International Journal of Climatology最新文献

{"title":"Assessing the Impact of the South Indian Ocean High-Pressure System Using a Novel Index","authors":"Kwesi Twentwewa Quagraine,&nbsp;Kwesi Akumenyi Quagraine,&nbsp;Francis Nkrumah,&nbsp;Temitope Egbebiyi,&nbsp;Nana Ama Browne Klutse","doi":"10.1002/joc.70031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.70031","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The South Indian Ocean High-Pressure (SIOHP) system plays a crucial role in modulating atmospheric circulation, precipitation, and temperature patterns across the Indian Ocean basin and adjacent regions. Despite its significance, a comprehensive index for quantifying SIOHP variability, intensity, and impacts has been lacking. To address this gap, this study utilises a novel SIOHP index to systematically assess its climatic influence. Our findings reveal that the SIOHP's seasonal variability significantly impacts regional precipitation, temperature, and humidity. During austral winter (JJA), a stronger SIOHP is associated with drier and cooler conditions in southeastern Africa and Madagascar, while its weakening in summer (DJF) corresponds to increased precipitation in these regions. Additionally, a westward shift of the SIOHP enhances rainfall in southwestern Australia, mitigating drought conditions. Furthermore, the SIOHP-driven moisture transport plays a vital role in shaping regional hydroclimate variability, influencing moisture advection and precipitation. These findings highlight the SIOHP's critical role in regional climate variability, underscoring the need for further research on its drivers and interactions with larger climate modes. This study provides a quantitative framework for improving seasonal forecasting, climate adaptation planning, and early warning systems in a changing climate.</p>","PeriodicalId":13779,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Climatology","volume":"45 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/joc.70031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145228160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial–Temporal Dynamics of Drought Characteristics and Its Influencing Factors on Tibetan Plateau","authors":"Zhizhu Zhou,&nbsp;Wenjun Yu,&nbsp;Lin Zhao,&nbsp;Yanzhong Li,&nbsp;Shuo Cheng,&nbsp;Jiazhe Duan,&nbsp;Yincong Xing,&nbsp;Wei Shao","doi":"10.1002/joc.70018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.70018","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Assessing drought on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is essential for understanding the spatial characteristics of the region's hydrological regimes, as well as the trends of the evolving climate-ecological system. Based on the precipitation and the potential evapotranspiration data from the ERA5-Land dataset, this study evaluated the drought characteristics on the TP from 1950 to 2022 using the Standardised Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and the Run theory. The analysis of SPEI at multiple time scales—SPEI-1 (monthly), SPEI-3 (seasonal), and SPEI-12 (annual)—consistently revealed a pronounced drying trend across the TP over the past 70 years. Notably, the wet-to-dry transition points were detected in 2000 and 2001 based on the SPEI-1 and SPEI-3 series, respectively, while the SPEI-12 series indicated a later shift occurring in 2004. In addition, the SPEI values indicated a spatial trend of increasingly severe drought conditions from south to north. Particularly, pronounced drought stress was observed in the Brahmaputra, Ganges, and Indus basins, as well as in the southern regions of the Inner Plateau. Furthermore, the relationships between drought variability and key climatic drivers—including sunspots, El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), temperature (TEMP), and annual mean areal precipitation (AP)—were identified through cross-wavelet transform (XWT) and wavelet coherence analysis (WTC). In general, the analysis showed that the SPEI values on the TP were negatively correlated to ENSO and TEMP but positively correlated to sunspots and AP. This study offers a comprehensive spatiotemporal assessment of drought dynamics across the TP, providing critical insights for regional water resource management and climate change adaptation planning.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13779,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Climatology","volume":"45 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145228161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictability and Skill of 10-m Wind Speed Forecasts Over Argentina on Seasonal Timescales","authors":"Carla Viazzo,&nbsp;Emilio Bianchi,&nbsp;Marisol Osman","doi":"10.1002/joc.8922","DOIUrl":"10.1002/joc.8922","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In recent years, rapid growth in wind power generation has driven a strong demand for skilful wind speed forecasts, especially in regions with high-quality wind resources, such as Argentina. To date, most surface wind speed forecast analyses and applications have been focused on micrometeorological and synoptic timescales. This paper presents the first assessment of the predictability and skill of 10-m height wind speed forecasts over Argentina during the austral summer. The analysis focuses on the three-month mean for December–January–February (DJF), using one-month lead-time predictions from two seasonal forecast systems: the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts system 5 (SEAS5) and the Climate Forecast System version 2 (CFSv2). Predictability was assessed through the decomposition of model variance into signal and noise components, and the calculation of potential predictability and perfect-model skill. The forecast skill of the ensemble mean was evaluated using several verification indices. Predictability and deterministic forecast skill are higher for CFSv2. Significant predictability is found in most of Argentina for CFSv2. Both models exhibit poor deterministic forecast skill. A more detailed analysis was conducted in three regions with a high density of wind farms, evaluating both deterministic and probabilistic forecasts. Three-year-out cross-validation was used to build the probabilistic forecasts for three categories based on the terciles of the distribution, and for two simplified categories of events above and below the median. The models demonstrate higher reliability and discrimination ability for predicting median-based events compared to tercile-based categories.