International Journal of Infectious Diseases最新文献

{"title":"Infection prevention and control measures during the COVID-19 pandemic and airborne tuberculosis transmission during primary care visits in South Africa","authors":"Nicolas Banholzer ,&nbsp;Keren Middelkoop ,&nbsp;Remo Schmutz ,&nbsp;Juane Leukes ,&nbsp;Kathrin Zürcher ,&nbsp;Matthias Egger ,&nbsp;Robin Wood ,&nbsp;Lukas Fenner","doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107921","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107921","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Tuberculosis (TB) transmission in crowded health care settings poses considerable risks in high-burden regions. We assessed how COVID-19 pandemic-related infection prevention and control (IPC) measures might impact TB transmission in a South African primary care clinic.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In 2019 (prepandemic) and 2021 (pandemic), we collected clinical data, patient tracking data (person-time and spatial density), indoor CO₂ levels, and concentrations of <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> (<em>Mtb</em>) DNA in bio-aerosol samples. We estimated the risk of <em>Mtb</em> transmission during a 1-hour visit based on ventilation rate and duration of exposure.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>During the pandemic, clinics were less crowded, with lower mean person-time per day (209 vs 258 hours; <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001). TB prevalence among patients also declined (1.1% vs 4.7%; <em>P</em> &lt; 0.052). Environmental indicators suggested improved air quality, with lower CO₂ levels (555 vs 856 parts-per-million; <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001) and higher ventilation rates (15.8 vs 6.3 air changes per hour; <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001). These changes corresponded with a reduction in modeled <em>Mtb</em> transmission risk (0.04% vs 1.36%; <em>P</em> = 0.046). Airborne <em>Mtb</em> DNA was detected in both periods.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Pandemic-related IPC measures to control COVID-19 transmission were rigorously implemented and likely reduced transmission of airborne respiratory infections, supporting their continued implementation in healthcare settings postpandemic.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14006,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"156 ","pages":"Article 107921"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144009886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New solutions against the dengue global threat: opportunities for Wolbachia interventions","authors":"Gabriela Paz-Bailey,&nbsp;Daniel B. Jernigan,&nbsp;Kayla Laserson,&nbsp;Emily Zielinski-Gutierrez,&nbsp;Lyle Petersen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107923","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107923","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reliance on traditional vector control methods, such as insecticides and “clean up” source reduction efforts for reducing mosquito breeding sites, has proven increasingly ineffective and costly in the battle against dengue. The <em>Wolbachia</em>-based mosquito replacement strategy, which replaces wild mosquitoes with mosquitoes trans-infected with <em>Wolbachia</em> bacteria, preventing up to 77% dengue transmission, represents an advancement in prevention. Integrating this approach into current routine dengue control efforts could reduce dengue incidence. However, challenges such as implementation costs, the need for country ownership, alignment of released mosquitoes with local mosquito populations, increased education and sensitization for government authorities and the public on the benefits of <em>Wolbachia</em>, identifying international funding partners, and recognizing areas where the strategy may be less effective due to environmental or socio-political factors must be addressed. Furthermore, <em>Wolbachia</em> replacement must focus in areas with high population density and high dengue incidence because it is not feasible to cover all endemic areas. Establishing robust surveillance systems to monitor efficacy against different dengue serotypes is also critical. Despite these challenges, the <em>Wolbachia</em> strategy is the one of the most promising developments in dengue prevention to date. By complementing this approach with effective vaccines, we have the unprecedented opportunity to significantly reduce dengue.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14006,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 107923"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143964473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"QuantiFERON-TB supernatant-based biomarkers predicting active tuberculosis progression","authors":"Haoxin Xu ,&nbsp;Jingyu Zhou ,&nbsp;Qingluan Yang ,&nbsp;Yixuan Yang ,&nbsp;Feiran Zhou ,&nbsp;Mengqing Qian ,&nbsp;Xing Lin ,&nbsp;Wenhong Zhang ,&nbsp;Lingyun Shao ,&nbsp;Qiaoling Ruan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107915","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107915","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Despite the higher specificity and reliability of detecting latent tuberculosis (TB) infection, <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em>-specific interferon (IFN)-γ release assays do not perform satisfactorily in predicting the risk of active TB (ATB) development. It is crucial to identify new biomarkers with high predictive accuracy to identify individuals bearing a high risk of progression.