{"title":"The Gladstone–Dale relation: Applications in oxide glasses","authors":"Elizabeth M. Tsekrekas, Alexis G. Clare","doi":"10.1111/ijag.16648","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ijag.16648","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Gladstone–Dale relation is among one of the many formulae put forward in the 19th century to try and relate the index of refraction and density of a material. Compared to other relations of the time, the Gladstone–Dale relation is advantageous as it is relatively simple to use. It has been suggested that the Gladstone–Dale relation can be used as a reliable way to calculate the index of refraction for oxide glasses because of the additive nature of the relation, making it ideal for glass compositions. The reliability of the Gladstone–Dale relation with regards to its use in glass science has been explored. Various oxide glass systems that use different network formers, conditional network formers, modifying oxides, and dopants have been obtained from the literature to determine the reliability of the relation with regards to index-of-refraction calculations. The benefits and faults of the relation are discussed, and it was found that it is not universally applicable for all glass compositions.</p>","PeriodicalId":13850,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Glass Science","volume":"15 2","pages":"107-118"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138537225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A new perspective for nucleation and nanocrystallization from interfacial energy and nanoscale composition fluctuations in glasses","authors":"Takayuki Komatsu, Tsuyoshi Honma","doi":"10.1111/ijag.16646","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ijag.16646","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Nucleation behaviors in glasses/supercooled liquids (SCLs) such as lithium disilicate Li<sub>2</sub>O–2SiO<sub>2</sub>, cordierite Mg<sub>2</sub>Al<sub>4</sub>Si<sub>5</sub>O<sub>18</sub>, fresnoite Ba<sub>2</sub>TiSi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>8</sub>, and K<sub>2</sub>O–Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>–GeO<sub>2</sub>/TeO<sub>2</sub> glasses were analyzed and discussed from the interfacial energy <i>γ</i> at SCL–nucleus interfaces and nanoscale composition fluctuations. Based on the fragility concept for SCLs and the intrinsic origin of <i>γ</i>, the magnitude order of <i>γ</i>(fragile SCL) < <i>γ</i>(strong SCL) was proposed to be a crucial guide for an understanding of high homogeneous nucleation rates and prominent nanocrystallization. The role of nucleating agent TiO<sub>2</sub>/ZrO<sub>2</sub> in accelerating the nucleation rate in cordierite-based and β-spodumene-type Li<sub>2</sub>O–Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–SiO<sub>2</sub>-based glasses was discussed from the new perspective of <i>γ</i>(homoepitaxial-like nucleation) < <i>γ</i>(heteroepitaxial-like nucleation). Ferroelectric nanocrystals such as Sr<i><sub>x</sub></i>Ba<sub>1–</sub><i><sub>x</sub></i>Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub> in borate glasses and fluoride nanocrystals such as CaF<sub>2</sub> are also well understood from the proposed guidelines. The present article provides a new perspective for nucleation in glasses/SCLs, contributing to the comprehensive composition design of new innovative glass-ceramics.</p>","PeriodicalId":13850,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Glass Science","volume":"15 1","pages":"3-30"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135779568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pavel Ferkl, Pavel Hrma, Jaroslav Kloužek, Albert A. Kruger, Richard Pokorný
{"title":"Cold-cap structure in a slurry-fed electric melter","authors":"Pavel Ferkl, Pavel Hrma, Jaroslav Kloužek, Albert A. Kruger, Richard Pokorný","doi":"10.1111/ijag.16645","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ijag.16645","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As glass batch is charged into an electric melter, a cold cap forms on the glass melt surface. Heat transfer to the cold cap from the molten glass below and the melter atmosphere above determines the melting rate. A mathematical model of the cold cap and the experimental kinetic data of the feed-to-glass conversion that were collected for several simulated low-activity and high-level waste melter feeds allowed us to develop relationships between the internal structure of the cold cap, its properties, its thickness, and the internal heat transfer. This contribution shows the distribution of major crystalline phases and the cumulative evolution of gases within the cold cap. It also examines the temperature, conversion degree, and heating rate the melter feed is experiencing during the passage through the cold cap and their effects on the cold-cap bottom temperature and morphology, which are important for the computational fluid dynamics simulations of melters.