of I<sub>1</sub> intrinsic stacking faults after cyclic loading. These findings provide new insights into the complex interplay of dislocation mechanisms governing fatigue deformation in rare-earth-containing Mg alloys.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14112,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fatigue","volume":"207 ","pages":"Article 109489"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145995479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of distinct ferrite structures on the crack propagation behavior in a Si-enriched ferritic/martensitic (F/M) steel under low-cycle fatigue (LCF) at 600 ℃","authors":"Jun Zhang , Xiaoxin Zhang , Hao Ren , Decang Zhang , Yingxue Chen , Feifei Zhang , Xinhao Zhang , Qingzhi Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109517","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109517","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Advanced power plants demand steels with enhanced high-temperature low-cycle fatigue (LCF) performance. However, the insufficient understanding of ferrite’s role in crack propagation limits both optimization design and application of the novel Si-enriched ferritic/martensitic (F/M) steels. Hence, the crack propagation behavior during LCF was investigated in steels with varied ferrite structures obtained through two distinct treatments: normalizing & tempering process (NT) and hot rolling & tempering process (HR). The ferrite for NT is “clearer” with few and large sub-grains, whereas, for HR, the ferrite contains high density of small sub-grains. These sub-grains with slightly different orientation effectively deflect the crack propagation path. Moreover, hot rolling produced a pronounced texture characterized by a large misorientation between the crack plane and the {100} cleavage plane, thereby increasing the energy required for crack propagation. The sub-grain structure together with the strong texture indicates a higher resistance to crack propagation for HR. However, the notably higher ferrite fraction for HR results in a lower fatigue life, as the suboptimal strength ultimately leads to a premature onset of stage III with sharply decreasing stress, which limits the period of stable crack propagation, thereby, inducing an early failure. This excessive ferrite was formed due to the temperature drop during hot rolling, which shifted the calculated equilibrium ferrite from <5 % to nearly 45 %. Overall, these results highlight the importance of ferrite refinement and fraction control in optimizing the fatigue resistance of Si-enriched F/M steels. Guided by this insight, potential processing strategies are proposed for future optimization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14112,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fatigue","volume":"207 ","pages":"Article 109517"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146014559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shizhuang Liu , Hongjun Yu , Shihan Man , Xun Zhang , Yaode Yin , Xiaoming Bai , Ziheng Tang , Licheng Guo
{"title":"Effects of chloride ion concentration on the LCF performance of 316L austenitic stainless steel in high-temperature pressurized water","authors":"Shizhuang Liu , Hongjun Yu , Shihan Man , Xun Zhang , Yaode Yin , Xiaoming Bai , Ziheng Tang , Licheng Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109490","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109490","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This investigation examines the influence of the chloride ion concentrations (0.05%–5%) on the low-cycle fatigue (LCF) behavior of 316L austenitic stainless steel (316L SS) under high-temperature pressurized water (HTPW) conditions. Experimental results indicate that chloride ions substantially decrease fatigue life, with maximum reductions reaching ∼55% relative to pure water conditions. To enable quantitative fatigue life assessment, a progressive modeling approach is developed and validated. Initially, the strain amplitude effect is incorporated into the environmental fatigue correction factor under pure water conditions. Building on this foundation, the effect of chloride ion concentration is introduced to establish a logarithmic predictive model that demonstrates accuracy across the 0.05%–5% range. Validation experiments at intermediate concentrations (0.3% and 3%) yield prediction errors within 10%. Analysis of the cyclic stress response (CSR) reveals that chloride addition shortens the peak stress saturation stage and accelerates stress degradation. Fractographic examination reveals that increasing chloride concentration accelerates fatigue degradation mechanisms, characterized by expanded fatigue striation spacing and increased oxide particle coarsening. These findings advance the mechanistic understanding of chloride-mediated corrosion fatigue. Overall, a logarithmic predictive model is proposed to predict the fatigue life of 316L SS in chloride-containing HTPW environments, with improved predictive accuracy for the 316L SS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14112,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fatigue","volume":"207 ","pages":"Article 109490"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145995468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jing Zhang , Qingfeng Kang , Hui Wang , Zexi Zhang , Wenquan Cao
