International Journal of Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Diversity and Screening of Cellulolytic Microorganisms from Mangrove Forests, Natural Parks, Paddy Field, and Sugarcane Plantation in Panay Island, Philippines.","authors":"Isabel Grace T Gatpatan, Rhudith B Cabulong, Resurreccion B Sadaba","doi":"10.1155/2024/5573158","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/5573158","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cellulolytic microorganisms secrete cellulase, which plays a crucial role in the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into value-added products with diverse applications in industries, such as biofuel, healthcare, and agriculture. As the world transitions to a bioenergy future, cellulase demand is likely to expand. However, the high cost and low catalytic activity of cellulase hinder the commercialization of biorefineries. Searching for cellulase-producing microorganisms in different environments through bioprospecting can aid in broadening the range of cellulases that are currently available. Meanwhile, the cellulolytic activity of marine microorganisms remains largely unexplored, making it difficult to compare the cellulolytic activity of terrestrial and marine environments. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the diversity and activity of culturable cellulolytic microorganisms in four terrestrial and three marine sites within Panay Island, Philippines. The results showed that the cellulolytic microbial load was tenfold higher in the terrestrial sites than in the marine sites, possibly due to the dynamic mangrove environment. Out of the 42 isolates with a high cellulolytic index (CI) of ≥3.0, 36 were from terrestrial and 6 from marine habitats. The CMCase, Avicelase, and FPase activities were then tested on the 18 isolates with the highest CI. It was observed that many isolates had a high CI, but few exhibited high enzyme activities. Marine isolates showed higher CMCase and Avicelase activities, with comparable FPase activity to their terrestrial counterparts. Isolates S1ACP6B from a sugarcane field and MS1OMP2A from a mangrove site exhibited the highest cellulase activities at 0.41 and 0.29 U/mg, respectively, and were identified as <i>Enterobacter roggenkampii</i> and <i>Rhodococcus erythropolis</i>, respectively. Among the 18 identified isolates, three are resistant to chloramphenicol and three isolates are potentially new species of <i>Halomonas</i> sp. MS1ACP1B, <i>Albirhodobacter</i> sp. MP2ACP3B, and <i>Saccharomycetaceae</i> sp. B1CZP10A. Overall, this study provides an insight on the composition of cellulolytic microbial load and their activities among various habitats.</p>","PeriodicalId":14098,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Microbiology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"5573158"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11288694/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141855462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neem Essential Oil as an Antifungal Agent against <i>Phyllosticta citricarpa</i>.","authors":"Joyce Maria Schuch, Carolina Rosai Mendes, Guilherme Lopes Cardoso, Carlos André da Veiga Lima Rosa Costamilan, Paulo Renato Matos Lopes, Renato Nallin Montagnolli, Guilherme Dilarri, Ederio Dino Bidoia","doi":"10.1155/2024/6251407","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/6251407","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The fungus <i>Phyllosticta citricarpa</i> is a quarantine phytopathogen responsible for causing citrus black spot (CBS) disease. To export fruits to CBS-free countries, they must undergo a sanitation process to ensure disease control. In this study, neem essential oil (NEO) was tested against <i>P. citricarpa</i> for the first time as an alternative sanitizer. <i>In vitro</i> experiments were conducted to determine the inhibition concentration of NEO for <i>P. citricarpa</i>, and the mode of action of the essential oil was evaluated. <i>In vivo</i> assays were performed to simulate the sanitization process used in packinghouses. NEO was characterized by GC-MS/MS. The results revealed that NEO at 100 <i>μ</i>L·mL^-1 exhibited a similar inhibitory effect as copper oxychloride, suppressing 89.68 ± 1.14% of fungal mycelium growth. Fluorescence microscopy experiments demonstrated that NEO functions by disrupting the cytoplasmic membrane of fungal hyphae, leading to their death within 30 minutes of contact with NEO. GC-MS/MS characterization revealed a high presence of phenolic compounds, which serve as the primary antifungal agents responsible for the action against fungal hyphae. <i>In vivo</i> assays showed that NEO at 100 <i>μ</i>L·mL^-1 also reduced microorganisms (CFU mL^-1) by 93.00 ± 3.88% compared to the negative control. Overall, the results demonstrate that NEO can effectively serve as an alternative sanitizer against <i>P. citricarpa</i> in citrus packinghouses. Our findings allow future studies to explore the use of NEO for sanitizing other fruits and combating different phytopathogens to broaden its potential application in fruit sanitation for export.