International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives最新文献

{"title":"Flaw classification in bonded joints using multivariate statistical analysis and artificial intelligence","authors":"Carlos Tais ,&nbsp;Juan M. Fontana ,&nbsp;Leonardo Molisani ,&nbsp;Ronald O'Brien ,&nbsp;Yolanda Ballesteros ,&nbsp;Raquel Caro Carretero ,&nbsp;Juan C. del Real-Romero","doi":"10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2025.104032","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2025.104032","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Adhesives play an important role in multiple industries, offering versatile bonding solutions for diverse applications. However, their incorporation in structures where safety is critical has been met with hesitation due to potential degradation risks. Addressing this concern, this study introduces the preliminary assessment of a pattern recognition method aimed at automatically identifying damage in adhesive joints through acoustic signal analysis. This method was tested on experimental samples consisting of aluminum substrates bonded with an acrylic adhesive. Artificially generated defects on the samples was related to the percentage of bonded surface. Damaged samples contained either 25 %, 50 %, or 75 % of bonded surface, whereas healthy samples contained 100 % of bonded surface. Experiments involved applying an impulsive load at one end of the sample and recording the acoustic signal emitted in response to the load using a microphone located at the opposite end. Two classification algorithms were evaluated for discriminating the amount of damage of the samples. First, a multivariate statistical analysis extracted the fundamental frequencies from the acoustic signals to create a model that achieved 95 % of classification accuracy. Second, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model was trained and validated with features extracted from the sound pressure level (SPL) signal obtaining an average accuracy of 97.1 % for a 9-fold cross-validation. The results indicate that there is potential for further exploration of the proposed approach, leading to the development of a robust system capable of automatically detecting damage in bonded joints. Future work will explore the performance of the classification techniques for detecting other types of defects related to the lack of adhesion and inadequate curing times.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13732,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 104032"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143835182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing adhesion strength of protein-based adhesives through plywood heat treatment","authors":"Yizhou Chen ,&nbsp;Roselle Barretto ,&nbsp;Guangyan Qi ,&nbsp;Christopher Jones ,&nbsp;Donghai Wang ,&nbsp;Xiuzhi Susan Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2025.104029","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2025.104029","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heat treatment of wood in the absence of oxygen is widely used in industry to enhance raw wood properties, but cannot be broadly applied to engineered wood like plywood. Most synthetic adhesives, particularly formaldehyde-based ones, degrade at high-temperatures and release toxic substances, harming the environment. This study explored protein-based adhesives for heat-treated plywood, inspired by high-temperature, controlled oxygen or non-oxygen conditions in baking. Three adhesive formulations—soy flour (SF), polyamide-epichlorohydrin modified soy flour (PAE/SF), and urea formaldehyde (UF)—were used with yellow pine wood and heat-treated at 190–200 °C for 1–4 h. Untreated UF plywood demonstrated good dry and wet strength, but significant strength loss and complete delamination after heat treatment. Conversely, heat-treated SF plywood showed substantial improvements in wet strength, reaching 1.31 MPa at 190 °C for 2 h and 1.48 MPa at 200 °C for 1.5 h. PAE/SF plywood maintained high wet strength, peaking at 1.74 MPa at 190 °C for 1 h. The enhanced water resistance resulted from protein denaturation, loss of hydrophilic groups, and crosslinking during heat treatment. Maillard reactions further improved water resistance by forming covalent bonds and melanoidins. Heat treatment at 200 °C for 2 h also improved the dimensional stability of the plywood while maintaining acceptable bending and tensile strengths. This study highlights the potential of protein-based adhesives as an eco-friendly alternative for improving heat-treated plywood properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13732,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 104029"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143823594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Waterborne polyurethane adhesives grafted with carbon dots for enhancing dispersion, cohesion, and adhesion","authors":"Jing Wan,&nbsp;Daiyong Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2025.104031","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2025.104031","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon dots (CDs) possess abundant functional groups on their surfaces and can be easily modified, allowing for covalent bonding with waterborne polyurethane (WPU) to create eco-friendly adhesives that exhibit both high cohesion and strong adhesion. However, as a type of nanofiller, CDs often aggregate, hindering effective dispersion. To address this dispersion challenge and enhance the properties of WPU adhesives, CDs were chemically grafted onto the macromolecular chains of WPUs using a silane coupling agent (KH550) as a linking agent. This method improved the adhesion strength of the resulting WPU nanocomposite adhesives, demonstrating the scientific validity of the approach. The successful grafting was confirmed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. Optimizing the material ratios between the silane coupling agent and CDs significantly reduced CD aggregation in the WPU adhesives, as shown by scanning electron microscopy images that indicated efficient dispersion of the CDs. Malvern particle size analysis and thermogravimetric analysis revealed that when the CDs-to-KH550 mass ratio was 1:10, the water dispersion particle size of silane-modified CDs (KCD) decreased from 447.7 nm to 160.0 nm, and the total weight loss reduced from 53.07 % to 35.55 %. Furthermore, the adhesion properties of WPU adhesives modified with KCDs (KCD-WPU) were notably enhanced. The U-peel strength of the KCD-WPU adhesive on the steel test sheet increased by 31.8 %–510 N m⁻¹ when the KCD content was 0.1 wt.