{"title":"A 2.9 GPa modified M50 steel with Remarkably high fatigue strength by Nb and Al alloying","authors":"Jing Zhang , Qingfeng Kang , Hui Wang , Zexi Zhang , Wenquan Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109518","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109518","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coarse prior austenite grains and large primary carbides are the main reasons for the limited strength and poor fatigue performance of M50 steel. In this study, the addition of Nb and Al to M50 steel was designed, leading to the simultaneous refinement of both the prior austenite grains (to 8.55 ± 0.58 μm) and the largest primary carbides (to 20 μm). Furthermore, the modified steel exhibited extremely excellent tensile strength (R<sub>m</sub>: 2864 ± 49 MPa and R<sub>p0.2</sub>: 2502 ± 22 MPa) and rotating bending fatigue strength (R<sub>-1</sub> = 1153 MPa). Microstructural characterization further revealed that alloying with Nb and Al synergistically altered the precipitation sequence during tempering, which suppressed Fe<sub>3</sub>C precipitation and spheroidization, and instead promoted the formation of a dense and uniform distribution of nanoscale M<sub>2</sub>C carbides, thereby significantly enhancing the tensile strength. Additionally, the Nb and Al alloying refined the primary MC and M<sub>2</sub>C carbides by inhibiting eutectic reactions and promoting the high-temperature decomposition of eutectic carbides. Consequently, this pronounced carbide refinement shifted fatigue crack initiation away from the carbide-dominated fracture sites (typical of conventional M50 steel) to weak microstructural regions within the modified steel’s matrix, thereby markedly increasing fatigue strength. These weak structures were associated with local chemical inhomogeneities and strain concentration at martensite packets and blocks boundaries. In summary, this systematic investigation into the effects of Nb and Al alloying on the microstructure evolution, mechanical properties, and fatigue behavior of M50 steel offers a promising strategy for developing high-temperature bearing steels with ultrahigh strength and excellent fatigue performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14112,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fatigue","volume":"207 ","pages":"Article 109518"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146048291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Indrajit Nandi , Sajith Soman , Reza Molaei , Will Tilson , Nima Shamsaei , Shuai Shao
{"title":"Competing role of volumetric defects and microstructure on the fatigue behavior of additively manufactured Inconel 718: An experimental study","authors":"Indrajit Nandi , Sajith Soman , Reza Molaei , Will Tilson , Nima Shamsaei , Shuai Shao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109486","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109486","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the competing role of volumetric defects and microstructure on the fatigue behavior of additively manufactured Inconel 718 (IN718), with emphasis on the crack initiation mechanism. IN718 rods were fabricated using laser powder bed fusion with tuned process parameters and heat treatments to obtain diverse defect contents and microstructures. Both uniaxial tensile and fully-reversed, force-controlled fatigue tests were performed, and fractography was conducted to analyze various features observed at fatigue crack initiation sites. The influence of defects and microstructure was more pronounced on fatigue behavior than on tensile behavior. Both microstructure- and defect-mediated fatigue crack initiations were observed. For the former, facets were observed at the crack initiation sites which were due to the formation and operation of persistent slip bands. Interestingly, results revealed a similar dependence of fatigue life on the feature size at the crack initiation sites, regardless of the crack initiation mechanism.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14112,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fatigue","volume":"207 ","pages":"Article 109486"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145956827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tianyu Zhang , Yu Wang , Zhanqing Yin , Xiaoming Liu , Chenchong Wang , Lingyu Wang , Chi Zhang , Wei Xu
{"title":"Microstructural origins for the simultaneously enhanced high-cycle fatigue performance and fatigue crack growth resistance of a carbide-free bainite steel","authors":"Tianyu Zhang , Yu Wang , Zhanqing Yin , Xiaoming Liu , Chenchong Wang , Lingyu Wang , Chi Zhang , Wei Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109513","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109513","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbide-free bainite (CFB) steel, consisting of bainitic laths and metastable retained austenite (RA), offers excellent static properties and fatigue resistance, making it a potential replacement for conventional axle steels. However, the relationships among its microstructure, fatigue life under various stresses, and fatigue crack growth (FCG) behavior remain unclear. This study designed two CFB axle steels, AT350 and AT300, by austempering at 350 °C or 300 °C followed by low-temperature