International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics最新文献

{"title":"Reliability Analysis of Ring Footings Using Random Field Finite Element Limit Analysis and Stacked Machine Learning Surrogates","authors":"Tran Vu-Hoang,&nbsp;Tan Nguyen,&nbsp;Jim Shiau,&nbsp;Duy Ly-Khuong,&nbsp;Hung-Thinh Pham-Tran","doi":"10.1002/nag.70378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.70378","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Reliable design of shallow foundations is critical for offshore and coastal infrastructure such as towers, tanks, and wind energy structures. This study presents a framework that combines finite element limit analysis (FELA), random field theory, and ensemble machine learning to evaluate the probability of failure (<i>PF</i>) of ring footings in spatially variable soils. Random fields of soil friction angle (<i>ϕ</i>) and unit weight (<i>γ</i>) are modelled with lognormal distributions and exponential autocorrelation, while Monte Carlo simulations with FELA generate a comprehensive reliability dataset under varying coefficients of variation, correlation lengths, and safety factors. Several surrogates, including support vector regression, multivariate adaptive regression splines, artificial neural networks, and Kolmogorov—Arnold networks, are benchmarked. A stacked model integrating KAN and ANN with a support vector meta-learner achieves superior accuracy (<i>R</i>² = 0.993) and consistent calibration. Parametric analyses show that PF is mainly controlled by safety factor and soil variability, while correlation length and ring slenderness exert secondary influences. The framework further provides reliability design charts that incorporate geotechnical variability and geometric effects. These results highlight the efficiency of surrogate-assisted random field FELA for reliability-based design, offering offshore engineers practical tools to assess foundation safety under uncertainty.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13786,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics","volume":"50 13","pages":"5092-5116"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148704511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonlocal Analysis of Rayleigh Wave Propagation in Layered Media With Interface Imperfections and Surface Irregularities","authors":"Sushmita Mandal,&nbsp;Santimoy Kundu","doi":"10.1002/nag.70369","DOIUrl":"10.1002/nag.70369","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study focuses on the propagation of Rayleigh-type waves in a sandy layer lying over a weakly orthotropic half-space based on the principles of nonlocal elasticity theory. Both perfect and imperfect mechanical bonding conditions at the interface are examined. The governing second-order hyperbolic differential equations are solved analytically using the method of separation of variables to obtain displacement fields in closed form. The frequency equation is formulated by setting the determinant of the system of equations to zero for different interfacial conditions. Numerical evaluation of the resulting dispersion relation is performed, and the influence of parameters such as layer thickness, phase velocity, corrugation amplitude, nonlocal parameter, and imperfection parameter is studied in detail. Simulated results using Mathematica provide graphical illustrations of the variation in wave number and phase velocity for different physical scenarios. The novelty of the present study lies in the combined consideration of nonlocal elasticity, granular behavior, orthotropy, and corrugated geometry within a single analytical framework. The results reveal the distinct and sometimes opposite roles of layer and substrate nonlocality on wave dispersion.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13786,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics","volume":"50 12","pages":"4932-4948"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148288325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nordgren PINNs to VQE: Advancing Hydraulic Fracturing Simulations in Shale Reservoirs","authors":"Dennis Delali Kwesi Wayo,&nbsp;Sonny Irawan,&nbsp;Mohd Zulkifli Bin Mohamad Noor,&nbsp;Mudasar Zafar,&nbsp;Shynar Juziyeva,&nbsp;Camila Martins Saporetti,&nbsp;Leonardo Goliatt,&nbsp;Randy Hazlett","doi":"10.1002/nag.70359","DOIUrl":"10.1002/nag.70359","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;This study advances hydraulic fracturing simulations in shale reservoirs using two computational paradigms, Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) and the Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE). PINNs were employed to solve Nordgren's equation, which governs fracture width evolution, by embedding physical laws into the neural network architecture. Using TensorFlow on Google Colab, the PINN training process incorporated Adam, L-BFGS, and Newton-CG optimizers, reaching a final loss of &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;1.23&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;×&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;10&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;9&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$1.23times 10^{-9}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; for a representative benchmark case (e.g., fluid viscosity &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;μ&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$mu$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; = 8.0 &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;Pa&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;·&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;s&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$rm{Pa}cdotrm{s}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;, fracture height &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;H&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$H$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; = 2.0 m, and leak-off coefficient &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$C_L$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; = 1.0); these parameters are used for comparison and are not tied to a specific field dataset. However, this approach demands computational resources, with training times exceeding 1454 s and memory usage of 1136 MB. Conversely, the VQE framework leveraged Qiskit on Qbraid to optimize the Hamiltonian representing the fracture system in practice. With qubit-based ansatz circuits and classical optimizers (SPSA, COBYLA, and L-BFGS), VQE achieves energy minimization, converging to -0.583+0j in under 2 s with low memory requirements. Spatiotemporal fracture width predictions from VQE align with trends but exhibit slight oscillations due to quantum noise. This comparative study highlights a trade-off: PINNs show stronger physics-consistent accuracy in the tested cases, while VQE provides lower runtime and memory use. These results suggest that combining PINN accuracy with VQE speed may be useful for decision-support workflows in hydraulic fracturing. Future research will explore integrating these paradigms for scalable, high-fidelity","PeriodicalId":13786,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics","volume":"50 12","pages":"4863-4878"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/nag.70359","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148288206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical Investigation on the Influence of Rock Block Gradation on the Mechanical Behavior of Bimrocks","authors":"Hu Zheng,&nbsp;Tianming Lu,&nbsp;Kai Li,&nbsp;Minyi Zhu,&nbsp;Shaorui Sun,&nbsp;Jihong Wei,&nbsp;Yu Huang","doi":"10.1002/nag.70367","DOIUrl":"10.1002/nag.70367","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Differences in block gradation are common in bimrocks and exert a significant influence on their mechanical behavior. This study employs the 3D discrete element method to investigate the effects of block gradation in specimens with volumetric block proportions (VBPs) between 30% and 60%. In addition, the roles of block shape and block distribution in modulating the influence of block gradation are examined. Results indicate that at 30% VBP, block gradation primarily affects the peak strength and corresponding strain of specimens. When VBP ranges from 40% to 60%, its influence on peak strength becomes more irregular; however, the elastic modulus is lower in specimens with a higher proportion of small blocks. Such specimens are also more prone to through-going failure, whereas those containing larger blocks tend to exhibit localized failure. Specimens with ellipsoidal blocks are more susceptible to through-going failure, as block shape strongly affects fracturing within the matrix, at matrix–block interfaces, and within the blocks themselves. Block distribution exerts the greatest influence when the proportions of blocks of different sizes are relatively balanced.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13786,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics","volume":"50 12","pages":"4949-4963"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148288323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anisotropic Initial Damage and Its Effect on Tensile Response of Plain Concrete","authors":"A. Fau,&nbsp;A. A. Basmaji,&nbsp;U. Nackenhorst,&nbsp;R. Desmorat","doi":"10.1002/nag.70357","DOIUrl":"10.1002/nag.70357","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Damage is often described as isotropic, implying that a scalar value describes its initial state. However, the prior micro-cracking pattern at points of an existing building, that is, the initial damage, may be oriented by a preload. The degradation of the Volume Element due to oriented preloads shall be described as anisotropic and represented by a tensorial variable. While this damage variable could be a fourth-order tensor, a second-order tensor is chosen as a pertinent approximation, simplifying computations of the model response. This work aims to account for non-zero anisotropic initial damage states, and analyze their effect on plain concrete tensile response. The anisotropic initial damage is parameterized in two steps: (i) a description of the tensor in its principal basis and (ii) the orientation of its principal basis. Continuum Damage Mechanics simulations are performed for given initial damage tensors. The effect of initial damage on the tensile response of concrete is then quantified on the peak stress and various post-peak quantities of interest, such as damage invariants (hydrostatic and von Mises equivalent damage) and relative distance to isotropy of the effective compliance tensor. How the anisotropy and orientation of the principal basis of the initial damage tensor affect the mechanical response is analyzed and discussed, based on the two-step parameterization. This work highlights that the observed discrepancy of tensile responses of concrete or mortar may be attributed to anisotropy and orientation of initial damage states. In particular, orientation is found to be most influential for uniaxial anisotropic initial damage.