%. The tensile strength of the KCD-WPU adhesive was 62.6 % greater than that of the original WPU adhesive. We proposed a mechanism for the improvement of properties in WPU adhesives grafted with a small amount of CDs. This research presents an effective solution to the agglomeration of CDs in WPU adhesives, thereby enhancing both cohesive and adhesive strength. This study lays the groundwork for designing high-performance WPU adhesives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13732,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 104031"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143858874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adhesive properties of universal adhesives systems containing zinc oxide and copper nanoparticles on sound dentine: A 2-year evaluation","authors":"Mario Felipe Gutiérrez ,&nbsp;Romina Aliaga-Gálvez ,&nbsp;Carolina Pardo-Diaz ,&nbsp;Alejandra Nuñez ,&nbsp;Sofía Cavagnaro ,&nbsp;Rocío Maturana ,&nbsp;Alessandra Reis ,&nbsp;Eduardo Fernández ,&nbsp;Alessandro D. Loguercio","doi":"10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2025.104023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2025.104023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study evaluated the effect of adding zinc oxide and copper nanoparticles (ZnO/CuNp) to universal adhesives (UA) on resin-dentine microtensile bond strength (μTBS), nanoleakage (NL), and the presence of ZnO/CuNp within the hybrid layer at immediate time (IM) and after 2 years of water storage (2y).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>ZnO/CuNp (commercial adhesive [control]; 5/0.1 and 5/0.2 wt%) were added to Prime&amp;Bond Active (PBA) and Ambar Universal (AMB). The UAs were applied to flat dentine surfaces, followed by composite resin build-ups. These were then sectioned into resin–dentine bonded sticks. μTBS, NL and presence of ZnO/CuNp in the hybrid layer were evaluated at IM and after 2y. Data were analyzed with three-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test (α = 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The addition of ZnO/CuNp to UAs did not affect μTBS at IM (p &gt; 0.05). After 2y, μTBS values were higher in the 5/0.1 and 5/0.2 wt% groups for AMB (p &lt; 0.05), with values maintained for the PB (p &gt; 0.05). All groups showed a decrease in μTBS over time (p &lt; 0.05), except for the AMB-5/0.1 wt% group in etch-and-rinse mode. NL was lower in the ZnO/CuNp groups at both IM and 2y compared to control (p &lt; 0.05). NL increased over time for all groups (p &lt; 0.05). ZnO/CuNp remained in the hybrid layer after 2y.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>ZnO/CuNp improves adhesive interface stability and remains effective in the hybrid layer after 2 years of water storage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13732,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 104023"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143790882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aging resistance and adhesion strength of cold plasma treated aluminum-polypropylene joints: The role of surface treatments and curing agents","authors":"Zümre Oymak ,&nbsp;Omur Aras","doi":"10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2025.104027","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2025.104027","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the developing technology, Aluminum (Al) - Polypropylene (PP) composite materials, which combine lightness and high durability, are widely used especially in the aviation and automotive sectors. In this study, different combinations of surface treatment methods such as; sanding, sandblasting, chemical etching, anodization and cold vacuum plasma, were applied to the surface of PP and Al plates. After treatment procedures, these surfaces bonded with epoxy adhesives prepared with Triethylenetetramine (Teta), m-Xylenediamine (Mx) and Phenalkamine (PA) curing agents. The effect of the aging process on the bonding strength was investigated on various samples kept in a hot water bath for 2 months. Contact angle measurement, topography analyses, FTIR and tensile test measurements were conducted for evaluation of the given effects. In the experiments, the highest strength was obtained by bonding of sanded/plasma-treated PP plates with the chemical etched/anodized/plasma-treated Al plates. Compared to the non-surface treatment plates, an increase of 558.72 % was achieved and a tensile strength of 1840 N (9.2 MPa) was handled. According to the aging results, it was determined that the greatest decrease in adhesion strength occurred in the plates bonded with Teta, while the least decrease occurred with PA curing agent. More resistant structures to the aging were obtained by first sandblasted, then anodized and then plasma applied aluminum plates bonded with sanded and plasma activated PP surfaces. It was determined that especially plasma-treated surfaces