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13779,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Climatology","volume":"45 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145101022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the Skill of Satellite and Reanalysis Precipitation Products in Monitoring Different Levels of Drought Severity at the Global Scale","authors":"Qi Zhang,&nbsp;Jiaojiao Gou,&nbsp;Xuewei Fan,&nbsp;Jinlong Hu,&nbsp;Jiajia Su,&nbsp;Xi Zhao","doi":"10.1002/joc.70015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.70015","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The profound effects of severe drought on ecosystems, agricultural output, and economic stability underscore the importance of precise monitoring across various drought intensities. In this study, we computed the Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) at different temporal scales and different levels of severity by using monthly precipitation data recorded by 9036 in situ gauge stations across the globe from 2001 to 2018. The skill of six satellite precipitation products (IMERG-Early, IMERG-Late, IMERG-Final, ERA5, GSMaP, and MERRA2) for drought monitoring was evaluated on a global scale based on the probability of detection (POD), false alarm ratio (FAR), and critical success index (CSI). Our findings revealed the following: (1) IMERG-Final demonstrated a greater ability for global drought monitoring among the six products across all timescales (average POD = 0.77, FAR = 0.25, CSI = 0.62). (2) The performance of each product in drought monitoring varied across different regions and timescales. The performance of the IMERG-Final was best in the European Union region and decreased as the timescale increased. The performance of the GSMaP was best in the western Northern Hemisphere land area and improved as the timescale increased. (3) Each product's performance in monitoring drought varied not only across different severity levels, with generally more accurate monitoring for mild drought conditions than for moderate and severe ones, but also revealed that the discrepancy in monitoring various drought intensities expanded as the timescale lengthened. This suggests an increasing divergence in drought monitoring capabilities of different products over longer periods.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13779,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Climatology","volume":"45 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145228130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential-Vorticity Regimes Over the Eastern Mediterranean and Their Relation to Local Boundary Layer Profiles","authors":"Sigalit Berkovic,&nbsp;Ronit Schloss","doi":"10.1002/joc.70026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.70026","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The relation between the variability of the mid and upper tropospheric levels and the boundary layer profile is investigated by the aid of self-organising maps (SOM) clustering. For this purpose, two separate analyses of synoptic parameters and boundary layer profile are devised. This is the first comprehensive study to reveal this relation over the eastern Mediterranean region. The variability of the synoptic regimes is first analysed by the aid of potential vorticity (PV) at 320 K isentropic level and geopotential height at 1000 hPa (GPH1000). Projection against previous boundary layer profile SOM clustering shows the ability to infer the boundary layer profile from synoptic data according to the vertical coupling along the troposphere. Multi-variable SOM clustering of PV and GPH1000 presents 20 clusters which follow the variability of surface winter lows, highs, and Red Sea troughs. The active Red Sea trough relates to the north easterly and relatively narrow PV stream. Clusters presenting strong winter highs or lows with strong PV gradients have the highest persistence and directly indicate specific boundary layer profile patterns due to strong coupling along the troposphere. Under shallow GPH1000 gradients, when the dominating processes in the BL are local and the synoptic contribution is minimal and/or rapidly changing, indication of the boundary layer profile pattern is less predictable. This clustering framework offers further studies of the synoptic regimes dynamics, particularly the vertical interactions between the boundary layer and the free troposphere under pronounced surface pressure and PV gradients. Moreover, understanding these interactions has implications for the dispersion of anthropogenic pollutants across the eastern Mediterranean region.