International Journal of Climatology最新文献

{"title":"Correction to “Early-Stage Extratropical Cyclones' Mechanisms Over South America: RCM Added Value and Future Changes in a Warmer Planet”","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/joc.8787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8787","url":null,"abstract":"<p> <span>Gramcianinov, C. B.</span>, <span>A. A. Cardoso</span>, <span>N. P. Silva</span>, et al. <span>2025</span> “ <span>Early-Stage Extratropical Cyclones Mechanisms Over South America: RCM Added Value and Future Changes in a Warmer Planet.</span>” <i>International Journal of Climatology</i> <span>45</span>: e8683. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8683.</p><p>The funding statement for this article was missing. The below funding statement has been added to the article:</p><p>Open Access funding enabled and organised by Projekt DEAL.</p><p>We apologise for this error.</p>","PeriodicalId":13779,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Climatology","volume":"45 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/joc.8787","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143905160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Re-Investigating Ireland's Maximum Air Temperature Record—Kilkenny Castle, 26 June 1887","authors":"Ciarán Kelly,&nbsp;John O'Sullivan,&nbsp;Jonathan McGovern,&nbsp;Mary Curley","doi":"10.1002/joc.8782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8782","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this study, data rescue and analysis of available station archives from the late 19th and the early 20th century were carried out to re-investigate Ireland's maximum air temperature record of 33.3°C at Kilkenny Castle on 26 June 1887. In addition to analysing this data in detail, we also conducted a comprehensive investigation of newspaper archives and meteorological documents published at the time of the record. The year 1887—and the month of June in particular—was exceptional in Ireland, with unprecedented drought and heat conditions across the island. Many places saw high temperatures during this period, with several stations recording temperatures in excess of 30°C. We also investigated inspectors' reports and station metadata for Kilkenny Castle, which lend support to the record temperature. A thorough analysis of the rescued data showed that for some measures (such as the temperature spread across the island on the day of the record), the data support the record temperature; but for some other measures (such as the monthly mean of maximum temperatures), the difference between Kilkenny and the neighbouring stations appears to be anomalous. Following a careful consideration of all of the evidence from both the metadata and the data analysis, our recommendation is that the long-standing record maximum air temperature value of 33.3°C for Kilkenny Castle on 26 June 1887 should continue to stand, but with some reservations noted.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13779,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Climatology","volume":"45 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143905352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential Role of External and Internal Forcing in the Prediction of Boreal Summer and Fall Season Indian Ocean SST Variability in ECMWF SEAS5","authors":"Prasanth A. Pillai,&nbsp;V. G. Kiran,&nbsp;K. V. Suneeth","doi":"10.1002/joc.8786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8786","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The present study analyses the boreal summer (JJA) and fall (SON) season tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) Sea Surface Temperature (SST) prediction skill of ECMWF SEAS5 using 4-month and 1-month lead hindcasts. The primary mode of TIO SST during JJA (EOF1), basin mode (IOBM), is captured well with a 4-month lead time. However, the 4-month (Feb IC) hindcast overestimates the IOBM variability (70% of the seasonal variability), reducing variability of the second mode (EOF2), dipole mode (IOD), to 8%. This leads to low potential skill (0.45) and insignificant actual skill for EOF2. However, both the JJA IO SST modes are better captured by I-month (May IC) hindcasts and IOD has a potential skill of 0.84 and an actual skill of 0.62. The co-occurring El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) induces basin-wide anomalies in the TIO for Feb IC without a dipole pattern. It leads to the false alarm for IOBM suppressing the IOD-related pattern resulting in reduced skill. Meanwhile, IOD skill is significant for the boreal fall (SON) season for the 4-month IC (May IC) hindcast, even with a low ENSO-IOD relationship. These hindcasts have stronger internal variability inducing dipole structure in IO with warming in the west and cooling in east. However, the ensembles with dominance of internal variability oppose the ENSO-induced SST anomalies in the northwest Pacific, reducing the external forcing and having low IOD skill for both ICs. Thus, even though ECMWF SEAS5 hindcasts have a skill of more than a season for SON IOD, the over-predicted influence of internal variability in seasonal mean and weak teleconnection of ENSO limits the skill of IO SST during the boreal summer.