Jie Huang , Jinfa Guan , Jiwang Zhang , Dongdong Ji , Renhui Li
{"title":"Effects of Microstructure and Notch on the Fatigue Failure Behavior and Fatigue Strength of Cu-Cr-Zr Alloys Used for High-Speed Railway Contact Wires","authors":"Jie Huang , Jinfa Guan , Jiwang Zhang , Dongdong Ji , Renhui Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109524","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109524","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the effects of microstructure and V-notch geometry on the fatigue failure behavior and fatigue strength of Cu-Cr-Zr alloys used for high-speed railway contact wires. The results indicate that dislocation strengthening and precipitation strengthening are the primary contributors to the alloy’s yield strength. The introduction of an annular V-notch with an elastic stress concentration factor of <em>K<sub>t</sub></em> = 4.9 reduces the fatigue strength at 10<sup>7</sup> cycles from 240.2 <em>MPa</em> to 60.9 <em>MPa</em> and is accompanied by a transition in fracture mode from shear-dominated to tension-dominated failure. For smooth specimens, fatigue damage is governed by multiscale interactions involving crystallographic texture, dislocations, precipitate distributions, and geometric anisotropy of grains. In notched specimens, the highly localized stress field at the notch root suppresses the barrier effects of the microstructure and forces the crack to propagate perpendicular to the loading direction. Furthermore, while both the Theory of Critical Distances (PM) and the Neuber-Kuhn approach exhibit high accuracy in predicting notched fatigue strength, the latter proves more practical for the engineering design of contact wires. This work elucidates the competing mechanisms between microstructural features and local stress fields in fatigue failure and provides guidance for performance optimization of Cu-Cr-Zr alloys.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14112,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fatigue","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 109524"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146110153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A combined rolling contact fatigue damage mechanism for EMU train axle box bearings","authors":"Zhewei Zhang , Zilong Chen , Yi Wu , Hanwei Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109533","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109533","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The fatigue fracture of bearings is a major threat to the service safety of EMU trains. This study systematically investigates the evolution of spalling in axle box bearing outer rings through detailed characterization and in-depth analysis, proposing a combined rolling contact mechanism. Two distinct regions are identified in the spalls, respectively corresponding to subsurface- and surface-induced rolling contact fatigue (RCF) damages. Crack propagation and branching behaviors are thoroughly revealed in different spalling regions. According to this study, spalling begins with subsurface cracks originating at the depth consistent with the peak maximum shear stress under Hertzian contact, forming concentric ellipses with deep pits. As spalling progresses, surface-initiated cracks from spall-edge stress concentration can lead to further, shallow material removal that broadens with increasing over-rolling cycles. Electron backscatter diffraction and nanoindentation show that local microstructural refinement and hardening occur along with crack formation. A critical threshold stress intensity factor that dominates RCF crack growth is found, which is crucial for RCF modelling and life prediction. The study also identifies two crack-carbide interaction modes, cutting-through and bypassing, with the transition between them determined by a critical carbide diameter of 1 µm. These findings provide crucial insight into the RCF mechanism and offer practical guidance for long-life railway bearing steels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14112,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fatigue","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 109533"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146095821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Torsional fatigue life estimation for 18CrNiMo7-6 carburized steel considering surface roughness and residual stress","authors":"MingHao Zhao , Tong Li , XuHui Zhang , ZhaoRui Huang , ZhiXin Zhang , GuangZhao Han , Zengtao Chen , GuangTao Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109534","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109534","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The fatigue behavior of critical components such as bearings directly determines the service life and reliability of mechanical transmission systems. Surface roughness and residual stress induced during manufacturing exert significant influence on the fatigue failure of these components. To characterize such effects, this study proposes a fatigue life estimation model based on continuum damage mechanics (CDM), which systematically accounts for the influence of surface roughness and residual stress. Specifically, surface roughness is considered by deriving the effective fatigue notch factor (EFNF), <span><math><msub><mi>k</mi><mrow><mtext>f</mtext><mo>,</mo><mtext>eff</mtext></mrow></msub></math></span>, from the measured three-dimensional surface topography of the specimens, while residual stress is incorporated by calculating the residual stress influence factor (RSIF), <span><math><msub><mi>k</mi><mrow><mtext>m</mtext><mo>,</mo><mtext>res</mtext></mrow></msub></math></span>, through superposition with the mean shear stress. To validate the model, torsional fatigue tests under stress ratios of <em>R</em> = –1 and <em>R</em> = 0 were conducted on carburized heat-treated 18CrNiMo7-6 alloy steel specimens. Non-destructive testing methods were employed to measure surface roughness and residual stress prior to testing, and post-test fatigue fracture surfaces were examined using SEM. The results demonstrate that the fatigue life predictions from the proposed model show good agreement with experimental data, with nearly all data points falling within the 2-fold scatter band, confirming a high level of accuracy of the model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14112,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fatigue","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 109534"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146134465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Multiaxial fatigue behavior of steel welded tubular joints under constant and variable amplitude loading conditions: Experimental observations and damage analysis","authors":"Ahmad Razi, Ali Fatemi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109537","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109537","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Welded components are