Insects最新文献

{"title":"Sublethal Effects of α-Cypermethrin on the Behavioral Asymmetries and Mating Success of <i>Alphitobius diaperinus</i>.","authors":"Demeter Lorentha S Gidari, Nickolas G Kavallieratos, Maria C Boukouvala","doi":"10.3390/insects15100804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15100804","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sublethal exposure to insecticides can adversely impact various biological and behavioral characteristics of insects. Although α-cypermethrin has been previously tested for its effects on control of <i>Alphitobius diaperinus</i>, there is no knowledge about the effect of this insecticide on its behavioral asymmetries and mating success. Μales at all exposures (control, LC₁₀, and LC₃₀), that first approached their mate, showed right-biased tendency (approached their mate from their right side) in mate recognition. Females, however, showed variation in this behavior between the three exposures. Right-biased tendency of males in all treatment scenarios led to a higher percentage of successful copulations compared to the three other directions. For males that first approached their mate, the insecticide did not affect their lateralization of the first approach but did affect their copulation success. The duration of copulation time was reduced after the exposure to the insecticide, with the longest duration noted in the control females (63.0 s) and the lowest in the α-cypermethrin LC₃₀ females (46.9 s). Moreover, at the α-cypermethrin LC₁₀ exposure, mate recognition time was reduced, as opposed to α-cypermethrin LC₃₀ exposure where mate recognition time was increased. These results can be further utilized to uncover the behavioral impacts of insecticides, enhancing the effectiveness of pest management in warehouses and poultry production facilities.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"15 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11508570/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142499735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Navigational Signals for Insect and Slug Parasitic Nematodes: The Role of Ascorbate-Glutathione System and Volatiles Released by Insect-Damaged Sweet Pepper Roots.","authors":"Žiga Laznik, Mitja Križman, Jure Zekič, Mihaela Roškarič, Stanislav Trdan, Andreja Urbanek Krajnc","doi":"10.3390/insects15100805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15100805","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study of underground multitrophic communication, involving plant roots, insects, and parasitic nematodes, is an emerging field with significant implications for understanding plant-insect-nematode interactions. Our research investigated the impact of wireworm (<i>Agriotes lineatus</i> L. [Coleoptera: Elateridae]) infestations on the ascorbate-glutathione system in sweet pepper (<i>Capsicum annuum</i> L.) plants in order to study the potential role in root-exudate-mediated nematode chemotaxis. We observed that an <i>A. lineatus</i> infestation led to a decrease in leaf ascorbate levels and an increase in root ascorbate, with corresponding increases in the glutathione content in both roots and leaves. Additionally, a pigment analysis revealed increased carotenoid and chlorophyll levels and a shift towards a de-epoxidized state in the xanthophyll cycle. These changes suggest an individual and integrated regulatory function of photosynthetic pigments accompanied with redox modifications of the ascorbate-glutathione system that enhance plant defense. We also noted changes in the root volatile organic compound (VOC). Limonene, methyl salicylate, and benzyl salicylate decreased, whereas hexanal, neoisopulegol, nonanal, phenylethyl alcohol, m-di-tert-butylbenzene, and trans-β-ionone increased in the roots of attacked plants compared to the control group. Most notably, the VOC hexanal and amino acid exudate cysteine were tested for the chemotaxis assay. Nematode responses to chemoattractants were found to be species-specific, influenced by environmental conditions such as temperature. This study highlights the complexity of nematode chemotaxis and suggests that VOC-based biological control strategies must consider nematode foraging strategies and environmental factors. Future research should further explore these dynamics to optimize nematode management in agricultural systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"15 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11509280/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142499699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Field Assessment of Quiescent Egg Populations of <i>Aedes aegypti</i> and <i>Aedes albopictus</i> during the Dry Season in Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico, and Its Potential Impact on Vector Control Strategies.","authors":"José Ignacio Navarro-Kraul, Luis Alberto Cisneros Vázquez, Keila Elizabeth Paiz-Moscoso, Rogelio Danis-Lozano, Jesús A Dávila-Barboza, Beatriz Lopez-Monroy, Rosa María Sánchez-Casas, Marco Antonio Domínguez-Galera, Pedro Christian Mis-Avila, Ildefonso Fernandez-Salas","doi":"10.3390/insects15100798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15100798","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although integrated management and control programs implement intense control measures for adult, pupal, larval, and breeding sites during outbreaks, there is a lack of studies to understand the role of the vector egg stage in disease dynamics. This study aimed to assess the dry season quiescent <i>Aedes aegypti</i> and <i>Aedes albopictus</i> egg populations in houses and backyards in Tapachula, southern Mexico. Two hundred and fifty ovitraps were placed in 125 homes in the Las Americas neighborhood. A total of 7290 eggs were collected from 211 (84.4%) ovitraps. Only 5667 (77.7%) hatched under insectary water immersion and food supply conditions, with 4031 (71.1%) identified as <i>Ae. aegypti</i>, and 1636 (28.8%) as <i>Ae</i>. <i>albopictus</i>, respectively. The remaining 1623 (22.3%) did not hatch due to Delayed Hatching and/or quiescence tropical stage. Eighty-three larval containers were sampled with desiccated eggs during the dry season; most of them were described as trash waste because larvicides are only used for larger containers of 5-10 L. Evolutionary characteristics for the two species including partial egg hatching, ambient-regulated quiescence, the ability of the embryo to survive for a more extended period intra-seasonally, the egg sticking to inner container walls, demands urgent operational research to achieve successful egg-proof larval container methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"15 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11508872/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142499741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thioredoxin System in Insects: Uncovering the Roles of Thioredoxins and Thioredoxin Reductase beyond the Antioxidant Defences.","authors":"Andrea Gřešková, Marek Petřivalský","doi":"10.3390/insects15100797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15100797","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during aerobic metabolism in animals can negatively affect the intracellular redox status, cause oxidative stress and interfere with physiological processes in the cells. The antioxidant defence regulates ROS levels by interplaying diverse enzymes and non-enzymatic metabolites. The thioredoxin system, consisting of the enzyme thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), the redox-active protein thioredoxin (Trx) and NADPH, represent a crucial component of antioxidant defence. It is involved in the signalling and regulation of multiple developmental processes, such as cell proliferation or apoptotic death. Insects have evolved unique variations of TrxR, which resemble mammalian enzymes in overall structure and catalytic mechanisms, but the selenocysteine-cysteine pair in the active site is replaced by a cysteine-cysteine pair typical of bacteria. Moreover, the role of the thioredoxin system in insects is indispensable due to the absence of glutathione reductase, an essential enzyme of the glutathione system. However, the functions of the Trx system in insects are still poorly characterised. In the present review, we provide a critical overview of the current knowledge on the insect Trx system, focusing mainly on TrxR's role in the antioxidant and immune system of model insect species.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"15 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11508645/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142499743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of High-Temperature Stress on Biological Characteristics of <i>Coccophagus japonicus</i> Compere.","authors":"Ying Sun, Meijuan Yang, Zhengpei Ye, Junhong Zhu, Yueguan Fu, Junyu Chen, Fangping Zhang","doi":"10.3390/insects15100801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15100801","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The parasitoid, <i>Coccophagus japonicus</i> Compere (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) is a dominant natural enemy of <i>Parasaissetia nigra</i> Nietner (Hemiptera: Coccidae), an important pest of rubber trees. Much of Chinese rubber is cultivated in hotter regions such as Yunnan and Hainan, exposing applied parasitoids to non-optimal temperatures. Therefore, <i>C. japonicus</i> must adapt to avoid temperature-related impacts on survival and population expansion. In this study, we monitored the survival rate, developmental duration, parasitism rate, and fecundity of <i>C. japonicus</i> during short-term exposures to 36 °C, 38 °C, and 40 °C for 2, 4, and 6 h, as well as continuous exposures to 32 °C and 34 °C for 3 days. The results show that short-term exposure to high-temperature stress leads to decreased survival rate of <i>C. japonicus</i> larvae and pupae, with survival rates declining as temperature and duration increase. High-temperature stress also delayed insect development, reduced mature egg production, shortened the body length of newly emerged females, and decreased female lifespans. Moreover, continuous high-temperature stress was found to significantly impact the development and reproduction of <i>C. japonicus</i>. Compared with the CK (27 °C), 3 d of continuous exposure to 34 °C prolonged developmental duration, shortened the body length and lifespan of newly emerged females, reduced survival rate and single female fecundity, and significantly decreased offspring numbers and parasitism rates. Temperatures of 36 °C, 38 °C, and 40 °C decreased the mortality time of adult females to 28.78, 16.04, and 7.91 h, respectively. Adverse temperatures also affected the insects' functional response, with 8 h of stress at 36 °C, 38 °C, and 40 °C causing the control efficiency of <i>C. japonicus</i> on <i>P. nigra</i>. This level of stress in the parasitoids was found to reduce the immediate attack rate and search effect, prolong processing time, and attenuate interference