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13779,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Climatology","volume":"45 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143905353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing Surface Mass Balance and Surface Temperatures From Regional Climate Models and Reanalyses to Observations Over the Antarctic Ice Sheet","authors":"Xiaofeng Wang,&nbsp;Peter L. Langen,&nbsp;Rongxing Li,&nbsp;Gang Qiao,&nbsp;Xiaopeng Fan,&nbsp;Yinke Dou,&nbsp;Xiangbin Cui","doi":"10.1002/joc.8767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8767","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article assesses the performance of surface mass balance (SMB) and surface temperature products from seven climate models (ERA5, MERRA2, HIRHAM5_ERA-Interim, HIRHAM5_ERA5, MARv3.11, RACMO2.3p1 and RACMO2.3p2) to be used as inputs to firn densification models (FDMs), crucial for the whole Antarctic mass balance estimation. The evaluation compiles and utilises a new dataset combining existing observations with 184 stake SMB measurements in the Vostok region and two SMB radar transects in Blåskimen Island and Nivlisen Ice Shelf, significantly enhancing the AntSMB dataset. For temperatures at 10 m (T10), 992 observations are included, offering vastly improved spatial coverage. Compared with multi-year SMB observations, RACMO2.3p1 and ERA5 align closely with observed SMB over the inland and the whole Antarctic, with ERA5 exhibiting superior alignment in coastal areas. However, in terms of temporal SMB variations, ERA5, RACMO2.3p2 and HIRHAM5_ERA-Interim demonstrate the best consistency with observed SMB, with ERA5 excelling in regression slope comparisons. In our surface temperature evaluation, RACMO2.3p2 and ERA5 have a minimal mean bias from T10 over the whole Antarctic. RACMO2.3p2 performs well with few occurrences of deviations beyond ±3°C in coastal areas, while RACMO2.3p2 and HIRHAM5_ERA5 are both close to T10 in inland areas. In inter-model SMB comparisons, ERA5, HIRHAM5_Interim, HIRHAM5_ERA5, RACMO2.3p1 and RACMO2.3p2 exhibit similar deviations from the multi-model mean (MMM), while MARv3.11 and MERRA2 show larger deviations in some coastal areas. For surface temperature, MARv3.11 and ERA5 display larger deviations from the MMM in some coastal areas where ERA5 actually matches the observations well, illustrating that MMM should not be taken to represent the true climate conditions. In conclusion, ERA5 demonstrates the best overall consistency with SMB and T10 observations compared with the other models.</p>","PeriodicalId":13779,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Climatology","volume":"45 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/joc.8767","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143749358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Future of Snowstorms in Central and Eastern North America","authors":"Walker S. Ashley,&nbsp;Aaron Zeeb,&nbsp;Alex M. Haberlie,&nbsp;Vittorio A. Gensini,&nbsp;Allison Michaelis","doi":"10.1002/joc.8770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8770","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We investigate the changing snowstorm landscape in eastern North America using dynamically downscaled regional climate simulations that compare the late-20th century against mid- and late-21st-century epochs for two climate pathways that include moderate and pessimistic warming. By identifying, tracking, and cataloguing snowstorms, we illustrate how the frequency, snow water equivalent, and other features of these events may change. Results suggest changes in snowstorm characteristics are most significant for the pessimistic pathway, especially toward the late 21st century. There is similar event frequency between the historical period and mid-21st-century projections but declines of 3% to 10% are still projected for snowstorm counts, hours, cumulative area, and snow water equivalent. By the late 21st century, snowstorm attributes have losses of 6% to 37% versus the historical period, revealing a projected acceleration in loss from the mid to late century. Spatially, snowstorm reduction is most dramatic along and south of the Ohio River Valley as the latitude that separates steady snowstorm counts to the north and reduced snowstorms to the south migrates poleward in the future. Similarly, extreme snowstorms decline to the south, with some northern regions experiencing increase in counts and snow water equivalent, affirming prior research theorising that some snowfall may intensify as increasing moisture in a warming climate interacts with environments with temperatures still supportive of snowfall. Significant reductions in early and late cool-season snowstorms are projected across all future epochs, revealing a shrinking season. These results provide a set of perspectives on how a dominant cryospheric input—the snowstorm—will change across eastern North America in the future.