</p>","PeriodicalId":13850,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Glass Science","volume":"15 1","pages":"73-87"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136184171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of ZrSnO4 solid solution on the crystallization behavior of Li2O–Al2O3–SiO2 glasses","authors":"Takato Kajihara, Hiroyuki Hijiya, Satoshi Yoshida, Kakeru Ninomiya, Maiko Nishibori, Hikaru Saito, Shigeru Fujino, Satoshi Hata","doi":"10.1111/ijag.16644","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ijag.16644","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Herein, the crystallization behavior of a Li<sub>2</sub>O–Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–SiO<sub>2</sub> (LAS) glass system with the addition of ZrO<sub>2</sub> and SnO<sub>2</sub> as nucleating agents was investigated using X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray absorption fine-structure measurements. At lower heat-treatment temperatures, the addition of ZrO<sub>2</sub> and SnO<sub>2</sub> afforded a ZrSnO<sub>4</sub> solid solution (SS), whereas at higher heat-treatment temperatures, the ZrSnO<sub>4</sub> SS decomposed, affording tetragonal ZrO<sub>2</sub> and tetragonal SnO<sub>2</sub>. LAS-based crystalline phases, such as β-quartz and β-spodumene phases SS, were formed after the formation of the ZrSnO<sub>4</sub> SS. ZrSnO<sub>4</sub> SS particles a few nanometers in size were present in contact with the β-quartz SS particles a few dozen nanometers in size. This suggests that the ZrSnO<sub>4</sub> SS served as a crystal nucleus for the β-quartz SS, promoting its growth.</p>","PeriodicalId":13850,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Glass Science","volume":"15 1","pages":"31-43"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135131306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qinghua Wang, Chao Liu, Kai Yin, Yongqi Zhou, Huixin Wang
{"title":"High-throughput laser-based surface functionalization for fabrication of superhydrophobic soda-lime glass","authors":"Qinghua Wang, Chao Liu, Kai Yin, Yongqi Zhou, Huixin Wang","doi":"10.1111/ijag.16643","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ijag.16643","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Rendering transparent materials extreme wettability, for example, superhydrophobicity or superhydrophilicity, has received considerable attention during the past decades. While fabrication of superhydrophobic glass with high processing efficiency and low production cost has always been a challenge. In this work, a laser-based surface functionalization process that combines ultraviolet (UV) nanosecond laser texturing and silicone oil-assisted heat treatment was employed to render glass superhydrophobicity with high process throughput. The wettability transition is attributed to the combined effects of laser texturing that induces hierarchical surface micro/nanostructures and silicone oil-assisted heat treatment that alters surface chemistry and lowers surface energy. The surface transmittance of the laser-based surface functionalized glass samples in the visible spectrum was experimentally measured and analyzed. The laser-based surface functionalized glass sample also exhibited long-term stability in air, mechanical robustness and good self-cleaning property. More importantly, the developed process shows both high process efficiency and cost effectiveness and has potential for applications where superhydrophobic glass is required.</p>","PeriodicalId":13850,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Glass Science","volume":"15 1","pages":"57-72"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48508197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rajesh Dagupati, Mercedes Sedano, Róbert Klement, Jose J. Velázquez, Alicia Durán, Francisco Muñoz, Maria J. Pascual, Dušan Galusek
{"title":"The influence of Al2O3 concentration on the NaYF4 crystallization in oxyfluoride glass–ceramics","authors":"Rajesh Dagupati, Mercedes Sedano, Róbert Klement, Jose J. Velázquez, Alicia Durán, Francisco Muñoz, Maria J. Pascual, Dušan Galusek","doi":"10.1111/ijag.16642","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ijag.16642","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The influence of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> addition on the precipitation of NaYF<sub>4</sub> crystals in oxyfluoride glasses has been investigated through the thermal, structural, and optical characterization of the parent glasses and corresponding glass–ceramics (GCs). The high-resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis of the GC with 5 mol% of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> shows the presence of phase-separated droplets about 69 nm in size containing several NaYF<sub>4</sub> nanocrystals with the diameter of about 10–15 nm. Raman and magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS-NMR) spectroscopy were used to examine the structural changes attributed to the addition of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. The <sup>19</sup>F