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This was a sub-study of an open-label, randomized clinical trial for prevention of TB in silicosis patients. Twenty-six participants were diagnosed with ATB within 37-month’ follow-up. They were defined as TB progressors and matched in a 1:2 ratio with 52 TB nonprogressors.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We analyzed expression of 45 cytokines in QuantiFERON supernatants from TB progressors and nonprogressors, and granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, interleukin (IL)-3, IFN-γ-induced protein 10, IL-10, and IL-9 outperformed IFN-γ as predictive markers.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These findings highlight the potential of new biomarkers in identifying individuals with high risk of TB to undergo early intervention.</div><div>Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT02430259.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14006,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 107915"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144028243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preschool age participation in mass drug administration: Analyzing the impact on community-wide schistosomiasis control","authors":"John R. Ellis,&nbsp;Roy M. Anderson","doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107919","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107919","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Schistosome infection in childhood is common and can lead to morbidity. A formulation of praziquantel to treat preschool-aged children (PSAC) has been developed recently. This paper assesses the impact of including PSAC in mass drug administration (MDA) on transmission and morbidity at a community-wide level.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We used a model of schistosome transmission to simulate the probability of a community reaching elimination as a public health problem (EPHP) and the reduction in morbidity of children resulting from infections until the age of 5 years, measured by a “worm years” metric as a score of morbidity.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Including PSAC in MDA will almost always lead to a reduction in morbidity. However, it does not necessarily result in a substantial increase in the probability of EPHP. The proportion of schistosome infections in each age group is a key factor in determining the effectiveness of MDA programs, which prioritize different age groups for treatment.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Policymakers should be aware that including PSAC in MDA may not help to reach the World Health Organization target of EPHP. However, a reduction in the average summed worm infection burden at the age children typically start attending school is highly desirable in increasing the long-term benefit of MDA in early childhood.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14006,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"156 ","pages":"Article 107919"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144000809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Granulomatous lymphadenopathy and tuberculosis: accuracy of histology","authors":"Frédéric Méchaï ,&nbsp;Lou Macaux ,&nbsp;Florence Jeny ,&nbsp;Yurdagül Uzunhan ,&nbsp;Paul Cioni ,&nbsp;Antoine Martin ,&nbsp;Nicolas Vignier ,&nbsp;Hilario Nunes","doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107920","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107920","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Due to the insufficient sensitivity of microbiological tests, histology may be helpful for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB), especially extrapulmonary TB.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We used the database of the pathology laboratory from 2019 to 2023. We retrospectively analyzed the etiologies of lymph nodes finding epithelioid granuloma and their performance in diagnosing TB.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We analyzed the files of epithelioid granulomas for 220 distinct patients. The main etiologies retained were sarcoidosis (n = 110; 50%), TB (n = 86; 39%), and bartonellosis (n = 4; 1.8%). The 74 granulomas with caseous necrosis were distributed between TB (n = 66; 89%), bartonellosis (n = 3; 4.1%), sarcoidosis (n = 2; 2.7%), histoplasmosis (n = 1; 1.4%), or remained undefined (n = 2; 2.7%). For the diagnosis of the 86 TB (55 certain and 31 probable), the caseous necrosis variable had a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 77%, 94%, 89%, and 86% respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Histology confirms its accuracy for the diagnosis of TB and allows to quickly initiate a probabilistic treatment for suspected TB without microbiological documentation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14006,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"156 ","pages":"Article 107920"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143999642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Respiratory syncytial virus hospitalisation burden in children below 18 years in six European countries (2016-2023) pre- and post-COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"Ombeline Jollivet ,&nbsp;Arantxa Urchueguía-Fornes ,&nbsp;Kocfa Chung-Delgado ,&nbsp;Caroline Klint Johannesen ,&nbsp;Toni Lehtonen ,&nbsp;David Gideonse ,&nbsp;Rachel A. Cohen ,&nbsp;Rolf Kramer ,&nbsp;Alejandro Orrico-Sánchez ,&nbsp;Thea K. Fischer ,&nbsp;Terho Heikkinen ,&nbsp;Michiel Van Boven ,&nbsp;Harish Nair ,&nbsp;Harry Campbell ,&nbsp;Richard Osei-Yeboah","doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107903","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107903","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a substantial cause of hospital admission in young children and leads to seasonal pressure on pediatric emergency units in most countries. This study aims to assemble national or large-scale data on RSV hospitalisations from six European countries with a standardised approach to provide recent burden data for all children and assess changes since SARS-CoV-2’s emergence.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We analysed 2016-2023 hospital records from national registries in Denmark, England, Finland, The Netherlands, and Scotland, and from a hospital surveillance network in Spain-Valencia for children below 18 years. We considered separately RSV-coded and RSV laboratory-confirmed cases, comparing them to respiratory tract infections. We studied the temporal evolution of incidence rates and case reporting practices, comparing pre- and post-COVID-19 periods.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Post-COVID-19 observed RSV hospital burden was similar to the pre-COVID-19 one for younger children but higher for the 1-2 years, 3-4 years, and 5-17 years age groups. No change in terms of coding—neither diagnosis nor RSV-coding when RSV was laboratory-confirmed—was detected.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Hospital RSV burden in children is significant but currently not fully monitorable. Further efforts to harmonise coding practices both within and across countries would improve the quality of future analyses. Additional data in future seasons should complement current outcomes to inform decisions regarding RSV prevention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14006,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 107903"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143887172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Postpandemic immunity debt of common cold in England: an interrupted time series study","authors":"Char Leung ,&nbsp;Li Su","doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107918","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107918","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates immunity debt in five common cold viruses (adenovirus, parainfluenza virus, human metapneumovirus, rhinovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus) in England using weekly positivity rate data from UKHSA. An interrupted time series analysis assessed post-NPI effects with sensitivity analyses conducted to account for potential structural changes in viral dynamics across years. Results indicate significant immunity debt for adenovirus, parainfluenza virus, and respiratory syncytial virus. These findings highlight the need for public health preparedness post-NPI removal, particularly for vulnerable groups, and emphasize challenges in predicting immunity debt for viruses with high serotype diversity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14006,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"156 ","pages":"Article 107918"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143978890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geostatistical modelling of soil-transmitted helminth prevalence in Kenya: Informing targeted interventions to accelerate elimination efforts","authors":"Nyamai Mutono ,&nbsp;Brian Njuguna ,&nbsp;Stella Kepha ,&nbsp;Florence Wakesho ,&nbsp;Wyckliff Omondi ,&nbsp;Paul Kibati ,&nbsp;Irene Chami ,&nbsp;Alison Ower ,&nbsp;Kevin McRae-McKee ,&nbsp;Chitiavi Juma ,&nbsp;Ivy Sempele ,&nbsp;Vincent Ouma ,&nbsp;Josphat Martin Muchangi ,&nbsp;Maurice R. Odiere ,&nbsp;S.M. Thumbi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107916","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107916","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study estimates the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths (STH) in Kenya, identifying high- and low-burden communities to optimize intervention strategies.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Using prevalence data from 146,668 children in 3752 schools across 207 sub-counties in Kenya, collected in 2021 and 2024, alongside environmental and socio-economic data, we modelled the prevalence of hookworm, <em>Ascaris lumbricoides</em> and <em>Trichuris trichiura</em> at a 5 × 5 km resolution. We estimated the probability of exceeding predefined prevalence thresholds (2%, 10% and 20%) and the population-weighted mean prevalence for each species.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Hookworm prevalence was low (mean of 0.6%, 95% credible interval [CI] 0.1%-2.9%), with 6% of sub-counties, primarily in coastal regions, exceeding the 2% threshold. <em>T. trichiura</em> prevalence was higher (mean 1.4%, 95% CI 0.2%-7.3%), with elevated risk in southwestern and coastal regions. <em>A. lumbricoides</em> was highest (mean 2.8%, 95% CI 0.1%-11.6%), clustering in western Kenya. Across all species, the probability of exceeding the 20% prevalence threshold remained below 0.5.