often subjected to multiaxial cyclic loading conditions during service and their durability is limited by the fatigue resistance of the welded joints. In this work, fatigue behavior of welded tubular joints highlighting the geometrical features of a typical weld bead which included partial weld penetration and weld start/stop points was investigated under multiaxial constant as well as variable amplitude loading conditions. The welded joints were investigated under both the as-welded and annealed conditions. Additionally, ground joints with two fully penetrated welds were examined to evaluate the grinding effect on durability. Weld bead grinding, application of axial mean stress, and 90° phase shift in combined loadings had significant effects on fatigue performance. Fractography observations indicated crack initiation at start/stop points of the weld and the orientation of micro-cracks and macro-cracks were observed along the maximum shear and normal stress range planes, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14112,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fatigue","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 109537"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146134462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jianxin Luo , Changfeng Yao , Liming Lei , Liang Tan
{"title":"Effect of shot peening on surface integrity and elevated temperature fatigue behavior of ATI 718Plus alloy","authors":"Jianxin Luo , Changfeng Yao , Liming Lei , Liang Tan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109527","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109527","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a well established surface strengthening technology for improving the fatigue performance of critical components, this study focuses on the new-generation superalloy ATI 718Plus and systematically investigates the influence law of shot peening on its surface integrity and high-temperature fatigue performance. Intense plastic deformation not only introduces a residual compressive stress field with high amplitude and a significant work-hardened layer but also causes the surface topography to become more complex.. The research results show that after shot peening, the maximum surface microhardness of the material can reach 569.95 HV0.05, which is 20% higher than the hardness of the baseline material; the maximum residual compressive stress in the surface layer can reach -1357.5 MPa, which greatly enhances the material surface’s resistance to fatigue crack initiation. Under the fatigue test environment of 650℃, the average rotating bending fatigue life of the shot-peened specimens is twice that of the unpeened specimens. Microscopic analysis of fatigue fracture surfaces further clarifies its life extension mechanism: the residual compressive stress field and hardened layer generated by shot peening cause the initiation location of fatigue sources to migrate toward the interior of the material, hindering the formation and propagation of fatigue cracks and thereby improving the fatigue life of the specimens. This study clarifies the surface integrity characteristics of 718Plus alloy induced by shot peening and reveals the transformation of its elevated-temperature fatigue failure mechanism from the perspective of fatigue crack initiation control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14112,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fatigue","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 109527"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146110152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Gillet , N. Bedrici , S. Joannès , A. King , F. Lamming , T. Jacopin , L. Laiarinandrasana
{"title":"Microstructural damage on thermoplastic hybrid composite in fatigue: Qualitative correlation with a creep strain rate fatigue criterion","authors":"S. Gillet , N. Bedrici , S. Joannès , A. King , F. Lamming , T. Jacopin , L. Laiarinandrasana","doi":"10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109567","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109567","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the fatigue behaviour of hybrid PA66 composites reinforced with short and continuous fibres through fatigue testing and in-situ microtomography. Damage initiates in the PA66GF50 short-fibre composite, propagates as a macro-crack towards the UD reinforcement, and leads to fibre fracture, fibre–matrix debonding, and rapid crack growth. A strong correlation exists between cyclic creep stages, at macroscopic level, and damage: primary stage with negligible damage, secondary stage, which defines the cyclic creep strain-rate criterion, is characterised by the initiation and limited progression of micro-damage, and tertiary stage with macro-crack propagation. Weaknesses lie in the short-fibre composite and fibre–matrix interface, rather than between the two polyamides.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14112,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fatigue","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 109567"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Plastic strain energy-based corrosion fatigue crack propagation modeling in 18Ni (250) welded joints","authors":"Yongmei Zhu , Dan Meng , Xilu Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109516","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109516","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Corrosion fatigue crack propagation (CFCP) in welded joints of deep-sea structures governs their structural integrity under prolonged exposure to aggressive marine environments. To address this, this study investigates CFCP in 18Ni (250) maraging steel welded joints by establishing a crack growth rate model driven by plastic strain energy. Four specimens were fabricated and underwent fatigue testing in simulated seawater (3.5% NaCl solution), quantifying crack growth life at stress ratios of 0.1 and 0.3. Digital image correlation characterized crack-tip cyclic plastic zone evolution, revealing strain/stress amplitudes and plastic strain energy distributions. Cyclic plastic zone behavior was analyzed to derive plastic strain energy, forming the basis of a CFCP rate model. Numerical simulations of crack growth aligned closely with experimental results (≤3.84% deviation). The model enables damage tolerance assessment for large-scale welded structures operating in corrosive environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14112,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fatigue","volume":"207 ","pages":"Article 109516"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146048292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MingHui Dai , Kun Yang , Xue Li , YaoHan Du , HaiTao Zhu , HongPing Zhang , JingJiang Wei , ChengLai Xin , QingYuan Wang