MAS-NMR analysis indicated that fluorine atoms are present in different chemical environments (Na–F, Na–Si–F, Na–Al–F, and NaYF<sub>4</sub>). The increasing amount of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> reduces the crystallization of NaYF<sub>4</sub> phase due to the increased fraction of fluorine bound in Na–Al–F environments. The visible luminescence investigation of the glasses and GCs demonstrated that the intensity of Er<sup>3+</sup> ions emission transitions in the GCs was higher than that of the parent glass. This difference was attributed to the presence of Er<sup>3+</sup> ions bound in NaYF<sub>4</sub> crystalline phase. Further evidence that the Er<sup>3+</sup> ions were present in NaYF<sub>4</sub> phase was provided by the fact that the excited level Er<sup>3+</sup>:<sup>4</sup>S<sub>3/2</sub> lifetime was increased in GCs as compared to parent glass.</p>","PeriodicalId":13850,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Glass Science","volume":"15 1","pages":"44-56"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ceramics.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ijag.16642","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47357081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Influence of humidity in the alteration of unstable glasses","authors":"Elena Laso, Mario Aparicio, Teresa Palomar","doi":"10.1111/ijag.16641","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ijag.16641","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The control of humidity between certain limits is essential to avoid the alteration of historical objects, such as unstable historical glasses. However, the usual limits can be altered due to the presence of volatile organic compounds. This work presents the results of the exposure of soda, potash, and mixed-alkali silicate glasses to neutral and acidic (formic) atmospheres with ∼30%, ∼70%, and ∼100% relative humidity. The hygroscopic capacity of the glass was analyzed by gravimetry, and the surface alteration was evaluated by infrared spectroscopy, optical microscopy, and ion chromatography. In all glasses, the alteration begins with alkali ions’ lixiviation followed by the silica network's hydrolytic attack. The results showed that soda and mixed-alkali silicate glasses exhibit similar behavior, while the potash-lime one experienced the fastest degradation due to its composition. Results also confirmed that high humidity increased the alteration rate causing a higher hygroscopicity and reactivity of glasses. Finally, acidic environments promoted the ion-exchange reaction at high humidity, accelerating the lixiviation of alkaline ions and promoting the diffusion of water into the glass network.</p>","PeriodicalId":13850,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Glass Science","volume":"15 1","pages":"88-103"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ceramics.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ijag.16641","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49336020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jeanini Jiusti, Elise Regnier, Norma Maria Machado, Mohamed Leith Ghazzai, Vincent Malivert, Muriel Neyret, François Faure
{"title":"Precipitation of cerianite crystals and its effect on the rheology of a simplified nuclear glass melt","authors":"Jeanini Jiusti, Elise Regnier, Norma Maria Machado, Mohamed Leith Ghazzai, Vincent Malivert, Muriel Neyret, François Faure","doi":"10.1111/ijag.16639","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ijag.16639","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In France, high-activity level wastes resulting from nuclear fission are conditioned in a homogeneous sodium-aluminoborosilicate glass by high-temperature vitrification. The tolerance of even a small fraction of crystals could enable an increase in the waste loadings, in addition to promoting process flexibility. If the waste loading were to be increased in French nuclear glass, cerianite (CeO<sub>2</sub>) crystals could precipitate. In this study, we investigated the cerianite crystallization in a simplified nuclear glass melt at different temperatures, Ce<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> wt%, and shear conditions. Furthermore, the evolution of the viscosity along with cerianite precipitation was followed. It was found that Ce<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> is highly soluble in the glass melt, as even for a Ce<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> wt% as high as 10% wt, the cerianite fraction in dynamic conditions at 1100°C after 8 h of crystallization was less than 1% vol. In addition, shear strongly accelerates cerianite crystallization and a high Ce<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> content can engender the precipitation of highly branched dendrites. The evolution of the cerianite fraction did not significantly affect the viscosity of the glass melt. Finally, unlike what has been observed in the well-known platinum group metal (PGM)-bearing melts, a glass melt containing .8 vol% of cerianite crystals remains Newtonian.</p>","PeriodicalId":13850,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Glass Science","volume":"14 4","pages":"502-521"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48570115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhehao Hua, Gao Tang, Qinhua Wei, Laishun Qin, Youqiang Huang, Peiqing Cai, Gongxun Bai, Zhenzhen Zhou, Gang Zhou, Jing Ren, Zexuan Sui, Sen Qian, Zhigang Wang
