International Journal of Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus: Molecular Detection in Southwestern Ethiopia Chickens.","authors":"Bezina Arega Emeru, Haregawi Tesfaye Desta","doi":"10.1155/2024/6979448","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/6979448","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a significant threat to poultry worldwide, but its status in Ethiopia remains understudied. Thus, this study aimed to detect the virus and associated risk factors in South West Ethiopia. Ninety oropharyngeal swab samples were purposively collected from symptomatic chickens located in Jimma town, Seqa Chekorsa, and Tiro Afeta woredas of the Jimma zone between November 2021 and April 2022 to detect IBV virus by using RT-PCR. A side-by-side questionnaire was administered to assess risk factors. Total RNA was extracted, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was conducted, and products were visualized under UV light. The overall proportion of IBV was 16.6% (15/90). No statistical association was observed between any of the animal risk factors and the detection of the virus (<i>P</i>=0.57, 0.586, and 1). However, the proportion of birds infected by the virus was higher in males, exotic breeds, and adults compared to females, local breeds, and young birds. Similarly, none of the management risk factors had a significantly different effect on virus detection (<i>P</i>=0.25, 0.09, 0.088, and 0.726). However, improper carcass disposal (OR = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.13-1.4), lack of veterinary services (OR = 2.7, 95% CI: 0.8-8.3), and the presence of wild birds/rodents (OR = 4.4, 95% CI: 0.88-22.3) were associated with increased IBV risk but not cleaning of feeders/drinkers (OR = 1.1, 95% CI: 0.2-4.8). These findings underscore the need for enhanced biosecurity practices and further research to implement informed IBV control strategies in Ethiopia.</p>","PeriodicalId":14098,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Microbiology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"6979448"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11416162/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142286481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Characterization and Antibacterial Potential of Endophytic Fungal Isolates from Selected Mangroves along the Coastline of Kenya.","authors":"Teresia Nyambura Wacira, Huxley Mae Makonde, Carren Moraa Bosire, Cromwell Mwiti Kibiti","doi":"10.1155/2024/1261721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/1261721","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increasing emergence and re-emergence of resistant pathogenic microbes causes a health threat to the human population. Scientists have been striving to find novel bioactive compounds and drugs to overcome these obstacles. This study aimed to characterize mangrove endophytic fungi and evaluate their antibacterial activity. <i>Heritiera littoralis</i>, <i>Rhizophora mucronata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza</i>, <i>Avicennia marina,</i> and <i>Xylocarpus granatum</i> species were collected from Tudor Creek, Mida Creek, and Gazi Bay. A total of 30 fungal isolates were subjected to molecular identification based on analysis of their ITS gene region. The isolates in the inferred phylogenetic trees were affiliated with the genus <i>Aspergillus</i>. Ethyl acetate and butanol crude extracts of 38.2% of the 76 isolated fungal endophytes and eight mycelia samples were screened for antibacterial activity against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (ATCC 27853), <i>Escherichia coli</i> (ATCC 25922), and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa (</i>ATCC 25923) using the disc diffusion method. <i>A. marina</i> and <i>R. mucronata</i> harbored the most fungal endophytes that showed the highest antibacterial activity. Seven fungal broth extracts exhibited higher antibacterial activities against the tested microorganisms than the positive control. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) activity for the isolates demonstrated that the ethyl acetate extract of a root endophytic fungal isolate (RC6) (3.31 ± 0.01) of <i>A. marina</i> is a strong inhibitor since it showed significantly lower MIC activity compared to the positive control (3.84 ± 0.00) against <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (<i>P</i> < 0.05). Therefore, this study confirms that mangrove species harbor fungal isolates that have antibacterial activity and hence could serve as a novel source of antibiotics. It is recommended that the pure compounds from these extracts be isolated for further bioactivity tests and structural elucidation for consideration as lead molecules in drug discovery. In addition, the genes responsible for the enhanced bioactivity in these isolates can be characterized and bioengineered for pharmaceutical application.</p>","PeriodicalId":14098,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Microbiology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"1261721"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11398959/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142286482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation and Characterization Identification of Edophytic Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria from Peanut Nodules.","authors":"Nguyen Van Chuong, Tran Le Kim Tri","doi":"10.1155/2024/8973718","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/8973718","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This work was carried out to isolate and perform molecular identification and selection of endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria (ENFB) to be utilized as biofertilizer. In this research, nodulous samples of peanuts were collected from inside dyke areas, namely, Phuoc