were more resistant to the aging than non-plasma activated surfaces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13732,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 104027"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143806842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acid-base properties of polydimethylsiloxane based adhesives and their influence on adhesion to polymer surfaces","authors":"Raul Renken ,&nbsp;Theresia Köhler ,&nbsp;Sascha Schäfer ,&nbsp;Andreas Hartwig","doi":"10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2025.104028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2025.104028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work aimed to investigate the adhesive properties of polysiloxanes (silicones) on polymer surfaces in relation to their acid-base properties. To adjust the acid-base properties of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based formulations, (3-aminopropyl)-trimethoxysilane (AMMO) and [(3-triethoxysilyl)-propyl]succinic anhydride (SAS) were added as silane coupling agents. The acid-base properties of the resulting formulations were investigated by measuring the isoelectric point (IEP) via zeta potential measurements as well as by measuring the contact angle on cured samples with probe liquids of different pH. The IEP could be increased gradually from 5.7 to 9.3 by addition of AMMO and decreased gradually from 5.7 to 2.7 by addition of SAS. The adhesion to various polymers was determined by tensile lap shear strength measurements on HDPE, PET, PMMA, PVC and PA as well as on glass. Silicones containing AMMO showed a higher shear strength on all polymers compared to the acidic SAS containing silicones. The IEP leading to maximum shear strength depends on the respective polymer surface, which makes the adjustment of the acid-base properties a useful tool for optimizing adhesion. Furthermore, measuring the zeta potential as well as the surface energy of the substrate surfaces revealed significant differences in their polarity. In addition, an approximately linear increase of the maximum shear strength measured on each substrate could be observed with increasing zeta potential of the substrate at pH 9.7. These findings show that zeta potential measurements of both adhesive and substrate have the potential to be a powerful tool for predicting adhesive interactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13732,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 104028"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143790883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On residual mechanical behavior of aluminum-to-composite bonded joints after low velocity transverse impact","authors":"Ali Hosseinzadeh ,&nbsp;Mahmoud Shariati ,&nbsp;Pedram Zamani ,&nbsp;Lucas FM. da Silva","doi":"10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2025.104025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2025.104025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The widespread usage of adhesively bonded joints in advanced engineering structures has increased the importance of developing design concepts under special loading conditions. As bonded connections in wind turbine blade, automotive, and aircraft structures usually experience different types of impact loads, it is important to evaluate residual mechanical performance of bonded joints after these loads. The present research aims to conduct an experimental and numerical investigation on the influence of low-velocity transverse impact with different impact energies of 1 J, 1.5 J, 2 J, and 2.5 J, and two impactor shapes (spherical and cylindrical) on the residual lap shear strength of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite to 2024 aluminum lap bonded joints. The numerical modeling procedure includes two steps of damage, the first induced in the joint due to the transverse impact and the second due to a tensile shear load applied statically. For this purpose, Hashin damage criterion and cohesive zone damage model were implemented to simulate post-impact damage in the composite and adhesive layer and after applying the lap shear loading. Results revealed that, for a low impact energy of 1 J, there is no significant loss of strength for both impactors, while, for other impact energies, the residual strength of the joints impacted by the spherical impactor was lower than that of the cylindrical one, specially for higher impact energies. It was found that the error between numerical and experimental results was greater for specimens impacted by spherical impactor compared to the cylindrical one. Finally, it was deduced that, under high impact energies, the impact energy contributed in causing matrix damage in the composite substrate rather than inducing damage in the adhesive layer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13732,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 104025"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143828858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of hydroxyethyl methacrylate on the performance of waterborne acrylate adhesives","authors":"Zhixiang Fu,&nbsp;Sainan Hu,&nbsp;Yongchao Chen,&nbsp;Chuyu Zhou,&nbsp;Zhengdong Fei","doi":"10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2025.104024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2025.104024","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) is a crucial functional monomer in acrylate adhesives. A series of waterborne acrylate adhesives with varying HEMA contents were synthesized and evaluated based on their viscosity, particle size, and peel strength. The particle size of the emulsion remained consistent around 200 nm across different HEMA contents, suggesting minimal impact from HEMA. The emulsion with 0.5 wt% HEMA