</p>","PeriodicalId":14098,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Microbiology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"6251407"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11281856/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141788005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oral Findings, Salivary Copper, Magnesium, and Leptin in Type II Diabetic Patients in Relation to Oral <i>Candida</i> Species.","authors":"Mohammed Jasim Mohammed, Abbas S Al-Mizraqchi, Salah M Ibrahim","doi":"10.1155/2024/8177437","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/8177437","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Type 2 diabetes is a condition in which the body becomes resistant to the effects of insulin, leading to reduced insulin production in the pancreas. It has genetic- and family-related risk factors that cannot be changed, along with modifiable lifestyle factors. The precise genetic causes of type 2 diabetes are still unknown. However, individuals can potentially slow or stop the progression of the condition by making dietary adjustments and increasing physical activity levels. <i>Material and Methods</i>. Forty-five type II diabetic patients in the study included participants between 40 and 60 years old, with a minimum duration of one year, as well as 45 healthy control subjects who were matched in terms of age and sex, and had no underlying systemic diseases. Oral examination is done for the symptoms including burning sensation, candidiasis, and a reduction in the production of saliva. The rate of saliva flow (in milliliters per minute) was measured in samples of saliva that were not stimulated. The salivary trace elements and levels of adipocytokines were evaluated using colorimetric and Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (ELISA) testing. The quantification of <i>Candida</i> colony numbers, an enrichment and culture approach, was used to achieve a concentration of 100,000 colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/ml). The ShowNovo WG1 halimeter was used to measure volatile sulfur compounds in breath. The salivary glucose oxidase assay was conducted using a colorimetric technique, while the determination of trace elements was also performed using a colorimetric assay method.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>The diabetic group exhibited a significant increase in the number of <i>Candida</i> spp colonies due to elevated levels of glucose in the saliva (<i>p</i> > 0.05). However, the variables being examined, such as body mass index (BMI), burning mouth syndrome (BMS), salivary flow rate (SFR), salivary leptin, salivary copper, and salivary magnesium, did not exhibit any significant variations in quantities between the diabetic and healthy groups (<i>p</i> > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The data collected in this research aid in the creation of a preventative program for oral fungal infections in individuals with type 2 diabetes. The program utilizes saliva and its constituents.</p>","PeriodicalId":14098,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Microbiology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"8177437"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11281854/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141788006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibiogram of Bacteria Isolated from Bloodstream Infection-Suspected Patients at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital in Northwest Ethiopia: A Retrospective Study.","authors":"Minichil Worku, Tigist Molla, Desie Kasew, Muluneh Assefa, Alene Geteneh, Melak Aynalem, Mucheye Gizachew, Sirak Biset","doi":"10.1155/2024/7624416","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/7624416","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Bacterial bloodstream infections (BSIs) are the leading cause of sepsis-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. The emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria is also a growing global concern. As a result, data on bacterial profile and their antibiogram are essential for strategies to contain drug resistance, improve the quality of patient care, and strengthen health systems.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Retrospective data from bacteriological results of blood samples of BSI-suspected patients from 2018 to 2021 were collected using a data collection sheet. Standard bacteriological techniques were followed during sample collection, culture preparation, bacterial identification, and antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST). We used Epi Info version 7 to enter and clean the data and then exported it to SPSS version 26 for analysis. Logistic regression models were used to measure the association between variables. A <i>p</i> value <0.05 with a 95% confidence interval was considered as statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>Of the total 2,795 blood culture records, 455 (16.3%) were culture positive for bacteria, with <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> (26%) and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (24.6%) being the leading isolates. The isolates were highly resistant to common antibiotics, with more than 80% of them being resistant to ceftriaxone and penicillin. Moreover, about 43% of isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR), with <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> (65.5%), <i>Acinetobacter</i> species (56.7%), and <i>Citrobacter</i> species (53.8%) being the most common MDR isolates. Age and diagnosis year were significantly associated with the presence of bacterial BSIs (<i>p</i> value <0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Bacterial BSI and AMR were growing concerns in the study area. Bacteremia was more common in children under the age of five, and it decreased as the patient's age increased. The alarming rate of AMR, such as MDR blood isolates, calls for periodic and continuous monitoring of antibiotic usage in the study area.