Hung of An Phu, An Giang, Vietnam. Ten colonies were isolated from nutrient agar plates containing YMA's medium. All isolates were rod shaped, Gram negative, and no spore creation. Biochemical tests indicated that they were obligate aerobes, catalase, oxidase, urea hydrolysis, well motile ability, and no nitrate reduction. The salt tolerance observed that most survived at 0.5% and 2% salinity (except <i>Enterobacter cloacae</i> subsp. <i>dissolvens</i> strain LMG 2683), while at 4%, only 3 isolates (<i>Bacillus aryabhattai</i> strain CM44<i>, Enterobacter asburiae</i> strain IIWM-JS-07L, and <i>Bacillus songklensis</i> strain KCa6) and at 5% only, 2 isolates survived, namely, <i>Enterobacter asburiae</i> strain IIWM-JS-07L and <i>Bacillus songklensis</i> strain KCa6. The result showed that most of ten ENFB strains could adapt to the range of 25°C and 45°C (except <i>Enterobacter cloacae</i> subsp. <i>dissolvens</i> strain LMG 2683 and Enterobacter mori strain cjy13 at 25°C). Out of ten isolates, three were finally selected for the next studies, which potentially have N-fixing ability and are utilized as biofertilizer in agricultural cultivation.</p>","PeriodicalId":14098,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Microbiology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"8973718"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11380715/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142153997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulation of Hepatitis B Virus Replication by Modulating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress (ER-Stress).","authors":"Md Golzar Hossain, Keiji Ueda","doi":"10.1155/2024/9117453","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/9117453","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hepatitis B virus (HBV), resistant to several antiviral drugs due to viral genomic mutations, has been reported, which aggravates chronic infection and leads to hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, host cellular factors/signaling modulation might be an alternative way of treatment for drug-resistant HBV. Here, we investigated the viral protein expression, replication, and virion production using endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-modulating chemicals, tunicamycin (an ER-stress inducer), and salubrinal (an ER-stress inhibitor). We found that ER-stress could be induced by HBV replication in transfected HepG2 cells as well as by tunicamycin as demonstrated by dual luciferase assay. HBV intracellular core-associated DNA quantified by qPCR has been significantly increased by tunicamycin in transfected HepG2 cells. Inversely, intracellular core associated and extracellular particle DNA has been significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner in salubrinal-treated HepG2 cells transfected with HBV-replicating plasmid pHBI. Similar results were found in stably HBV-expressing hepatoblastoma (HB611) cells treated with salubrinal. However, increased or decreased ER-stress by tunicamycin or salubrinal treatment, respectively, has been confirmed by expression analysis of grp78 using Western blot. In addition, Western blot results demonstrated that the expression of HBV core protein and large HBsAg is increased and decreased by tunicamycin and salubrinal, respectively. In conclusion, the sal-mediated inhibition of the HBV replication and virion production might be due to the simultaneous reduction of core and large HBsAg expression and maintaining the ER homeostasis. These results of HBV replication regulation by modulation of ER-stress dynamics would be useful for designing/identifying anti-HBV drugs targeting cellular signaling pathways.</p>","PeriodicalId":14098,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Microbiology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"9117453"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11379510/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142153998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"BioSolutions for Green Agriculture: Unveiling the Diverse Roles of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria.","authors":"Emmanuel Ehinmitan, Turoop Losenge, Edward Mamati, Victoria Ngumi, Patrick Juma, Beenzu Siamalube","doi":"10.1155/2024/6181491","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/6181491","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The extensive use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers in conventional agriculture has raised significant environmental and health issues, including the emergence of resistant pests and pathogens. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) present a sustainable alternative, offering dual benefits as biofertilizers and biocontrol agents. This review delves into the mechanisms by which PGPR enhance plant growth, including nutrient solubilization, phytohormone production, and pathogen suppression. PGPR's commercial viability and application, particularly under abiotic stress conditions, are also examined. PGPR improves plant growth directly by enhancing nutrient uptake and producing growth-promoting substances and indirectly by inhibiting phytopathogens through mechanisms such as siderophore production and the secretion of lytic enzymes. Despite their potential, the commercialization of PGPR faces challenges, including strain specificity, formulation stability, and regulatory barriers. The review highlights the need for ongoing research to deepen our understanding of plant-microbe interactions and develop more robust PGPR formulations. Addressing these challenges will be crucial for integrating PGPR into mainstream agricultural practices and reducing reliance on synthetic agrochemicals. The successful adoption of PGPR could lead to more sustainable agricultural practices, promoting healthier crops and ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":14098,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Microbiology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"6181491"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11377119/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142140013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic Diversity of Human Enterovirus in Kazakhstan, during 2022.","authors":"Dinara Kamalova, Assel Akhmetova, Asylulan Amirgazin, Igor Sytnik, Viktoriya Rudenko, Gulzhan Yessimkhanova, Dinagul Bayesheva, Sergey Yegorov, Alexander Shevtsov","doi":"10.1155/2024/7796913","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/7796913","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Enteroviral infection is a common cause of aseptic meningitis, herpangina, and hand, foot, and mouth disease in children. Limited data are available on the enteroviral subtypes associated with hospitalization for these conditions in Kazakhstan. We collected cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and nasopharyngeal swabs (NSW) from children (<i>N</i> = 152, median age = 8 years) hospitalized with symptoms of aseptic meningitis (AM, <i>N</i> = 139) or herpangina (HA, <i>N</i> = 13) disease. We then genotyped enteroviral subtypes associated with AM (<i>n</i> = 50) and HA (<i>n</i> = 9) using next-generation sequencing (NGS) on the viral protein 1 (VP1), followed up by whole-genome sequencing of the isolated viral species. All identified EVs were species B EV, consisting of five echoviruses (E6, E9, E11, E21, and E25) and three coxsackieviruses (CVA9, CVB3, and CVB5) serotypes within the cohort. The most abundant EVs were CVA9 (38.5%), CVB5 (21.5%), and E6 (13.8%). Most HA samples (6/9) were genotyped with coxsackievirus CVA9, while AM was associated with a variety of both echovirus and coxsackievirus serotypes. The results suggest that coxsackievirus CVA9 may be the dominant serotype circulating in the HA population, while AM is more diverse in terms of circulating echovirus and coxsackievirus serotypes. Further studies are needed to determine the clinical implications of these findings and to investigate potential differences in disease severity or outcomes associated with different EV serotypes.</p>","PeriodicalId":14098,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Microbiology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"7796913"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11368554/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142119771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virulence and Antimicrobial-Resistant Gene Profiles of <i>Salmonella</i> spp. Isolates from Chicken Carcasses Markets in Ibague City, Colombia.","authors":"Kelly Johanna Lozano-Villegas, Iang Schroniltgen Rondón-Barragán","doi":"10.1155/2024/4674138","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/4674138","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Salmonella</i> spp. is one of the leading causes of foodborne bacterial infections, with major impacts on public health and healthcare system. <i>Salmonella</i> is commonly transmitted via the fecal-to-oral route, and food contaminated with the bacteria (e.g., poultry products) is considered a common source of infection, being a potential risk for public health. The study aims to characterize the antimicrobial resistance- and virulence-associated genes in <i>Salmonella</i> isolates recovered from chicken marketed carcasses (<i>n</i> = 20). The presence of 14 antimicrobial and 23 virulence genes was evaluated using end-point PCR. The antimicrobial genes were detected in the following proportion among the isolates: <i>bla</i> _TEM 100%, <i>dfrA1</i> and <i>bla</i> _CMY2 90% (<i>n</i> = 18), <i>aadA1</i> 75% (<i>n</i> = 15), <i>sul1</i> and <i>sul2</i> 50% (<i>n</i> = 10), <i>floR</i> 45% (<i>n</i> = 9), <i>qnrD</i> 20% (<i>n</i> = 4), and <i>aadA2</i> 15% (<i>n</i> = 3). <i>catA</i>, <i>sul3</i>, <i>qnrS</i>, and <i>aac(6')-Ib</i> genes were absent in all isolates. Regarding virulence-associated genes, all <i>Salmonella</i> strains contain <i>invA</i>, <i>fimA</i>, <i>avrA</i>, <i>msgA</i>, <i>sopB</i>, and <i>sopE</i>. The <i>cdtB</i> gene was present in 95% (<i>n</i> = 19) of isolates, whereas <i>spvC</i> and <i>spvB</i> were present in 55% (<i>n</i> = 11). Other virulence genes such as <i>spiC</i>, <i>lpfC</i>, <i>lpfA</i>, and <i>csgA</i> were present in 90% (<i>n</i> = 18) of strains. The presence of antimicrobial and virulence genes in several <i>Salmonella</i> strains in chicken meat suggests the potential pathogenicity of the strains, which is relevant given the possibility of cross-contamination which represents a significant threat to public health.</p>","PeriodicalId":14098,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Microbiology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"4674138"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11364481/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142107188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analyzing the Responses of Enteric Bacteria to Neonatal Intensive Care Supplements.","authors":"Megan E Waller, Caroline J Eichhorn, Alyssa Gutierrez, John E Baatz, Carol L Wagner, Katherine E Chetta, Melinda A Engevik","doi":"10.1155/2024/3840327","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/3840327","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the neonatal intensive care unit, adequate nutrition requires various enteral products, including human milk and formula. Human milk is typically fortified to meet increased calorie goals, and infants commonly receive vitamin mixes, iron supplements, and less frequently, thickening agents. We examined the growth of 16 commensal microbes and 10 pathobionts found in the premature infant gut and found that formula, freshly pasteurized milk, and donated banked milk generally increased bacterial growth. Fortification of human milk significantly elevated the growth of all microbes. Supplementation with thickeners or NaCl in general did not stimulate additional growth. Vitamin mix promoted the growth of several commensals, while iron promoted growth of pathobionts. These data indicate that pathobionts in the preterm gut have significant growth advantage with preterm formula, fortified donor milk, and supplemented iron and suggest that the choice of milk and supplements may impact the infant gut microbiota.