Insects最新文献

{"title":"Potentially Suitable Habitat for the Pest <i>Histia rhodope</i> Based on Its Host Plant <i>Bischofia polycarpa</i> and Climatic Factors in China.","authors":"Huicong Du, Jingxin Shen, Wenping Luo, Zi Yang, Daizhen Zhang, Xiangbo Kong","doi":"10.3390/insects16060627","DOIUrl":"10.3390/insects16060627","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Histia rhodope</i> is a defoliating pest that feeds mainly on the ornamental garden plant <i>Bischofia polycarpa</i>. Recently, frequent outbreaks of <i>H. rhodope</i> in Southern China have severely affected cityscapes and people's lives. To provide a predictive early-warning program for the spread risk of <i>H. rhodope</i> in China and reduce damage to <i>B. polycarpa,</i> we used the MaxEnt model to investigate the potentially suitable spread characteristics of <i>H. rhodope</i> and its host <i>B. polycarpa</i> under different climate scenarios for the years 2050 and 2070. The results showed that the potentially suitable habitat of <i>H. rhodope</i> under the SSP5-8.5 scenario will reach an area of 3174.55 × 10³ km² in the 2070s, an increase of 1010 × 10³ km² from the current distribution. The potentially suitable habitat of <i>B. polycarpa</i> under the SSP5-8.5 scenario will reach 2618.01 × 10³ km² in the 2070s (an increase of 464 × 10³ km²). The potentially suitable habitats of <i>H. rhodope</i> and <i>B. polycarpa</i> are expected to shift to higher elevations under future climate scenarios. We also identified ten key environmental factors, of which Precipitation of Warmest Quarter (bio18) had the greatest influence on the probability of moth and host plant occurrence. Our results highlight the risk of further expansion of the potentially suitable area for <i>H. rhodope</i> and the important role of the host plant in this process, and provide a firm scientific basis for the monitoring and management of <i>H. rhodope</i> and <i>B. polycarpa</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12194395/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144484229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution Pattern and Change Prediction of <i>Luprops orientalis</i> (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Suitable Area in East Asia Under Climate Change.","authors":"Jieqiong Wang, Shuangyi Wang, Yunchun Li, Shuangmei Ding, Zhonghua Wei, Aimin Shi, Ding Yang","doi":"10.3390/insects16060626","DOIUrl":"10.3390/insects16060626","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Luprops orientalis</i> (Motschulsky, 1868) is an economically important pest in traditional Chinese medicines, widely distributed in East Asia. However, the primary limiting factors affecting its distribution, potential suitable areas, as well as its response to global warming, remain largely unknown. Utilizing 295 filtered distribution points and 10 environmental variables (9 climate variables and 1 land cover type), this study uses the MaxEnt model to predict the potential distribution of <i>L. orientalis</i> under near-current and future environmental change scenarios. The results indicated that precipitation of the warmest quarter (bio18), temperature seasonality (bio04), and precipitation of the wettest month (bio13) were the most significant environmental variables affecting the distribution of suitable habitats for <i>L. orientalis</i>, while the contribution of average variation in daytime temperature (bio2) was the smallest. Under the near-current climate, the areas of low, moderate, and high suitability for <i>L. orientalis</i> are approximately 1.02 × 10⁶ km², 1.65 × 10⁶ km², and 8.22 × 10⁵ km², respectively. The suitable areas are primarily located in North China, Central China, the Korean Peninsula, and Central and Southern Japan. Under future climate conditions, the potential suitable areas are expected to expand significantly, especially in Central China. However, the high-suitability areas in North China are predicted to experience a slight reduction. With the increase in carbon emission concentrations, the suitable area shows an increasing trend in the 2050s, followed by a declining trend in the 2090s. The centroids of suitable areas will shift to the northeast in the future. These findings enhance our understanding of how climate change affects the distribution of <i>L. orientalis</i> and will assist governments in formulating effective pest control strategies, including widespread monitoring and stringent quarantine measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12193915/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144484214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting the Current and Future Habitat Distribution for an Important Fruit Pest, <i>Grapholita dimorpha</i> Komai (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), Using an Optimized MaxEnt Model.","authors":"Li Huang, Shichao Zuo, Yiqi Huo, Lizong Hu, Zhengbing Wang, Jiahui Zhang, Jin Liu, Weili Ding, Keshi Ma, Mingsheng Yang","doi":"10.3390/insects16060623","DOIUrl":"10.3390/insects16060623","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The <i>Grapholita dimorpha</i> is one of the significant borer pests that primarily damage plum, pear, and apple trees, often resulting in substantial economic losses in fruit production. However, the potential distribution range of this economically important pest remains poorly understood. In this study, we simulated an optimized maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model to predict the spatiotemporal distribution pattern of <i>G. dimorpha</i> and identified its underlying driving factors. The