{"title":"White-light emission and red scintillation from Mn2+ ions single-doped aluminum-silicate glasses","authors":"Zhehao Hua, Gao Tang, Qinhua Wei, Laishun Qin, Youqiang Huang, Peiqing Cai, Gongxun Bai, Zhenzhen Zhou, Gang Zhou, Jing Ren, Zexuan Sui, Sen Qian, Zhigang Wang","doi":"10.1111/ijag.16640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ijag.16640","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A series of Mn<sup>2+</sup> single-doped 0.2Gd<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-0.2Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-0.6SiO<sub>2</sub> (GAS: xMn<sup>2+</sup>) glasses with Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> as reducing agent were prepared. The presence of [SiO<sub>4-x</sub>] defects and Mn<sup>2+</sup> ions was determined from the absorption and excitation spectra of the glasses. With the increase of Mn<sup>2+</sup> concentration, the intensity of blue emission decreases, while the intensity of red emission increases. The color coordinate of GAS: 6Mn<sup>2+</sup> glass is (0.264, 0.226). The lifetime of the glasses was tested. Under the monitoring of 440 nm, the fast components (τ<sub>f</sub>) are between 17 and 85 μs, and the slow components (τ<sub>s</sub>) are between 200–650 μs. The former belongs to [SiO<sub>4-x</sub>] defects, and the latter is [<sup>4</sup>E(G), <sup>4</sup>A<sub>1</sub>(G)]→<sup>6</sup>A<sub>1</sub>(S) transition of Mn<sup>2+</sup> ions. Under the monitoring at 630 nm, the τ<sub>f</sub> are between 110 and 300 μs, and the τ<sub>s</sub> are between 680 and 1220 μs, which are due to <sup>4</sup>T<sub>1</sub>(G)→<sup>6</sup>A<sub>1</sub>(S) transition of Mn<sup>2+</sup> ions and Mn<sup>2+</sup> pairs, respectively. The energy transfer mechanism of [SiO<sub>4-x</sub>] defect→Mn<sup>2+</sup> ions are explained. The efficient [SiO<sub>4-x</sub>] defect →Mn<sup>2+</sup> ions energy transfer process was demonstrated by time-resolved photoluminescence, and the energy transfer efficiency is over 85%. The maximum photoluminescence quantum yield (PL QY) of the glasses can reach 15.87%. The thermal activation energy of the glasses was calculated. In addition, X-ray excited red luminescence spectra and the mechanism of the glasses were investigated.</p>","PeriodicalId":13850,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Glass Science","volume":"14 4","pages":"573-584"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50127865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of TiO2 on the occurrence and distribution of chromium in stainless-steel slag glass ceramics","authors":"Zhifang Tong, Jiaxing Wang, Congcong Xu, Zhaoxun Xie","doi":"10.1111/ijag.16638","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ijag.16638","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Stainless steel slag waste can be used to prepare value-added glass ceramics, which can fix potentially toxic Cr from the slag within the crystalline phase. The occurrence and distribution of Cr during the preparation of glass ceramics has a great influence on the final Cr fixation effect. In this study, the effects of the TiO<sub>2</sub> content on the occurrence and distribution of Cr during the nucleation and crystallization steps and on the final properties of the glass ceramics were systematically studied. In the nucleation stage, with increasing TiO<sub>2</sub> content, the Cr distributed in the spinel containing chromium nuclei first increases and then decreases. In the crystallization stage, Diopside crystal phase nucleates and grows with spinel containing chromium nanocrystals as heterogeneous nuclei. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis showed that the chromium distributed in the diopside crystals first increased and then slightly decreased as the TiO<sub>2</sub> content increased. The optimal TiO<sub>2</sub> content is 3.4 wt.%, which resulted in 97 wt.% of the total Cr being fixed in the diopside crystalline phase (with a very low Cr leaching concentration of 0.009 mg/L), and a high compressive strength of the final glass ceramic of 267.4 MPa, and a Vickers hardness of 1211.8 HV. The research results provide theoretical and technical support for strengthening Cr fixation to enable harmless and high-value utilization of stainless steel slag for fabricating glass ceramics.</p>","PeriodicalId":13850,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Glass Science","volume":"14 4","pages":"522-533"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43318372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}