</p>","PeriodicalId":14098,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Microbiology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"7624416"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11250713/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141626657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interesting Cytokine Profile Caused by Clinical Strains of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> MDR Carrying the exoU Gene.","authors":"Nallely S Badillo-Larios, Edgar Alejandro Turrubiartes-Martínez, Esther Layseca-Espinosa, Roberto González-Amaro, Luis Fernando Pérez-González, Perla Niño-Moreno","doi":"10.1155/2024/2748842","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/2748842","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> is an opportunistic pathogen in HAIs with two facets: the most studied is the high rate of antimicrobial resistance, and the less explored is the long list of virulence factors it possesses. This study aimed to characterize the virulence genes carried by strains as well as the profile of cytokines related to inflammation, according to the resistance profile presented. This study aims to identify the virulence factors associated with MDR strains, particularly those resistant to carbapenems, and assess whether there is a cytokine profile that correlates with these characteristics. As methodology species were identified by classical microbiological techniques and confirmed by molecular biology, resistance levels were determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration and identification of MDR strains. Virulence factor genotyping was performed using PCR. In addition, biofilm production was assessed using crystal violet staining. Finally, the strains were cocultured with PBMC, and cell survival and the cytokines IL-1<i>β</i>, IL-6, IL-10, IL-8, and TNF-<i>α</i> were quantified using flow cytometry. Bacteremia and nosocomial pneumonia in adults are the most frequent types of infection. In the toxigenic aspect, genes corresponding to the type III secretion system were present in at least 50% of cases. In addition, PBMC exposed to strains of four different categories according to their resistance and toxicity showed a differential pattern of cytokine expression, a decrease in IL-10, IL-6, and IL-8, and an over-secretion of IL-1b. In conclusion, the virulence genes showed a differentiated appearance for the two most aggressive exotoxins of T3SS (<i>exoU</i> and <i>exoS</i>) in multidrug-resistant strains. Moreover, the cytokine profile displays a low expression of cytokines with anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory effects in strains carrying the exoU gene.</p>","PeriodicalId":14098,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Microbiology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"2748842"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11227949/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141554742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of Pathogenicity Test, Antifungal Activity, and Secondary Metabolites of <i>Bacillus</i> spp. from Lake Bogoria as Biocontrol of <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i> Kühn in <i>Phaseolu</i>s <i>vulgaris</i> L.","authors":"Tofick Barasa Wekesa, Vitalis Wafula Wekesa, Justus Mong'are Onguso, Ndinda Kavesu, Patrick Wafula Okanya","doi":"10.1155/2024/6620490","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/6620490","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The common bean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> L.) is a yearly herbaceous plant grown for its edible dry seeds. Despite that, pests and diseases have contributed to the decline of common bean production in Kenya. Therefore, the study aimed to identify bacteria from Lake Bogoria, assess the pathogenicity of <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i> Kühn, screen for effective antifungal agents, and determine secondary metabolites for the biocontrol of <i>R. solani.</i> A total of 49 bacteria were isolated, of which 10 isolates had varied mycelial inhibition rates of <i>R. solani</i> in the co-culture technique. The efficacy of volatile compounds of the three selected bacterial strains had varied mycelial growth and percent reduction against <i>R. solani</i>. The pathogenicity assay showed varied plant parameters and biomass of <i>R. solani</i> on common bean plantlets. The molecular characterization based on 16 S ribosomal RNA confirmed the selected bacterial strains' identity with a diversity similar to the <i>Bacillus</i> genus. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of secondary metabolites showed different antimicrobial compounds produced by <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> strain TW21. In conclusion, Lake Bogoria harbors useful microbes as biocontrol agents against plant pathogens. The current study discovers the potential biocontrol bacteria isolates from Lake Bogoria as alternative bioagents against <i>R. solani</i>. Therefore, the isolate <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> strain TW21 can be assessed further for toxicological and ecotoxicological studies and registered by the Pest Control Products Board (PCPB), Kenya, as a biocontrol product against common diseases affecting common beans' production.</p>","PeriodicalId":14098,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Microbiology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"6620490"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11226341/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141554743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frequency of Fecal Carriage of ESBL Resistance Genes in Multidrug-Resistant <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> Isolates from Cancer Patients at Laquintinie Hospital, Douala, Littoral Region, Cameroon.","authors":"Michael F Kengne, Armelle T Mbaveng, Ousenu Karimo, Ballue S T Dadjo, Ornella D Tsobeng, Wiliane J T Marbou, Victor Kuete","doi":"10.1155/2024/7685878","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/7685878","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Background</i>. Opportunistic infections are the second cause of death among cancer patients. This study aimed at determining the antimicrobial profile and the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-gene carriage of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> isolates among cancer patients at the Douala Laquintinie Hospital, Littoral Region of Cameroon. Between October 2021 and March 2023, 507 study participants were recruited among whom 307 (60.55%) were cancer patients, compared to 200 (39.45%) noncancer patients. Fifty-eight <i>P. aeruginosa</i> isolates were isolated from fecal samples of forty-five cancer patients and thirteen noncancer patients using Cetrimide agar. The antimicrobial resistance profile of the isolates was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes among <i>P. aeruginosa</i> isolates. <i>P. aeruginosa</i> showed significant resistance rates in cancer patients compared to noncancer patients to imipenem, cefotaxime, and ceftazidime, piperacillin-tazobactam, ticarcillin-clavulanic acid, and ciprofloxacin. The multidrug resistance (MDR) rate was significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) higher in cancer patients than in noncancer patients. The frequency of beta-lactamase genes in the 58 ESBL-producing <i>P. aeruginosa</i> isolates was determined as 72.41% for <i>bla</i> _TEM, 37.93% for <i>bla</i> _OXA, 74.14% for bla_CTX-M, and 44.83% for <i>bla</i> _SHV genes. The study revealed an alarmingly high prevalence of fecal carriage of ESBL-producing <i>P. aeruginosa</i> with a high rate of MDR among cancer patients. It indicates that regular monitoring and surveillance of ESBL-producing <i>P. aeruginosa</i> among cancer patients are needed to improve the management of patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":14098,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Microbiology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"7685878"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11222006/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141497955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of <i>Lactobacillus</i> spp. as Probiotic and Antidiabetic Potential Isolated from Boza, Traditional Fermented Beverage in Turkey.","authors":"Chandana Kumari V B, Sujay Huligere, Jayanthi M K, Khang Wen Goh, Sudhanva M Desai, Kalabharthi H L, Ramith Ramu","doi":"10.1155/2024/2148676","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/2148676","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Boza, a cereal-based beverage popular in southeast Europe, is fortified with probiotics and is believed to positively impact the composition of the gut microflora. This investigation focused on fermented cereal-based beverage boza to identify strains of probiotic <i>Lactobacillus</i> spp. capable of inhibiting carbohydrate-hydrolysing enzymes <i>α</i>-glucosidase (AG) and <i>α</i>-amylase (AA). The isolated bacterial strains underwent a comprehensive assessment, including biochemical, molecular, and probiotic trait analyses such as tolerance survivability, adhesion, safety, and health-promoting attributes. We evaluated the inhibitory potential of the supernatant, cell lysate, and intact cells of <i>Lactobacillus</i> spp. Molecular analysis has revealed that isolates RAMULAB30 and RAMULAB29 exhibit a significant genetic similarity (>97%) to <i>Lacticaseibacillus paracasei</i> and <i>Limosilactobacillus fermentum</i>, respectively. These findings are documented in the NCBI database. They exhibited significant resistance to gastrointestinal and intestinal fluids, also indicating their potential for adhesion. Additionally, the isolates showed a significant antibacterial activity, particularly against <i>Micrococcus luteus</i>. They showed resistance to vancomycin and methicillin antibiotics but were more susceptible to streptomycin and ampicillin. Furthermore, the strains demonstrated antioxidant properties. To ensure their safety, a haemolytic assay was conducted despite their general recognition as safe (GRAS) status. The study primarily aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of the extract on enzymes AG and AA. Bacterial isolates demonstrated a significant inhibitory activity against both enzyme AG (32%-67% inhibition) and enzyme AA (18%-46% inhibition) in different forms, including supernatant (CS), lysed extract (CE), and intact cell (IC). These findings underscore the potential of bacterial isolates to inhibit the enzyme activity effectively. Furthermore, the <i>L. fermentum</i> RAMULAB29 and <i>L. paracasei</i> RAMULAB30 strains exhibit remarkable antidiabetic potential. Food products incorporating these strains have promising prospects as nutraceuticals, providing improved health benefits.