</p>","PeriodicalId":13786,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics","volume":"50 12","pages":"4823-4845"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/nag.70357","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148288351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polymaterial Lattice Discrete Particle Model for the Optimization of Lightweight Aggregate Concrete: Intragranular Fracture and Compression Behavior","authors":"Yuhui Lyu,&nbsp;Fan Zheng,&nbsp;Matthew Troemner,&nbsp;Erol Lale,&nbsp;Ke Yu,&nbsp;Dono Toussaint,&nbsp;Hailong Ye,&nbsp;Gianluca Cusatis","doi":"10.1002/nag.70361","DOIUrl":"10.1002/nag.70361","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC) offers clear advantages for sustainable construction, including reduced density and improved thermal insulation. However, its mechanical and fracture behavior is difficult to characterize due to the heterogeneity and brittle crushing of porous lightweight aggregates. This study examines the mechanical response and fracture behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete with foam glass aggregates (UHPC–FGAs) as a representative LWAC system by combining targeted experiments with mesostructure-resolved numerical simulations. Experimental investigations included single-particle crushing tests on FGAs, uniaxial compression tests on the UHPC matrix, and three-point bending (TPB) tests on the UHPC matrix. These data informed parameter identification for the Polymaterial Lattice Discrete Particle Model. Aggregate-related parameters were calibrated under joint constraints to reproduce both FGA crushing behavior and the compressive response of UHPC–FGA composites. Realistic mesostructures were generated from voxel-based microstructures produced by the Virtual Cement and Concrete Testing Laboratory and mapped into the numerical model. TPB simulations of UHPC–FGA composites were then performed to quantify fracture energy. Results show that cracking initiates within porous FGAs and propagates transgranularly into the UHPC matrix, rather than along interfaces as in normal-weight concrete. The fracture energy of UHPC–FGAs is approximately 50% lower than that of plain UHPC, reflecting limited crack deflection and bridging. Parametric analyses indicate that aggregate stiffness and tensile strength primarily govern fracture energy and post-peak ductility, while the shear-to-tensile strength ratio controls compressive strength and peak strain. The proposed experimental–numerical framework offers practical guidance for optimizing lightweight concrete systems by balancing strength and ductility.</p>","PeriodicalId":13786,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics","volume":"50 12","pages":"4764-4779"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/nag.70361","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148288202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Multiscale Numerical Method for Studying Resaturation Phenomena in the COx Claystone Damaged Zone","authors":"Sarah Abou Chakra, Benoît Bary, Eric Lemarchand, Sylvie Granet, Jean Talandier","doi":"10.1002/nag.70412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.70412","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of the planned deep geological disposal of nuclear waste in the Callovo‐Oxfordian claystone (COx) in France, this research focuses on the long‐term behavior of the host rock damaged during tunnel excavation. A general multiscale numerical methodology is developed and applied as a first step toward analyzing the hydro‐mechanical response of a representative damaged zone surrounding the excavated drifts during resaturation, while accounting for swelling phenomena. A nonlinear viscoelastic‐viscoplastic numerical model incorporating irreversible creep mechanisms is employed to describe the clayey rock at the material scale. The evaluation of the damaged matrix behavior is conducted using 3D representative elementary volumes (REVs) of the fractured host rock, consisting of the clay matrix containing dispersed penny‐shaped cracks. A multiscale numerical technique based on a modified Finite Element squared (FE <jats:sup>2</jats:sup> ) method is then used to simulate the response of a macroscopic gallery region, which is discretized into zones sharing similar crack density parameters estimated from experimental data. This approach is intended to provide a first‐order assessment of the damaged zone response, and constitutes an initial contribution toward a more comprehensive multiscale modeling framework.","PeriodicalId":13786,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148687830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling Biocemented Sands: Hypoplastic Model for MICP-Based Ground Improvement","authors":"Merita Tafili,&nbsp;Hossam Abdellatif,&nbsp;Nazanin Irani,&nbsp;Torsten Wichtmann","doi":"10.1002/nag.70362","DOIUrl":"10.1002/nag.70362","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Bio-cementation offers a sustainable and low-carbon alternative to conventional ground improvement methods, aligning with the growing demand for green geotechnical solutions. To enable reliable numerical simulation of bio-cemented soil behavior in engineering applications, advanced constitutive models are required to account for the effects of microbially induced bonding and the resulting changes in mechanical response. In this study, an existing hypoplastic