International Journal of Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Characterization and Enzymatic Potential of Bacteria and Fungi From Mwakirunge Dumpsite, Kenya.","authors":"Beryle Atieno Okoth, Huxley Mae Makonde, Carren Moraa Bosire, Cromwell Mwiti Kibiti","doi":"10.1155/ijm/7818433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ijm/7818433","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Accumulation of solid waste is a major global challenge. The conventional waste disposal methods are often ineffective in mitigating solid waste pollution, highlighting the need for other sustainable alternatives. This study is aimed at isolating and identifying potential waste-degrading microorganisms from Mwakirunge dumpsite in Mombasa, Kenya. A total of 16 soil samples were collected using a randomized block design. The samples were inoculated in enriched basal media containing mixed municipal solid waste and incubated at 37°C for 21 days. Microbial identification was conducted using standard morphological, biochemical, and molecular approaches. DNA was extracted using organic isolation methods, and PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene for bacteria and the ITS gene for fungi was performed. Phylogenetic analysis grouped bacterial isolates into phylum Bacillota (Firmicutes), Pseudomonadota (Proteobacteria), and Actinomycetota (Actinobacteria) that included members of the genera bacilli, <i>Pseudomonas</i>, <i>brevibacilli</i>, <i>Microbacterium</i>, <i>Ochrobactrum</i>, <i>Paenibacillus</i>, <i>Staphylococcus</i>, <i>Isoptericola</i>, and <i>Streptomyces</i>. Fungal isolates belonged to the genus <i>Aspergillus</i> within the phylum Ascomycota. Three bacterial isolates B4S2 b (MZ571886), B3S1 (MZ571907), and B3S4 B (MZ571915) and one fungal isolate B2S2 a1 (MZ569413) had low sequence similarities with their closely known taxonomic relatives. The ability of the isolates to produce lipase, esterase, cellulase, amylase, and gelatinase enzymes was tested using the agar diffusion method. The results showed a significant level of enzyme production (<i>p</i> < 0.05). <i>Bacillus cereus</i> (MZ571899) exhibited the highest esterase activity; <i>Streptomyces thermocarboxydus</i> (MZ571882) exhibited the highest lipase activity, <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (MZ571887) exhibited the highest amylase activity, and <i>Bacillus licheniformis</i> (MZ571888) exhibited the highest cellulase activity, while <i>Pseudomonas stutzeri</i> (MZ571900) exhibited the highest gelatinase activity. We recommend further studies to characterize the isolates with low sequence percentage similarities to establish their true identities. In addition, further enzymatic studies are required to quantify, characterize, and purify these enzymes for industrial applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":14098,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Microbiology","volume":"2025 ","pages":"7818433"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12037257/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144000982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Detection and Antibiogram Profiling of <i>Pasteurella multocida</i> Isolated From Breeder Chickens Suspected of Fowl Cholera in Gondar City, Ethiopia.","authors":"Abdo Megra Geda, Aregash Wendimu, Solomon Lulie, Bereket Dessalegn, Liyuwork Tesfaw, Eyob Assefa, Kenaw Birhanu, Getaw Deresse, Dawit Dufera, Gashaw Enbiyale, Mulusew Tesfaye, Tadesse Mihret","doi":"10.1155/ijm/8356389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ijm/8356389","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fowl cholera is a highly infectious bacterial disease in poultry production. It is caused by <i>Pasteurella multocida</i> (<i>P. multocida</i>) and leads to significant health risks and financial losses. Therefore, this study is aimed at isolating, molecularly detecting, and analyzing the antibiogram of <i>P. multocida</i> from breeder chickens in Gondar City. A cross-sectional study design with purposive sampling was employed to collect a total of 130 tracheal swab samples from breeder chickens showing clinical signs of fowl cholera between January 2023 and December 2023, based on case availability. Bacterial isolation was performed using bacteriological and biochemical tests. The isolated <i>P. multocida</i> was confirmed through conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using a capsular serotype-specific primer (<i>capA</i>). The antibiogram assessment of <i>P. multocida</i> against 10 antimicrobial agents was conducted using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the isolation rate of the bacterium. Of the 130 sampled swabs, 10 (7.69%) tested positive for <i>P. multocida</i> in the phenotypic assay, and 3 (30%) of those isolates were positive for the <i>hyaD/hyaC</i> virulence gene. The study found that all three isolates were 100% sensitive to penicillin, ampicillin, norfloxacin, and florfenicol, while showing 100% intermediate sensitivity to streptomycin and 66.7% intermediate sensitivity to gentamycin, amoxicillin, tetracycline, trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole, and kanamycin. The study confirms that <i>P. multocida</i>, the causative agent of fowl cholera in breeder chickens, is circulating in the area and exhibits varying antimicrobial sensitivity profiles.