</p>","PeriodicalId":13779,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Climatology","volume":"45 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/joc.70026","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction of Temperature-Vegetation-Precipitation Dryness Index (TVPDI) and Dry–Wet Condition Monitoring Across China","authors":"Xing Zhang,&nbsp;Wei Wei,&nbsp;Ting Liu,&nbsp;Dang Lu,&nbsp;Jiping Wang,&nbsp;Peng Yan,&nbsp;Binbin Xie,&nbsp;Liang Zhou,&nbsp;Junju Zhou,&nbsp;Haoyan Zhang","doi":"10.1002/joc.70025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.70025","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Soil moisture (SM) is a direct representation of the dry–wet condition, and it is an important indicator to characterise agricultural drought conditions. However, achieving large-scale, long-term and continuous monitoring of SM remains a significant challenge, particularly when considering both spatial and temporal resolution. The Temperature-Vegetation-Precipitation Dryness Index (TVPDI) can be used to reflect dry and wet conditions through integrating the intrinsic properties of the precipitation, land surface temperature and vegetation for quantifying changes in earth's surface moisture for solving the problem. The TVPDI was calculated based on the Euclidean Distance Method (EDM) and a three-dimensional model including Temperature-Vegetation-Precipitation, which combines the advantages of the single factors. Besides, the accuracy and sensitivity of the TVPDI were also verified. The results showed that TVPDI proved that the most vital downscaling precipitation data is accurate and reliable according to the observed result. It was highly associated with the most accredited data named combined SM product of European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative (ESA CCI) in China. TVPDI can also monitor short-term meteorological and agricultural droughts, and indirectly reflect the impact of drought on crop losses. It was used to monitor the dry–wet condition of the whole mainland of China and was found that the eastern monsoon region showed different patterns of humidification, while the northwestern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the arid and semi-arid regions of northwest China have concussive or continuous drying patterns.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13779,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Climatology","volume":"45 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145228182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improved Atmospheric State Analysis for Reanalysis and Reforecast: Suppressing Fast-Growing Error Modes","authors":"Toshiyuki Ishibashi","doi":"10.1002/joc.70004","DOIUrl":"10.1002/joc.70004","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Atmospheric state analysis is a difficult scientific problem because of the chaotic nature of the atmosphere. Even the most accurate atmospheric state analysis by state-of-the-art data assimilation (DA) for numerical weather prediction (NWP), NWP-DA, still exhibits errors that grow rapidly with the time evolution of the atmosphere. Atmospheric state analysis with much higher accuracy than that by NWP-DA is essential for atmospheric sciences but is a scientific challenge. We call such a highly accurate analysis a pseudo-truth (PT) of the atmospheric state. Although some existing methods can generate analyses that significantly reduce forecast errors by correcting the NWP-DA analyses using forecast error information, three shortcomings disqualify them as PT: (1) inconsistency with observations, (2) ambiguity of analysis, and (3) unclearness of relationships with DA. The purpose of this study is to overcome the three shortcomings of the existing methods and construct a PT of the atmospheric state based on the DA theory. We proposed a new method as an extension of the four-dimensional variational DA with an extended DA window in the future direction. Therefore, the proposed method has the following properties as PT: (a) it can consistently integrate all our knowledge about the atmosphere, observations, a background field (forecast from previous analysis), physical laws and forecast error information; (b) its analysis is guaranteed to be a maximum posterior probability state under the Gaussian approximation; and (c) fast-growing modes of analysis errors are significantly suppressed. Moreover, the forecast error information is assimilated in two alternative forms—<i>future analyses</i> and <i>future observations</i>—which are the analyses of NWP-DA and observations in the extended part of the data assimilation window, respectively. We performed numerical experiments using the proposed method on the global NWP system of the Japan Meteorological Agency. The experimental results showed that the proposed method can generate analyses that significantly suppress fast-growing error modes, where forecast error reduction for height fields is greater than 25% and fitting to observations is achieved according to error covariance matrices based on the DA theory. This means that the analysis accuracy of fast-growing modes is significantly improved without degrading other modes. We conclude that an analysis generated by the proposed method can be considered a PT, and our design approach is useful for atmospheric sciences, including reanalysis for climatological studies and future earth-observing system design.