tempering, producing different bainitic lath sizes and RA stabilities. Their mechanical properties, high-cycle fatigue (HCF) performance, and FCG behavior were systematically investigated. The AT300 sample featured finer bainite laths (average thickness: 231 nm) and higher RA stability than that of the AT350 sample, due to prior austenite grain segmentation by primary martensite. Consequently, AT300 achieved higher tensile strength (1575 MPa) and HCF strength (760 MPa, fatigue limit at 10<sup>7</sup> cycles). Under low-stress fatigue, the AT300 sample exhibited longer life and slower crack growth than the AT350 sample. Under high-stress fatigue, however, the fatigue lives of the AT350 and AT300 samples were nearly equivalent, as AT350′s greater ductility and secondary cracking compensated for its lower strength. In the FCG regime, AT300 showed a wider resistance plateau and a lower Paris exponent, indicating superior crack growth resistance. This enhancement arises from fine bainitic laths deflecting cracks and stable RA reducing martensitic transformation at the crack tip, thereby avoiding brittle martensite channels and absorbing strain energy. These findings provide valuable theoretical and experimental guidance for designing axle steels with superior fatigue resistance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14112,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fatigue","volume":"207 ","pages":"Article 109513"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146033267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Weichang Wei , Chenyang Zhang , Yapeng Huang , Xia He , Yong Zhang , Guang Li , Yanjin Xu , Baoshuai Han , Cai Hu , Lingying Ye
{"title":"Low-cycle fatigue performance and porosity evolution in spray-formed 7055 Al-alloy","authors":"Weichang Wei , Chenyang Zhang , Yapeng Huang , Xia He , Yong Zhang , Guang Li , Yanjin Xu , Baoshuai Han , Cai Hu , Lingying Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109514","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109514","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effects of pore characteristics and evolution on the fatigue performance of spray-formed 7055 aluminum alloy were investigated using synchrotron X-ray computed tomography (CT), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results demonstrate that pore characteristics and their evolution during cyclic loading directly govern the fatigue performance. As the extrusion ratio increased from 7 to 48, the size and number density of pores decreased significantly, which was accompanied by a progressive improvement in low-cycle fatigue life. During fatigue cycling, severe local plastic deformation occurred around pores sized 10–20 μm, causing substantial pore growth and promoting rapid crack initiation. For pores sized 5–10 μm, the local plastic deformation was less pronounced, resulting in delayed crack initiation and extended fatigue life. Pores smaller than 5 μm underwent negligible plastic deformation and thus had a minimal impact on fatigue performance. Moreover, pores accelerated fatigue crack propagation by providing preferential paths for rapid crack growth.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14112,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fatigue","volume":"207 ","pages":"Article 109514"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146033260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhanhua Liang , Jingwen Song , Feifan Li , Xianmin Chen , Jihong Zhu , Weihong Zhang
{"title":"Bayesian model updating and model validation for fatigue life prediction of additively manufactured aluminum alloys","authors":"Zhanhua Liang , Jingwen Song , Feifan Li , Xianmin Chen , Jihong Zhu , Weihong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109501","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109501","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fatigue life prediction for additively manufactured aluminum alloys is challenging due to limited data and significant material scatter. To address this, this study proposes a Bayesian uncertainty quantification framework for probabilistic prediction and model selection. Fatigue experiments were conducted on Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) AlSi10Mg specimens under two build directions. Bayesian inference was employed to update the parameters of four candidate models, characterizing data scarcity in the form of prediction uncertainty. U-pooling and Model Evidence metrics were then utilized to quantitatively evaluate model performance. The proposed framework effectively generated 95% confidence intervals that encapsulate most of the experimental data. Results indicate that specimens loaded perpendicular to the build direction (H-direction) exhibit superior fatigue resistance compared to those loaded parallel to it (S-direction). Quantitative validation identifies the Smith-Watson-Topper model and the Morrow model as the optimal predictors for the two directions. This work provides a reliable tool for fatigue assessment under data-scarce conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14112,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fatigue","volume":"207 ","pages":"Article 109501"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146033914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}