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These findings underscore persistent STH transmission in some regions, necessitating region-specific treatment approaches, including strategic decisions on drug selection, target populations and optimized treatment frequency to achieve Kenya’s STH elimination targets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14006,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"156 ","pages":"Article 107916"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143999561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of oral step-down therapy and early oral switch for bloodstream infections caused by Enterobacterales: A post hoc emulation trial of the SIMPLIFY trial","authors":"Emanuele Rando ,&nbsp;Mercedes Delgado-Valverde ,&nbsp;Josune Goikoetxea Aguirre ,&nbsp;Laura Guio Carrión ,&nbsp;María José Blanco Vidal ,&nbsp;José Luis Barrios Andrés ,&nbsp;María Teresa Pérez Rodríguez ,&nbsp;Lucía Martínez Lamas ,&nbsp;Francisco Arnaiz de las Revillas ,&nbsp;Carlos Armiñanzas ,&nbsp;Carlos Ruiz de Alegría-Puig ,&nbsp;Patricia Jiménez Aguilar ,&nbsp;María del Carmen Martínez-Rubio ,&nbsp;Carmen Sáez-Béjar ,&nbsp;Carmen de las Cuevas ,&nbsp;Andrés Martín-Aspas ,&nbsp;Fátima Galán ,&nbsp;José Ramón Yuste ,&nbsp;José Leiva-León ,&nbsp;Germán Bou ,&nbsp;Luis Eduardo López Cortés","doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107917","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107917","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>We investigated the effectiveness of early oral switch for treating Enterobacterales bloodstream infection (BSI) by performing a post hoc emulation trial of the SIMPLIFY trial.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted a post hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial. We specified the target trial characteristics selecting patients who achieved clinical stability on day 5. We categorized patients into those who switched on day 5 and those who continued intravenously. The primary outcome was clinical cure at the test of cure. We set a propensity score for being switched on day 5 to reduce confounding. We ran simple, not-propensity-adjusted, and propensity-adjusted logistic regression models to ascertain the association of switch on day 5 with clinical cure.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among 303 patients who achieved clinical stability on day 5, 110 (36.3%) were switched orally on day 5, and 193 (63.7%) were kept intravenously. We detected no difference in clinical cure between those switched on day 5 and those continued intravenously (risk ratios 1.04, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 0.98-1.10). Propensity-adjusted analysis did not show an association between day 5 switch and clinical cure (OR 2.10, 95% CI 0.96-7.41).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Oral step-down therapy on day 5 was not associated with worse clinical cure for Enterobacterales BSI.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14006,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"156 ","pages":"Article 107917"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143950350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adverse events of tuberculosis preventive therapy among individuals with latent tuberculosis infection: A nationwide cohort study in South Korea","authors":"Sung-Hee Oh ,&nbsp;Jaehee Lee ,&nbsp;Junwoo Jo ,&nbsp;Jin-Won Kwon","doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107914","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107914","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study assessed adverse event with tuberculosis preventive therapy (TPT) regimens among individuals with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Using national health insurance data, we analyzed individuals newly diagnosed with LTBI between 2015 and 2020. The TPT group, prescribed 3 months of isoniazid and rifampicin (3HR), 4 months of rifampicin (4R), or 9 months of isoniazid (9H), was matched with a control group through 1:1 propensity score matching. Drug-related adverse events were reported.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of 220,483 diagnosed with LTBI, 49.0% received TPT, primarily 3HR (74.6%). The incidence of any adverse events with TPT was 11.90%, with 8.94% of these events being severe events requiring hospitalization. Hepatotoxicity risk was 6.48-, 4.79-, and 3.50-fold with 3HR, 9H, and 4R, respectively, compared to controls. Severe cutaneous adverse reaction risk was 4.27-, 1.83-, and 1.93-fold with 3HR, 9H, and 4R. 4R had the lowest risk of any adverse events, while 3HR had the highest. Permanent discontinuation occurred in 2.3%, 3.1%, and 3.3% with 4R, 9H, and 3HR, respectively. Unlike 9H, rifampicin-based regimens showed no age-related trend in adverse event risk.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>4R is a better option considering safety across a broad age range, suggesting it could be encouraged in the LTBI population.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14006,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"156 ","pages":"Article 107914"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144021876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}