{"title":"Fatal defect determination and nanotwin-assisted early damage in ultra-high cycle fatigue of additively manufactured titanium alloy","authors":"MingHui Dai , Kun Yang , Xue Li , YaoHan Du , HaiTao Zhu , HongPing Zhang , JingJiang Wei , ChengLai Xin , QingYuan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109491","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109491","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Additively manufactured (AM) titanium alloys have attracted wide attention due to their high specific strength and excellent corrosion resistance. However, fatal AM defect determination before fatigue loading and defect-induced early damage mechanism in the ultra-high cycle fatigue (UHCF) regime have been studied rarely. In this study, ultrasonic fatigue tests were carried out to study the UHCF behavior of AM Ti-6Al-4V (Ti64) alloy with low porosity (0.002 %). As a result, the difference in the crack initiation location doesn’t cause a significant difference in fatigue life. The lack of fusion defects are responsible for fatigue failure. Fatigue failure is not necessarily induced by the largest defect in size, but also depends on the location and shape of defects. The defect shape is considered to develop the new Y-parameter model, which can better predict fatigue life and determine the fatal defect before fatigue loading. During the early damage process, many {10–11} compressive nanotwins are generated, and which assist lath refinement to nanoparticles near the crack tip. Discontinuous intergranular microcracks prevail, microcrack evolution is accompanied by grain refinement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14112,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fatigue","volume":"207 ","pages":"Article 109491"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145961740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Songyun Ma , Hongshi Ruan , Jianye Shi , Cécile Chaxel , Shuai Wei , Moritz Stolpe , Peilei Zhang , Yangjian Xu , Bernd Markert
{"title":"Defect-based multiaxial fatigue life assessment of 3D-printed bulk metallic glasses","authors":"Songyun Ma , Hongshi Ruan , Jianye Shi , Cécile Chaxel , Shuai Wei , Moritz Stolpe , Peilei Zhang , Yangjian Xu , Bernd Markert","doi":"10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109528","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109528","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Additive manufacturing unlocks near-net-shape production of bulk metallic glass (BMG) components with complex geometries. Nevertheless, their durability under multiaxial cyclic loadings remains largely unexplored and poorly understood. In this work, the multiaxial fatigue behaviour of selective laser melting (SLM) fabricated Zr-based BMG with composition <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>Zr</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>59</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mi>Cu</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>28</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>8</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mi>Nb</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mi>Al</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>10</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> is investigated. In multiaxial fatigue experiments, 17 specimens with approximately 0.46% porosity were subjected to stress-controlled cyclic loadings, including both proportional and non-proportional loading paths. The fracture morphology and multiaxial fatigue mechanisms were systematically analysed using SEM micrographs. To evaluate the fatigue life of 3D-printed BMGs while accounting for manufacturing-induced defects, we conducted defect-based computational simulations using representative volume element (RVE) models incorporating a single pore defect. Parametric studies were carried out to examine the influence of pore location on multiaxial fatigue life performance. Based on the FEM simulation results, a modified non-local Dang Van criterion is proposed for predicting the multiaxial fatigue life. In the critical plane model, a non-proportional correction coefficient is introduced based on the principal stress at the critical location in the vicinity of the defect to enhance the prediction accuracy. The results demonstrate that the proposed model can predict the multiaxial fatigue life of 3D-printed BMG with satisfactory accuracy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14112,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fatigue","volume":"207 ","pages":"Article 109528"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146072459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of fatigue-initiating defect area measurement on defect size distributions and fatigue assessment of ductile cast iron","authors":"Max Ahlqvist , Viktor Norman , Daniel Leidermark","doi":"10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109499","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109499","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Numerous methods have been suggested to quantify fatigue-initiating defect size on fracture surfaces, the most prevalent are based on the Murakami–Endo <span><math><msqrt><mrow><mi>a</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>a</mi></mrow></msqrt></math></span>-parameter. However, there is an ambiguity in how to systemically determine defect areas. For instance, in literature on high-cycle fatigue of ductile cast irons the several different methods have been suggested: (i) the traced contour, (ii) the convex hull, (iii) the minimum circumscribed circle, and (iv) the minimum bounding rectangle. This work focuses on comparing and evaluating these methods by assessing the fatigue-initiating defect area distributions, and the influence on fatigue assessment using the <span><math><msqrt><mrow><mi>a</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>a</mi></mrow></msqrt></math></span>-parameter. To this end, very high cycle fatigue data on ductile cast irons with different microstructures is used, where complex shaped defects are the root-cause for fatigue failures. It is shown that there is a significant difference in the area distributions, originating from the applied area measurement method. In addition, to enable and include fatigue assessment of high strength ausferritic ductile irons, two improved Murakami–Endo type models are proposed, which show satisfactory prediction capabilities over a wide range of ductile cast iron microstructures. To further evaluate the different area measurement methods, the suggested models are validated against ductile cast iron high-cycle fatigue data from literature having artificial defects and notches. Finally, it is concluded that the traced contour defect measurement method yields the best agreement between artificial and natural defects, and overall, the least prediction errors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14112,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fatigue","volume":"207 ","pages":"Article 109499"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146000570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}