between small prey. Parasitoid efficiency was lowest following exposure to 40 °C. In this study, we determined the range of high temperatures that <i>C. japonicus</i> populations can tolerate under short- or long-term stress, providing guidance for future field applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"15 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11508404/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142499593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Hive Type on Colony Homeostasis and Performance in the Honey Bee (<i>Apis mellifera</i>).","authors":"Rola Kutby, Barbara Baer-Imhoof, Samuel Robinson, Lucy Porter, Boris Baer","doi":"10.3390/insects15100800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15100800","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The colonies of honey bees are mostly sessile organisms. Consequently, the type of nest boxes that beekeepers provide to their bees should impact a colony's ability to maintain homeostasis, which is a key determinant of performance and fitness. Here, we used European honey bees (<i>Apis mellifera</i>) and provided them with two hive setups widely used and known as Langstroth and Warré. We compared colony performance in a Mediterranean climate for five months from late spring to early autumn, which covered the most active time of bees and included periods of heat and drought. We found that irrespective of hive type or season, honey bees kept hive temperature and humidity within a remarkably narrow range. Nevertheless, the hive type impacted the daily fluctuations in temperature and humidity. In Warré hives, where bees have more autonomy to build and maintain their combs, we found that bees were able to reduce daily fluctuations in temperature and humidity and kept both measures closer to the overall average. This increase in colony homeostasis found in Warré hives negatively correlated with other hive performance indicators, such as immunocompetence. We conclude that different hive types affect key areas, such as the central part of the colony with frames of developing brood or the queen, which are the most susceptible individuals. This implies that climatic changes resulting in extreme weather events are expected to impact colony performance and fitness, especially in non-managed honey bees that are limited by available nesting sites. For managed bees, adaptations to existing hive setups could be provided to help bees minimize the effects of abiotic stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"15 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11508670/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142499738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional Response of Four Phytoseiid Mites to Eggs and First-Instar Larvae of Western Flower Thrips, <i>Frankliniella occidentalis</i>.","authors":"Viet Ha Nguyen, Ziwei Song, Duc Tung Nguyen, Thomas Van Leeuwen, Patrick De Clercq","doi":"10.3390/insects15100803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15100803","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The predation capacity and functional responses of adult females of the phytoseiid mites <i>Amblyseius largoensis</i> (Muma), <i>Proprioseiopsis lenis</i> (Corpuz and Rimando), <i>Paraphytoseius cracentis</i> (Corpuz and Rimando), and <i>Amblyseius swirskii</i> (Athias-Henriot) were studied on eggs and first instars of the western flower thrips, <i>Frankliniella occidentalis</i> (Pergande), in the laboratory at 25 °C and 30 °C. At both temperatures, the functional response of all four phytoseiid mites was type II to first instars of the thrips. In contrast, when offered thrips eggs, the functional response was type III. At both temperatures tested, <i>A. swirskii</i> had the highest mean daily consumption of first-instar <i>F. occidentalis</i>, followed by <i>A. largoensis</i>, <i>P. cracentis</i>, and <i>P. lenis</i>. <i>Amblyseius largoensis</i> had the shortest handling time and the highest maximum attack rate when first-instar thrips were the prey. When fed on thrips eggs, <i>A. largoensis</i> had the highest mean daily consumption, followed by <i>A. swirskii</i>, <i>P. cracentis</i>, and <i>P. lenis</i>. On thrips eggs, <i>A. swirskii</i> showed the shortest handling time and highest maximum attack rate. Our findings indicate that all four phytoseiids had a better ability to prey on first-instar larvae of <i>F. occidentalis</i> compared to thrips eggs. At 25 and 30 °C, <i>A. largoensis</i> was the better predator on thrips larvae, whereas <i>A. swirskii</i> was superior in consuming eggs of <i>F. occidentalis</i>. <i>Proprioseiopsis lenis</i> was the inferior predator on both thrips larvae and eggs compared to the other phytoseiids tested.