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13779,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Climatology","volume":"45 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143904996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Attempt of Combining Oak and Pine Trees to Enhance Monsoonal Precipitation Reconstruction in the East Qinling Mountains","authors":"Qiang Li,&nbsp;Jiachuan Wang,&nbsp;Yalan Yan,&nbsp;Wenxuan Pang,&nbsp;Yang Xu,&nbsp;Yu Liu,&nbsp;Huiming Song,&nbsp;Changfeng Sun,&nbsp;Zichun Jia,&nbsp;Yifan Wu,&nbsp;Hai Cheng","doi":"10.1002/joc.8779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8779","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Short-term meteorological observations often limit our understanding of regional climate change over historical periods. Dendroclimatology provides an effective means for overcoming this limitation by extending the climate record. In China, most tree-ring studies focus on coniferous species. But this study innovatively combines both Liaodong oak and Chinese pine trees to establish a new synthesis chronology in the East Qinling Mountains. The new synthesis chronology showed a significantly high correlation with observed April–June precipitation (<i>r</i> = 0.747, <i>n</i> = 41, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), while the individual chronology of oak or pine trees failed to meet the threshold for quantitative climate reconstruction (<i>R</i>^<i>2</i> &gt; 40%). Using this synthesis chronology, we reconstructed a 163-year precipitation series that offers a robust spatiotemporal representation of the marginal East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) region through spatial correlation analysis and comparison with surrounding hydroclimate reconstructions. The several extreme drought periods (1871–1881, 1917–1931, and 1957–1973) and extreme wet periods (1888–1899, 1906–1916, and 1985–1995) were detected from the reconstruction. Additionally, it showed significant synchronisation with the EASM indices (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.02) at interannual time scales, while PDO and AMO influenced precipitation variability at multidecadal scales. These findings demonstrate that combined broad-leaved and coniferous tree-ring chronologies can effectively capture large-scale atmospheric circulations.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13779,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Climatology","volume":"45 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143905315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating Compound Drought and Hot Extreme Events in Southeast Asia Through Copula Analysis","authors":"Lilingjun Liu,&nbsp;Xiaosheng Qin","doi":"10.1002/joc.8773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8773","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The concurrent occurrences of drought and extreme heat events, such as heatwaves, present substantial threats to human health and ecosystems. This study delves into a thorough examination of the collective impacts of drought and extreme heat events in Southeast Asia (SEA) over the past 83 years (1941–2023). Two primary definitions guided the investigation: Compound Drought and Heatwave Events (CDHW) and Compound Hot Droughts (CHD). The Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) was employed to define heatwaves and extreme hot events, while the Standardised Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) was used for drought definition. In addition, the study explored the impact of linear detrending on copula fitting, assessing its effects. The findings of the study consistently revealed a strong positive correlation between drought and heatwaves in CDHW. On the other hand, CHD exhibited varied correlation patterns across regions. Furthermore, the study highlighted that linear detrending had a lower sensitivity in CDHW compared to CHD. The analysis uncovered significant regional disparities in the joint return period ranking of compound events, stemming from diverse copula analysis approaches. Particularly in non-continental SEA, notably in some regions like Sumatra Island, a noteworthy distinction between CDHW and CHD emerged, indicating the limited applicability of CHD in scenarios with stringent concurrence of compound events. These insights provide valuable assistance to the research community, aiding in the discernment of the distinctions between CDHW and CHD in drought and heat-event assessment.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13779,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Climatology","volume":"45 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143904997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exposed Population to Temperature Extremes in MENA in the Context of Paris Climate Agreement Temperature Goals","authors":"Mohammed Magdy Hamed,&nbsp;Zulfiqar Ali,&nbsp;Mohamed Salem Nashwan,&nbsp;Shamsuddin Shahid","doi":"10.1002/joc.8778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8778","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study aims to project extreme temperatures and the population exposed to them in the MENA region for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP1-1.9 and 1-2.6), representative Paris climate agreement goals of 1.5°C and 2.0°C temperature rise limits, respectively, for two future periods, near (2020–2059) and far (2060–2099). The daily maximum (<i>T</i>_max) and minimum (<i>T</i>_min) temperature of global climate models (GCMs) of the coupled model intercomparison project phase 6 (CMIP6) were used to estimate eight temperature indices, while the population distribution for the historical and future periods was used to assess the changes in the population exposed to temperature extremes. Eastern regions faced the highest increase of warm spells, up to 100 days more in SSP1-2.6, while cold spells decreased the most in Egypt and Sudan by up to 24 days in the same scenario. The southern region faced the highest increase in summer days, with population exposure up to 25 million person-day by 2099. The extremes in temperature would mainly affect the populations of Mauritania, Algeria, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, UAE, and Qatar. For a temperature rise of 2.0°C, the percentage of the population exposed to the extremes expressed by duration will increase by between 2.7% and 18.5% by 2059 and by between 8.9% and 77.8% by 2099, indicating a significant increase in the population exposed to the hot extreme for only 0.5°C rising temperature. However, the changes will be more remarkable for the cold and hot extremes.