</p>","PeriodicalId":14098,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Microbiology","volume":"2025 ","pages":"8356389"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12037256/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144016678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiological Analysis of HPV Infection in Zhangjiagang, Southern Jiangsu Province of China: A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Qin Rui, Xiaojue Zhu, Guoxin Xu","doi":"10.1155/ijm/5576260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ijm/5576260","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An examination of the fluctuating rates of the human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence and the allocation of various genotypes could assist in the implementation of targeted strategies for the prevention and treatment of cervical cancer. The present study was aimed at evaluating the prevalence of HPV and genotype distribution among female populations in Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu Province, China. A total of 62,036 patients from the Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University provided clinical specimens between January 2022 and August 2023, and 12,144 women were infected with HPV, with an overall positive rate of 19.58%. The most prevalent HR-HPV types were HPV52 (4.14%), HPV16 (2.44%), HPV53 (2.37%), HPV58 (2.37%), and HPV56 (1.50%). In the low-risk group, the highest infection rate was HPV81 (1.76%). The prevalence of HPV infection showed a \"U\"-shaped curve. In addition to the adolescent group, other age groups are mainly single infection. And the gynecology clinic group had much higher rates of HPV positivity compared to the physical examination group (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Our study suggests that HPV screening and vaccination in young women are highly necessary, and 9-valent HPV vaccine is recommended for regular immunization in Zhangjiagang city.</p>","PeriodicalId":14098,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Microbiology","volume":"2025 ","pages":"5576260"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12033064/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144018075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbial Composition, Antibiotic Sensitivity Patterns, and Contributing Factors Among Children With Tonsillitis in Hawassa Town, Sidama, Ethiopia.","authors":"Tebiku Daniel Tirago, Mesfin Worku, Tadesse Menjetta Nima, Moges Desta Ormago","doi":"10.1155/ijm/6366378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ijm/6366378","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Infections of the tonsils are very frequent among 5-14-year-old children due to poor immunity establishments and inflammation within the tonsils because of insufficient penetration of antibiotics into the tonsillar core. This study was aimed at determining the bacterial profile, antibacterial susceptibility pattern, and associated factors among children with tonsillitis from selected health facilities in Hawassa town, Sidama, Ethiopia. <b>Methods:</b> An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted using interviewer-administered, pretested questionnaires, and throat swab samples were collected from children with tonsillitis visiting selected health facilities in Hawassa town. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select the study units. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out by using the disc diffusion method according to criteria set by the Clinical Laboratory and Standard Institute 2020. Logistic regression evaluated factors related to the prevalence of culture-confirmed bacterial tonsillitis. <b>Results:</b> The overall prevalence of bacterial tonsillitis among children (408) with tonsillitis among selected health facilities was 276/408 (67.6%) (95% CI: 63.0%, 72.0%). The dominant bacterial isolate was <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i> (70) (25.4%), followed by <i>Streptococcus aureus</i> (59) (21.4%), <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> (56) (20.3%), <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> (35) (12.7%), and <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> (27) (9.8%). <i>S. pyogenes</i> was resistant to cephalexin (45.7%), penicillin (44.3%), and ceftriaxone (42.9%). Higher odds of having bacterial tonsillitis were observed for children from low monthly income families (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.31, 95% CI: 1.15-4.63), those with enlarged or tender glands (AOR 2.47, 95% CI: 1.57-3.88), and those with a history of recurrent tonsillitis (AOR 1.85, 95% CI: 1.18, 2.92). <b>Conclusions:</b> Bacterial tonsillitis was prevalent in the study area. The isolates showed resistance to common antibiotics such as penicillin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, ceftriaxone, and