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13779,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Climatology","volume":"45 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145100873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Spatiotemporal and Structural Characteristics of Zonal Shear Line Over the Tibetan Plateau in Boreal Summer","authors":"Yuan Gao,&nbsp;Xiuping Yao,&nbsp;Wei Guo","doi":"10.1002/joc.70013","DOIUrl":"10.1002/joc.70013","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The Tibetan Plateau (TP) zonal shear line (TPZSL) is one of the most typical precipitation-producing weather systems over the TP. In this paper, based on ERA-5 reanalysis data and observation data from June to August 1980–2019, TPZSLs are identified by objective identification technologies and then classified in detail. The spatiotemporal distributions and the dynamic and thermodynamic characteristics of TPZSLs are revealed in different subregions of northeast (NE), northwest (NW), southeast (SE) and southwest (SW) TP. Results show that an average of 93 TPZSLs generate each year with a striking diurnal variation: a preferential genesis during afternoon to night and a wee-hours dissipation peak. TPZSLs occur frequently in the range of 76° ~ 103°E, 29° ~ 36°N and are concentrated in the area of 76° ~ 85°E, 32° ~ 35°N in the central and western TP. TPZSLs are mainly oriented in the east–west direction (72.9%), and the majority of TPZSLs remain stationary (58.7%). The horizontal and vertical scales of TPZSLs vary significantly across subregions, with the largest horizontal scale in the SE and the deepest vertical scale in the SW. Except for the southwestern TPZSLs, TPZSLs incline northward with increasing altitude. All TPZSLs at 500 hPa are within areas of positive vorticity; notably, TPZSLs in NW are positioned north to the maximum vorticity centre, while the remaining TPZSLs intersect the centre. TPZSLs in NW, SW and SE are situated within convergence zones where convergence centres are situated at eastern and western ends of these shear lines. Vertically, TPZSLs in the NW and NE are embedded within ascending airflow. Except for those in the northeastern TP, all TPZSLs are located within the high-temperature and high-moisture areas. This research serves as an essential reference for comprehending the genesis and evolutionary processes of TPZSLs.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13779,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Climatology","volume":"45 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145100876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Partitioning the Amazonian Evapotranspiration in Their Contribution to Precipitation Over the La Plata Basin: A Numerical Modelling Study","authors":"Paulo Rodrigo Zanin,&nbsp;Sin Chan Chou,&nbsp;André de Arruda Lyra,&nbsp;Gustavo Sueiro Medeiros,&nbsp;Prakki Satyamurty","doi":"10.1002/joc.70022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.70022","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Evapotranspiration from the Amazon Forest significantly contributes to rainfall over the La Plata Basin. This study aims to evaluate the influence of different components of Amazonian evapotranspiration on precipitation over the La Plata Basin, associated with the moisture transport by the Low-Level Jet east of the Andes and the South Atlantic Convergence Zone. Four experiments were conducted using the Eta regional climate model from 1998 to 2009. The Control Experiment is set up with the roots of Amazonian trees reaching 2 m deep. The Rootless Experiment is set up without roots in the Amazon Forest. The Deep Root Experiment is set up with the roots of Amazonian trees reaching 7.2 m deep. The Interception Experiment is set up without water storage in the tree canopies of the Amazon Forest. The results of this study show that the transpiration of Amazonian trees is much more important to mean precipitation over the La Plata Basin than interception by tree canopies. Moreover, the deep soil water storage in the southern and eastern portions of the Amazon Basin constitutes a source of moisture to mean rainfall over the La Plata Basin during the austral winter and spring seasons, which is mainly possible by the Low-Level Jet east of the Andes and the South Atlantic Convergence Zone, respectively. This study recommends that the deep soil water uptake by Amazonian tree roots be considered in weather and climate simulations over the La Plata Basin.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13779,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Climatology","volume":"45 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145228141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methodological Approach for the Characterisation and Trend Analysis of Subsidence Thermal Inversions: The Case of the Canary Islands","authors":"Pedro Dorta Antequera,&nbsp;Jordan Correa González","doi":"10.1002/joc.8933","DOIUrl":"10.1002/joc.8933","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The study of the troposphere's vertical structure has been performed in a variety of ways as technological advances have been implemented. In recent decades, data from thermodynamic soundings have been the main support for the analyses. However, the geographical discontinuity of these records and the existence of relatively short series in many of the measurement points make it advisable to establish methods of analysis with greater spatial and temporal coverage. This work proposes a methodology based on the atmospheric reanalysis of <i>ERA5</i>, with an analysis period of 84 years (1940–2023). Its application to the specific case of the Canary Islands offers solid results consistent with the work published to date. Thus, all the parameters that define the subsidence thermal inversions (STIs), which separate a lower, cool and humid air mass from an upper, warm and dry one in the region, are characterised. Among the trends identified, an increase in the number of inversions and a marked decrease in their altitude—100 m above sea level—stand out in the series analysed, with a significant warming above the inversions and greater atmospheric stability in the region. As a consequence of these changes, significant environmental repercussions are foreseeable, especially in various agricultural and biogeographical aspects.</p>","PeriodicalId":13779,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Climatology","volume":"45 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/joc.8933","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145100945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}