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13779,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Climatology","volume":"45 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143904998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding Evapotranspiration Driving Mechanisms in China With Explainable Machine Learning Algorithms","authors":"Haiyan Zhang,&nbsp;Guojie Wang,&nbsp;Shijie Li,&nbsp;Pedro Cabral","doi":"10.1002/joc.8774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8774","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Evapotranspiration (ET) is the second component of the water cycle, serving as a critical link among surface water, energy and carbon cycles. In general, ET mechanism studies mainly use statistical regression and numerical model sensitivity experiments. However, the use of a nonlinear explainable machine learning algorithm, which has become an effective tool for studying earth science, remains unexplored to study the ET mechanism. Thus, this study employs various explainable methods to quantify the effects of different climatic variables on ET changes across China and four sub-regions (Arid, humid, transition and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau regions). It was found that precipitation, temperature and leaf area index contributed the most to ET changes between 1981 and 2018. There was a clear spatial distribution of the dominant factor: Precipitation was the primary driver of ET changes over water-limited regions, while air temperature dominated ET changes over energy-limited regions. Meanwhile, we also compared the effect of each variable on ET with the changes of the respective variable and remaining variables. Air temperature would increase the effects of precipitation on ET changes, and air temperature's contribution was also amplified by precipitation. Our results confirm the effectiveness of using the explainable machine learning algorithm to study the hydrological cycle.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13779,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Climatology","volume":"45 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143905168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Anthropogenic Climate Change on March–April–May (MAM) Drought Trends Across Global Land","authors":"Hansewo Tamirat Yohannes,&nbsp;Jinhua Yu,&nbsp;Xuyu Zhang","doi":"10.1002/joc.8776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8776","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Understanding the influence of human-induced climate change on drought is critical for addressing global challenges. This study uses the Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardised Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) to identify detection and attribution of global drought patterns during the March–April–May (MAM) season. SPI focuses on rainfall, while SPEI accounts for both Precipitation and potential evapotranspiration. We analysed spatial trends using ensemble mean data from 15 global climate models in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). Simulations incorporating both natural and anthropogenic forcings (ALL) were compared with those limited to natural forcings (NAT) to evaluate human impacts on drought patterns. Results based on SPI from both observational data (OBS) and ALL simulations reveal wetting trends in Southwest Asia, South America, Eastern Europe, and Central Africa, and drying trends in Northwestern Europe, Southeastern China, India, North America, East Africa, and Australia. SPEI shows wetting in Northeast Asia, Europe, Southeastern North America, and Northwest Africa, with drying in North America, Southeastern Africa, Europe, and Southeastern China. Significantly, the drying trends in ALL simulations are stronger than in NAT, highlighting anthropogenic climate change as a key driver of worsening drought patterns. Detection analysis confirms a strong ALL signal in SPI and SPEI observations, while NAT remains undetected. Lastly, Severe droughts (indices &lt; −2) were examined, in terms of likelihood ratio in All and NAT, show human activities significantly influence precipitation in Southeast Asia, tropical rainforests, and East Africa, with temperature variations driving droughts in Central Asia and other tropical regions.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13779,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Climatology","volume":"45 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143905028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}