cephalexin. Therefore, culture and susceptibility tests are vital for appropriately managing bacterial tonsillitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":14098,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Microbiology","volume":"2025 ","pages":"6366378"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12017960/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144006420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Factors Related to Trichomoniasis, Candidal Vaginitis, and Bacterial Vaginosis in Northeast Iran.","authors":"Mitra Salehi, Mohammadhassan Minooeianhaghighi, Alireza Mohammadzadeh, Azamsadat Mahmoudian, Simin Tayarani, Saeed Erfanpoor, Nasim Khajavian, Narjes Bahri, Morteza Rostamian","doi":"10.1155/ijm/9573665","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ijm/9573665","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Candida</i> species, <i>Trichomonas vaginalis</i>, and bacteria are considered to be the main causes of vaginitis. This study investigated the prevalence of candidal, trichomonad, and bacterial vaginitis and factors related to infection in women. This cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the relationship between different individual characteristics and common vaginal infections, namely, candidiasis, trichomoniasis, and bacterial vaginosis. The sample included all women referred to Allameh Bohlool Gonabadi Hospital women's clinic in Gonabad in 2021. After the patient's physical examination and questionnaire completion, samples were taken from the mucous secretions of the cervical vagina and the posterior fornix region using three sterile swabs. The first swab of secretions was placed on three glass slides for microscopic examination. At the same time, the second swab was transferred to the special <i>Trichomonas</i> culture medium (Dorset culture medium) available at the sampling site, observing sterile conditions. The third swab was placed in a test tube with a screw cap containing 5 cc of sterile physiological serum to be transferred to the laboratory. After adding two drops of potassium hydroxide (for elucidation), the first slide was examined under the microscope for the presence of <i>Candida</i> mycelia and buds. The second slide was used for warm staining to diagnose bacterial vaginosis. The third slide was used for Giemsa staining to detect <i>Trichomonas</i>. The swab in the screw-capped tube was stretched in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) medium and kept in an incubator at 35° for 48 h to detect <i>Candida</i>. The prevalence of candidal, trichomonad, and bacterial vaginitis in the admitting women was 5%, 38.5%, and 5.8%, respectively. A significant relationship was found between the history of vaginal infection, trichomonad infection, and candidal infection (<i>p</i> = 0.03). Moreover, significant relationships were observed between bacterial infection and the husband's occupation (<i>p</i> = 0.002), methods of preventing pregnancy (<i>p</i> = 0.01), and menopause (<i>p</i> = 0.001). Vaginal infections are one of the common problems in women of all ages, and by knowing the factors that cause these infections, a big step can be taken to reduce the problem.</p>","PeriodicalId":14098,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Microbiology","volume":"2025 ","pages":"9573665"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12006687/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143998825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cyanobacteria-Pesticide Interactions and Their Implications for Sustainable Rice Agroecosystems.","authors":"Sadhana Yadav, Rupanshee Srivastava, Nidhi Singh, Tripti Kanda, Ekta Verma, Piyush Choudhary, Shivam Yadav, Neelam Atri","doi":"10.1155/ijm/7265036","DOIUrl":"10.1155/ijm/7265036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Modern agricultural practices rely heavily on fertilizers and pesticides to boost crop yields, essential for feeding the growing global population. However, their extensive use poses significant environmental risks. Chemical-based fertilizers and pesticides persist in ecosystems, potentially harming ecological stability. Wetland rice farming utilizing nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria has emerged as an ecofriendly alternative, drawing attention due to its capacity to mitigate pesticide-related issues. Cyanobacteria, capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen, thrive in low-nitrogen conditions and can aid plant growth. Some species can also biodegrade pesticides, offering a means to clean up contaminated environments. Researchers are exploring ways to leverage cyanobacteria's nitrogen fixation and biodegradation abilities for ecofriendly biofertilizers and environmental cleanup. This approach presents promise for sustainable agriculture and environmental preservation. The current study delves into multiple studies to investigate global pesticide usage levels, primary categorization, and persistence patterns. It also investigates cyanobacterial distribution and their interactions with pesticides in wetland rice ecosystems, aiming to enable their use in sustainable agriculture. Additionally, the review provides a thorough summary of the literature's findings about the potential of cyanobacteria in pesticide degradation.