</p>","PeriodicalId":14098,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Microbiology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"3840327"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11364479/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142107187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial, Antiradical Activity, and X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy Analysis of <i>Aloe otallensis</i> Plant Used in Traditional Medicine in Southern Ethiopia.","authors":"Yonas Syraji, Mulugeta Kebebew, Yohannis Techane, Dawit Albene","doi":"10.1155/2024/1981990","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/1981990","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Medicinal plants have a long history of treating diseases in animals and humans in Ethiopia. Nevertheless, not enough research has been done on the antibacterial properties and possible bioactive components of the majority of medicinal plants. Therefore, this study was concerned with the evaluation of the percentage yield, phytochemical, antimicrobial, antifungal, MIC, antiradical activities, phenolic content, and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) analysis of <i>A. otallensis</i> plant extracts. The mean values of antimicrobial, antifungal, MIC, antiradical, phenolic content, and XRF analysis were reported as mean ± standard deviation. The solvent methanol showed a higher degree of yield in leaf and root extract which was 8.45 (22.27%) and 3.12 g (15.58%), respectively, while distilled water extract of leaf and root showed less degree of yield which was 0.22 g (1.10%) and 0.42 g (2.1%), respectively. Qualitative phytochemical analyses of the plant parts have revealed the presence of various components of metabolites like alkaloids, flavonoids, phenol, saponins, tannins, steroids, steroids, terpenoids, triterpenoids, glycosides, anthraquinones, diterpenes, phytosterols, and phlobatannals. <i>A. otallensis</i> gel extracts had shown significant antibacterial and antifungal activity against the test bacterial and fungus, respectively. Moreover, the methanolic gel extracts of <i>A. otallensis</i> demonstrated notable antiradical activity than the leaf and the root. The highest value of phenolic content was obtained in <i>A. otallensis;</i> gel, leaf, and root extract which was 61.9 ± 0.5 mg/g, 53.6 ± 0.3 mg/g, and 51.6 ± 0.6 mg/g, respectively. In this study, twelve elements in the plant parts of <i>A. otallensis</i> were determined using XRF spectroscopy. Overall, this research contributes to the understanding of the pharmacological potential of <i>A. otallensis</i> and highlights the importance of further research into its medicinal properties. The results provide valuable insights into the use of medicinal plants to treat diseases and support the development of natural therapeutics.</p>","PeriodicalId":14098,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Microbiology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"1981990"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11333140/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142004187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Limited Number of Amino Acid Permeases Are Crucial for <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> Survival and Virulence.","authors":"Olufemi S Folorunso, Olihile M Sebolai","doi":"10.1155/2024/5566438","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/5566438","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>One unique attribute of <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> is its ability to procure essential monomers from its surroundings to survive in diverse environments. Preferentially, sugars are the energy sources for this opportunistic pathogenic fungus under the carbon catabolite repression (CCR); however, sugar restriction induces alternative use of low molecular weight alcohol, organic acids, and amino acids. The expression of transmembrane amino acid permeases (Aaps) allows <i>C. neoformans</i> to utilize different amino acids and their conjugates, notwithstanding under the nitrogen catabolite repression (NCR). Being referred to as global permeases, there is a notion that all cryptococcal Aaps are important to survival and virulence. This functional divergence makes alternative drug targeting against <i>Cryptococcus</i> a challenge. We examine the functions and regulations of <i>C. neoformans</i> Aap variants with the aim of rationalizing their relevance to cryptococcal cell survival and virulence. Based on nutrient bioavailability, we linked the Cac1 pathway to Ras1 activation for thermotolerance that provides a temperature cushion for Aap activity under physiological conditions. Lastly, mutants of Aaps are examined for significant phenotypic deficiencies/advantages, which buttress the specific importance of limited numbers of Aaps involved in cryptococcal infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":14098,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Microbiology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"5566438"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11326883/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141987925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}