exhibited a viscosity of 42.44 mPa s, indicating excellent fluidity. Rheological tests showed that HEMA increased the cohesive energy of the adhesive, with 0.5 wt% HEMA demonstrating optimum chain flexibility and elasticity in the latex film. On a biaxial oriented polypropylene (BOPP) substrate, the adhesive with 0.5 wt% HEMA achieved the highest adhesive strength of 2.96 N/25 mm, attributed to its superior wetting ability and chain flexibility, meeting the requirements for BOPP film adhesion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13732,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 104024"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143786090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incorporation of antimicrobial materials into denture adhesives: A systematic review of in vitro studies","authors":"Laianne Vieira Mendes ,&nbsp;Manoela Borges e Souza Marques ,&nbsp;Ana Beatriz Vilela Teixeira ,&nbsp;Denise Tornavoi de Castro","doi":"10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2025.104022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2025.104022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This systematic review identify the antimicrobial materials currently incorporated into denture adhesives and their efficacy. The protocol was registered with the Open Science Framework (<span><span>https://osf.io/wb3uh/</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>). Six databases, including PubMed, Lilacs, Scopus, Embase, Science Direct and Google Scholar, were accessed for the search of articles up to May 2024. Five groups of search terms was created. Eligibility criteria included: experimental studies incorporating antimicrobial agents into denture adhesives; evaluating antimicrobial activity; published articles in peer-reviewed journals and in the English language. Of the 20 articles selected, 16 used inorganic materials and 12 different materials were found, which were divided into 3 subgroups. Eleven articles evaluated antimicrobials medicines, including amphotericin B, chlorhexidine, cephalexin, fluconazole, nystatin, clotrimazole and miconazole. Six articles investigated nanomaterials, incorporating silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), zirconium oxide particles and nanoparticles, zinc oxide (ZnO), zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs), and nanostructured silver vanadate decorated with silver nanoparticles (AgVO₃) into denture adhesives. One study, classified as other, investigated denture adhesives incorporating pre-reacted glass ionomer particles (S-PRG). Only 8 selected articles used organic materials and 20 distinguishable materials were found, divided into 5 subgroups. Organic materials included different formulations of chitosan, antimicrobial peptides, lipids and extracts. One study, classified as other, investigated adhesives containing pyrazole. Based on the findings, the inorganic agents incorporated into denture adhesives can be divided into two main categories: nanomaterials or antimicrobial medicines. The minority of studies incorporated organic agents. All the inorganic agents promoted antimicrobial activity in denture adhesive. The organic agents were also effective, with the exception of grape seed extract, antimicrobial peptides and lipids. Therefore, is possible to increase the benefits promoted by the use of denture adhesives by incorporating antimicrobial agents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13732,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 104022"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143738046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of reaction layer removal methods on bond strength of pressed lithium disilicate ceramic to resin cement","authors":"Gabriel Bauken ,&nbsp;Maria Gabriela Packaeser ,&nbsp;Rafaela Oliveira Pilecco ,&nbsp;Renan Vaz Machry ,&nbsp;Gabriel Kalil Rocha Pereira ,&nbsp;Luiz Felipe Valandro","doi":"10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2025.104018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2025.104018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of reaction layer removal methods on the immediate and long-term bond strength of pressed lithium disilicate ceramics, with or without 5% hydrofluoric acid (HF) etching. For this, sixty lithium disilicate ceramic discs (Ø= 12 mm, thickness= 1.2 mm) were assigned to 6 groups based on removal method and surface pretreatment: CTRL (polishing only), CTRL + HF (polishing + HF etching), GB (grit-blasting), GB + HF (grit-blasting + HF), LCA (grit-blasting + 0.6% HF + 1.7% H₂SO₄), and LCA + HF (LCA + HF). Resin cement cylinders were built, light-cured, and tested for microshear bond strength (μSBS) after 24 h or 90 days (with 10,000 thermal cycles). Surface topography, chemical composition, and failure modes were assessed. No significant difference in bond strength was observed between groups at baseline (p&gt; 0.05). After aging, LCA + HF and GB + HF showed the highest μSBS, with no significant difference from CTRL + HF and LCA. GB had no significant difference from CTRL + HF and LCA. CTRL had the lowest bond strength (p&lt; 0.05). All groups showed a decrease in bond strength after aging, but HF etching minimized this decrease. Higher amounts of Mg and P were found in the reaction layer presence. Therefore, grit-blasting or low-concentration acid immersion combined with grit-blasting are effective methods for removing the reaction layer without affecting bond strength. However, HF etching is crucial for reliable long-term bond strength.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13732,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 104018"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143706312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}