</p>","PeriodicalId":14098,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Microbiology","volume":"2025 ","pages":"7265036"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11978480/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143811122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mixing of Two Microbial Consortia in the Search for Stimulating Chromium Depletion.","authors":"Elcia Margareth Souza Brito, Paola Abigail Martínez-Aldape, Sara Lucia Toscano-Alaniz, César Augusto Caretta, Mónica Jacquelina Martínez-Ramírez, Ramón Eugenio Martínez-Ramírez, Mario Enrique Sandoval-Vergara, Sandra Ixmucamé Concha-Guerrero, Marisol Goñi-Urriza, Alma Hortensia Serafín-Muñoz, Claudia Adriana Ramírez-Valdespino, Rémy Guyoneaud","doi":"10.1155/ijm/8555038","DOIUrl":"10.1155/ijm/8555038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Two bacterial consortia (C55 and C33), obtained from an industrial residue contaminated with hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), were used to study the behavior of their mixture for depleting this ion in liquid media. In the absence of Cr(VI), C55 showed a greater growth rate than C33, while the latter exhibited biofilm formation. In the presence of this ion, C55 showed resistance up to 800 mg·L^-1 and an ability to diminish up to 400 mg·L^-1 of the Cr(VI) from the medium, while for C33, these concentrations were 400 and 200 mg·L^-1, respectively. Bacterial synergism between these consortia was evaluated using different compound ratios (C55:C33 ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1), growing at 50, 100, and 200 mg·L^-1 Cr(VI). The best half-lives of Cr(VI) decrease were 16, 31, and 98 h, respectively, for the 1:1 mixture. The ability of C33 and the mixed consortia to form biofilms was verified. MiSeq sequencing revealed 4 major populations for C55 (in a total of 14) and 3 for C33 (8), most of which were common. After an isolation process, 2 bacterial strains were obtained from C55 and 4 from C33. Three of these strains (QRePLB33E, similar to <i>Oceanobacillus profundus</i>; QRePLB33G, to <i>Shouchella clausii</i>; and QRePLB55C, to <i>Cellulosimicrobium funkei</i>) showed resistance to Cr(VI) and the ability to remove 100% of it at least up to 300 mg·L^-1. Thus, synergism between different bacterial consortia obtained from the same site is possible and can improve, by complementing their capacities, both the growth rate and the ability to diminish the xenobiotic from the medium.</p>","PeriodicalId":14098,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Microbiology","volume":"2025 ","pages":"8555038"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11976035/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143811129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of a Novel Sepiolite-Ag-Propolis Nanocomposite and Its Effect on the Growth of <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>.","authors":"Elham Rezvannejad, Maryam Fayazi, Batool Sadeghi, Azadeh Boustan, Safa Lotfi","doi":"10.1155/ijm/7371265","DOIUrl":"10.1155/ijm/7371265","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since aflatoxin produced by <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> carries significant impacts on the livestock and poultry industries in terms of animal health and food safety. It is very important to find nonchemical antifungal agents. For this purpose, in this study, bee propolis and its nanocomposites with sepiolite and Ag nanoparticles were investigated for antifungal activity with respect to their use as safer alternatives for conventional antifungal treatments. In the present study, two newly synthesized sepiolite-propolis and sepiolite-Ag-propolis nanocomposite formulations were characterized with different analytical techniques such as XRD, TEM, FTIR, and EDAX. The antifungal potential was determined against <i>A. flavus</i> by the disc diffusion method, and MIC-MFC values were determined. The pure propolis extract had only limited antifungal activity at concentrations up to 400 mg/mL. However, prominent antifungal activities were observed for nanocomposites with propolis, sepiolite, and Ag nanoparticles, as inhibition was observed even at a low concentration of 200 mg/mL. The sepiolite-Ag-propolis nanocomposite outperformed others by increasing the diameter of inhibition zones proportionally with the increase in concentration. The finding results indicate that propolis-based nanocomposites, especially when combined with Ag nanoparticles, hold a promise for antifungal action against <i>A. flavus</i>. Further work is necessary to test their practical value in agricultural and food safety contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":14098,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Microbiology","volume":"2025 ","pages":"7371265"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11957862/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143752609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibiotic-Resistant <i>Salmonella</i> Enteritidis in Raw Chicken Meat of Dhaka City, Bangladesh.","authors":"Shah Jungy Ibna Karim, K B M Saiful Islam, M Rubaiyat Adnan, Md Abir Hassan Sadi, Mahfuzul Islam","doi":"10.1155/ijm/5654730","DOIUrl":"10.1155/ijm/5654730","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Foodborne zoonotic <i>Salmonella</i> is transmitted through contaminated meat, milk, and eggs. This study is aimed at investigating the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profile of <i>Salmonella</i> Enteritidis isolated from raw chicken meat in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. Two hundred raw chicken meat samples were aseptically collected from 20 retail markets located in Dhaka City, and the isolated <i>Salmonella</i> species were identified based on their morphological, cultural, biochemical, and molecular characterization by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The primer sets of the <i>Inv</i>A and Enteritidis-specific STM3098 gene were used for the PCR detection of <i>Salmonella</i> species and <i>S.</i> Enteritidis, respectively. The isolates were then screened for AMR phenotypically and the presence of the tetracycline resistance (<i>Tet</i>A) gene. The prevalence of <i>Salmonella</i> species and <i>S.</i> Enteritidis was 22.5% (<i>n</i> = 45/200) and 18.5% (<i>n</i> = 37/200), respectively. However, the prevalence was constant across all the sample markets (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Tetracycline, amoxicillin, and ampicillin resistance was phenotypically present in all isolates (100%). Furthermore, approximately 70%, 49%, and 30% of <i>S.</i> Enteritidis showed resistance against erythromycin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and ciprofloxacin, respectively. However, <i>S.</i> Enteritidis were sensitive to gentamicin (86.5%), meropenem (64.9%), ciprofloxacin (62.2%), and ceftriaxone (59.5%). The <i>Tet</i>A gene, which causes AMR against tetracycline, was shown to be present in all phenotypically resistant <i>Salmonella</i> species. Multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) ranged between 0.3 and 0.8. Overall, multidrug resistant (MDR) <i>Salmonella</i> Enteritidis emerged in the chicken meat along with the presence of a resistance gene that is a threat to human health. Therefore, action must be taken to stop the spread of AMR.</p>","PeriodicalId":14098,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Microbiology","volume":"2025 ","pages":"5654730"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11955290/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143752605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Yi Mai Granule Improves High-Fat Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice by Regulating Gut Microbiota and Metabolites.","authors":"Linlin Pang, Yongming Liu, Changbin Yuan, Yetao Ju, Junpeng Wu, Meijia Cheng, Sian Jin, Ying Fan, Huiyong Zhang, Yu Wang, Dongyu Min","doi":"10.1155/ijm/2273986","DOIUrl":"10.1155/ijm/2273986","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Yi Mai granule (YMG) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) herbal decoction consisting of two TCM formulas: Gua-Lou-Ban-Xia decoction and Si-Jun-Zi decoction. YMG has shown clinical benefit in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which may be due to its regulatory effects on lipid metabolism. Previous studies have highlighted the importance of the gut microbiota and its metabolites in the use of TCM. However, the effect of YMG on the gut microbiota in the treatment of NAFLD remains unclear. In this study, we established an NAFLD model in <i>ApoE^-/-</i> mice and treated them with YMG. High-performance liquid chromatography was adopted to identify the chemical components of YMG. By mapping the candidate targets using network pharmacology, we found that the targets of the main components of YMG were significantly enriched in NAFLD-related pathways. Moreover, <i>16S rRNA</i> gene sequencing revealed that YMG affected the constitution and metabolism of the gut microbiota in NAFLD model mice, including lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Similarly, metabolites related to lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in mouse serum were significantly altered by YMG. The correlation heat map and network analyses showed that the gut microbiota and metabolites affected by YMG were closely related to the blood lipid content. Collectively, YMG may exert therapeutic effects by affecting the metabolism of gut microbiota, thus regulating lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. These findings offer novel insight into the pharmacological mechanism of YMG in the treatment of NAFLD and provide theoretical bases for its clinical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":14098,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Microbiology","volume":"2025 ","pages":"2273986"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11955292/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143752612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}