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"15 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11508400/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142499616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Host Status of Persian Lime (<i>Citrus latifolia</i> Tan.) to Oriental Fruit Fly and Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Hawai'i.","authors":"Peter A Follett, Xiuxiu Sun, Spencer S Walse","doi":"10.3390/insects15100799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15100799","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We investigated the host status of harvest-ready green Persian lime, <i>Citrus x latifolia</i> Tan. (Rutaceae), to Oriental fruit fly (<i>Bactrocera dorsalis</i> [Hendel]) and Mediterranean fruit fly (<i>Ceratitis capitata</i> [Wiedemann]) (Diptera: Tephritidae) using laboratory and field studies. In forced-infestation small cage exposures (using 25 × 25 × 25 cm screened cages with 50 gravid females) and large olfactometer cage tests (using 2.9 × 2.9 × 2.5 m walk-in screened cages with 100 gravid females), punctured limes were infested by Oriental fruit fly and Mediterranean fruit fly at low rates compared to papaya controls, whereas undamaged intact fruit was not infested. Field collection and packing of 45,958 commercial export-grade fruit and subsequent incubation to look for natural infestation resulted in no emergence of fruit flies. Forced infestation studies in the field using sleeve cages to enclose fruit with a high density of fruit flies (50 gravid females) on the tree also showed no infestation. Commercial export-grade Persian lime fruit should be considered a conditional nonhost for Oriental fruit fly and Mediterranean fruit fly.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"15 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11508662/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142499621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Phosphine Resistance in Major Stored-Product Insects in Greece Using Two Diagnostic Protocols.","authors":"Paraskevi Agrafioti, Efstathios Kaloudis, Dimitrios Kateris, Christos G Athanassiou","doi":"10.3390/insects15100802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15100802","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Post-harvest losses due to insect infestation and spoilage by bacteria and molds pose significant challenges to global cereal production. This study investigates the prevalence of resistance to phosphine, a commonly used grain protection agent, in stored-grain insects. The research, conducted in various storage facilities across Greece, examined 53 populations of key stored-product insect species. Two assessment protocols, namely, dose-response (at 50-1000 ppm for 3 days exposure) and CORESTA (at 300 ppm for 6 days), were used herein to estimate phosphine resistance. The results showed that 13.3% of field populations were resistant, and mortality rates increased with higher phosphine concentrations. Specifically, according to the dose-response protocol, among the 53 field populations, 37.7% were found to be resistant to phosphine, namely, two populations of <i>O. surinamensis</i>, one of <i>S. oryzae</i>, seven of <i>T. confusum</i>, one of <i>C. ferrugineus</i>, one of <i>T. castaneum</i>, and all populations of <i>R. dominica</i>, whereas, according to the CORESTA protocol, all populations were found to be susceptible to phosphine. The observed resistance patterns differ from those reported in other regions of the world. The study highlights the importance of tailored fumigation strategies, considering insect species varying susceptibility to phosphine. It recommends the use of best management practices and rotational strategies, such as combining phosphine with other methods, to develop effective resistance management plans. The results provide valuable insights into the dynamic landscape of phosphine resistance in stored-product insects and suggest potential avenues for further research and control measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"15 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11508417/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142499666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the Efficacy of the Male Annihilation Technique in Managing Oriental Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Populations through Microscopic Assessment of Female Spermathecae.","authors":"Dian Zhou, Meizhu Liu, Jing Wang, Fang Fang, Zhanbin Gong, Daihong Yu, Yunguo Li, Chun Xiao","doi":"10.3390/insects15100796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15100796","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The male annihilation technique (MAT) plays a crucial role in the pest management program of the oriental fruit fly, <i>Bactrocera dorsalis</i> (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae). However, a suitable method for real-time and accurate assessment of MAT's control efficiency has not been established. Laboratory investigations found that motile sperms can be observed clearly under the microscope when the spermathecae dissected from mated females were torn, and no sperms were found in the spermathecae of virgin females. Furthermore, it was confirmed that sperms can be preserved in the spermathecae for more than 50 days once females have mated. Laboratory results also indicated that proportion of mated females decreased from 100% to 2% when the sex ratio (♀:♂) was increased from 1:1 to 100:1. Further observation revealed that there were no significant differences in the superficial area of the ovary or spermatheca between mated females and virgin females. Field investigations revealed that the proportion of mated females (PMF) could reach 81.2% in abandoned mango orchards, whereas the PMF was less than 36.4% in mango orchards where MAT was applied. This indicates that the PMF of the field population can be determined by examining the presence of sperms in the spermathecae. Therefore, we suggest that this method can be used to monitor the control efficiency when MAT is used in the field.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"15 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11508684/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142499597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}