model that accounts for intergranular strain and semi-fluidized state is adopted as a benchmark. The model is further modified and implemented in finite element code to investigate the spatial heterogeneity characteristic of bio-cemented soils, arising from nonuniform bacterial activity and localized calcite precipitation. An extension of the model is introduced by incorporating a generalized critical state surface based on the Matsuoka–Nakai criterion. The model's performance is validated against a series of monotonic and cyclic triaxial tests on both untreated and bio-cemented sand samples. Key capabilities of the model include its ability to accurately capture the enhancement of strength and stiffness due to cementation, the evolution of pore pressure, the manifestation of cyclic mobility, and the increased resistance to liquefaction. To account for spatial variability in bio-cementation, a boundary value finite element model was developed in PLAXIS using cement content measurements obtained at nine locations within the specimen. The resulting model more accurately captured the nonuniform stress and strain distributions and demonstrated superior agreement with experimental results compared to the homogenized sample.</p>","PeriodicalId":13786,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics","volume":"50 12","pages":"4893-4912"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/nag.70362","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148288345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Analytical Solution for Groundwater Flow Induced by Localized Leakage in a Tunnel","authors":"Honglei Sun,&nbsp;Ranran Zhang,&nbsp;Huijun Lan,&nbsp;Weiyu Jiang,&nbsp;Liang Chen,&nbsp;Xiaodong Pan,&nbsp;Na Xu","doi":"10.1002/nag.70325","DOIUrl":"10.1002/nag.70325","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Tunnel engineering often faces water leakage challenges. However, theoretical studies examining the effect of a localized leakage defect on tunnel structures remain scarce. This study systematically investigates the groundwater flow field in deeply buried tunnels, with a focus on a localized leakage defect, and develops corresponding analytical solutions. By employing the image method and seepage mechanics, the semi-infinite seepage field is transformed into an infinite field containing the actual tunnel and its virtual image. For unlined tunnels, the solution reduces to the classical forms proposed by Goodman and Harr, confirming its theoretical soundness. Furthermore, the proposed solutions are rigorously verified against both 2D and 3D numerical simulations, demonstrating the accuracy of the analytical derivation and the applicability of the equivalent diameter method for spatial leakage analysis. In addition, a comprehensive parameter analysis is conducted to explore the influence of the permeability coefficient, crack width, burial depth, tunnel radius, lining thickness, and grouting ring thickness on the groundwater flow field. Finally, design recommendations for the grouting ring are provided, considering the combined effects of leakage inflow and water pressure on tunnel structures.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13786,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics","volume":"50 12","pages":"4780-4802"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148288353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Random Field Model for Longitudinal Vibration Analysis of Pipe Piles in Bidirectionally Heterogeneous Soil","authors":"Yuan Tu,&nbsp;Chengjun Guan,&nbsp;Minjie Wen,&nbsp;Yiming Zhang,&nbsp;Xiaonan Ge,&nbsp;Jinan Jin","doi":"10.1002/nag.70355","DOIUrl":"10.1002/nag.70355","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The inherent spatial variability of soil severely impacts the vibration of pipe piles, undermining the reliability of low-strain integrity testing. Conventional deterministic models fail to adequately capture these effects. This study proposes a novel random field model to analyze the longitudinal vibration of pipe piles in bidirectionally heterogeneous soil. The model integrates the radial and vertical variability of the external soil with the vertical variability and mass inertial effects of the soil plug. Parametric analysis reveals that the degree of the soil variability in shear wave velocity has a dual impact on the vibration characteristics. For short piles, this variability acts as detrimental interference, increasing the failure probability of pile length detection. Conversely, the effect differs for long piles, which are often characterized by weak signals. For these piles, a moderate degree of soil variability can actually enhance the pile-toe reflection, serving as a “natural signal enhancer” and significantly reducing the failure probability. Furthermore, a strong correlation was identified between construction disturbance and soil variability. The randomness of the external soil is the dominant factor determining failure modes, rather than the randomness of the soil plug. This research establishes a robust probabilistic framework for reinterpreting signals from low-strain pile testing in variable soils, providing valuable theoretical guidance for improving the accuracy of pile integrity assessments.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13786,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics","volume":"50 12","pages":"4803-4822"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148288354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}