</p>","PeriodicalId":14098,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Microbiology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"2148676"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11221989/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141497954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review on Desirable Microbial Phytases as a Poultry Feed Additive: Their Sources, Production, Enzymatic Evaluation, Market Size, and Regulation.","authors":"Olyad Erba Urgessa, Rufael Koyamo, Hunduma Dinka, Ketema Tefese, Mesfin Tafesse Gemeda","doi":"10.1155/2024/9400374","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/9400374","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Poultry's digestive tract lacks hydrolytic phytase enzymes, which results in chelation of dietary minerals, vital amino acids, proteins, and carbohydrates, phytate-phosphate unavailability, and contamination of the environment due to phosphorus. Therefore, it is necessary to use exogenous microbial phytases as feed additive to chicken feed to catalyze the hydrolysis of dietary phytate. Potential sources of microbial isolates that produce desired phytases for chicken feed supplementation have been isolated from agricultural croplands. It is achievable to isolate phytase-producing bacteria isolates using both broth and agar phytase screening media. Potential substrates for submerged fermentation (SmF) for bacterial phytase production and solid-state fermentation (SSF) for fungal phytase production include rice and wheat bran. Following fermentation, saturated ammonium sulphate precipitation is typically used to partially purify microbial culture filtrate. The precipitate is then desalted. Measurements of the pH optimum and stability, temperature optimum and stability, metal ions stability, specificity and affinity to target substrate, proteolysis resistance, storage stability, and in vitro feed dephosphorylation are used to perform an enzymatic evaluation of phytase as an additive for poultry feed. The growth of the feed phytase market is primarily due to the expansion of chicken farms to meet the demand for meat and eggs from humans. The Food and Drug Administration in the USA and the European Food and Safety Authority are primarily in charge of putting rules pertaining to feed phytase use in chicken feed into effect. Conclusively, important components of the production of phytase additives for poultry feed include identifying a reliable source for potential microbe isolation, selecting an economical method of phytase production, thoroughly characterizing the biochemical properties of phytase, and comprehending the size and regulation of the current feed phytase market.</p>","PeriodicalId":14098,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Microbiology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"9400374"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11221984/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141497956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Phytochemical Compositions, Antioxidant Activity, and Nutritional Potentials of Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms.","authors":"Mohammed Al Qutaibi, Suresh R Kagne","doi":"10.1155/2024/6660423","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/6660423","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mushrooms are a valuable source of food and medicine that have been used for centuries in various cultures. They contain a variety of phytochemicals, such as terpenoids and polysaccharides, that exhibit diverse biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and antidiabetic effects. However, mushroom's phytochemical composition and bioactivity vary depending on their species, cultivation conditions, processing methods, and extraction techniques. Therefore, using reliable analytical methods and standardized protocols is important for systematically evaluating the quality and quantity of mushroom phytochemicals and their therapeutic potential. This review provides a bibliometric analysis of the recent literature on biological activities, highlights trends in the field, and highlights the countries and journals with the highest contribution. It also discusses the nutritional value of the total content of phenolic and other phytochemicals in some species of mushrooms.</p>","PeriodicalId":14098,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Microbiology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"6660423"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11152763/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141263699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}