results indicate that suitable habitats, under current bioclimatic conditions, are mainly distributed in eastern China, northeastern China, Korea, and Japan, covering a total of 273.5 × 10⁴ km². The highly suitable habitats are primarily located in Korea and parts of central Japan, with a total area of 19.8 × 10⁴ km². In future projections, the suitable area is expected to increase by 17.74% to 62.10%, and the suitable habitats are predicted to shift northward overall. In particular, there are more highly suitable habitats for <i>G. dimorpha</i> in China and Japan compared to their predominance in Korea under current climatic conditions. The bio9 and bio18 contribute 51.9% and 20.7% to the modeling, respectively, indicating that the distribution of <i>G. dimorpha</i> may be shaped mainly by the mean temperature of the driest quarter and precipitation of the warmest quarter. In summary, the distribution range predicted, particularly for regions with highly suitable habitats, poses a high risk of <i>G. dimorpha</i> outbreaks, emphasizing the priority of pest monitoring and management. Furthermore, the key bioclimatic variables identified could also provide crucial reference for pest monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12193446/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144484231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glycosidase Isoforms in Honey and the Honey Bee (<i>Apis mellifera</i> L.): Differentiating Bee- and Yeast-Derived Enzymes and Implications for Honey Authentication.","authors":"Ratko Pavlović, Sanja Stojanović, Marija Pavlović, Nenad Drulović, Miroslava Vujčić, Biljana Dojnov, Zoran Vujčić","doi":"10.3390/insects16060622","DOIUrl":"10.3390/insects16060622","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The enzymes in honey can originate not only from bees and the plants from which the bees collect pollen and nectar but also from feed provided by beekeepers. Enzymes that hydrolyze sucrose-present in honey (α-glucosidase) or honey adulterated with invert syrup (β-fructofuranosidase)-can be distinguished using zymography, where enzymatic bands are detected with nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) after sugar removal via ultrafiltration. This method enables the identification of honey produced in hives that have been improperly fed with invert syrup, leading to the mixture of natural honey and syrup, and offers a practical tool to detect indirect adulteration. The NBT assay, in combination with ultrafiltration, was used to determine the isoelectric point of honey bee α-glucosidases. The pI value of 6.63 for isoforms found in the head, midgut, and natural honey extracts during winter can be attributed to α-glucosidase III. Two additional isoforms with isoelectric points of 5.20 and 5.77 were observed in the midgut extract and may correspond to α-glucosidase I and II. The difference between α-glucosidase and β-fructofuranosidase was confirmed using a substrate specificity test, followed by thin-layer chromatography, where it was confirmed that α-glucosidase from natural honey, bee head, and bee midgut does not hydrolyze raffinose, in contrast to yeast β-fructofuranosidase.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12193214/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144484256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Histopathological and Transcriptional Changes in Silkworm Larval Gonads in Response to Chlorfenapyr Exposure.","authors":"Tao Li, Changxiong Hu, Zenghu Liu, Qiongyan Li, Yonghui Fan, Pengfei Liao, Min Liu, Weike Yang, Xingxing Li, Zhanpeng Dong","doi":"10.3390/insects16060619","DOIUrl":"10.3390/insects16060619","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chlorfenapyr is a widely used insecticide known to harm non-target insects, but its effects on reproductive development in the silkworm (<i>Bombyx mori</i> L.) remain incompletely understood. In this study, we investigated the histopathological and transcriptional changes in the gonads (ovaries and testes) of newly molted fifth-instar silkworm larvae exposed to chlorfenapyr. Histopathological analysis revealed delayed gonadal development, a reduction in oogonia and oocytes in the ovaries, and decreased numbers of spermatocytes in the testes. Transcriptome analysis identified significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs), mainly enriched in pathways such as \"Drug metabolism-cytochrome P450\", \"Insect hormone biosynthesis\", and \"Ribosome\". Key up-regulated genes included members of the cytochrome P450 family (<i>CYP6B5</i>, <i>CYP9f2</i>, <i>CYP6B6</i>), glutathione S-transferases (<i>GSTT1</i>, <i>GST1</i>), and juvenile hormone-related enzymes (<i>JHAMT</i>, <i>JHEH</i>), indicating active detoxification and hormonal regulation responses. Several transcription factor families, particularly C2H2, HB-other, and TRAF, exhibited altered expression, suggesting roles in stress adaptation. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis identified hub genes such as <i>EcR</i>, <i>Kr-h1</i>, and various ribosomal proteins, highlighting their potential involvement in reproductive development. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) validated the transcriptomic data, confirming the reliability of the results. Overall, these findings enhance our understanding of chlorfenapyr's impact on silkworm reproductive development and the underlying molecular mechanisms, providing valuable insights for sustainable pest management and ecological risk assessment of insecticides.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12194514/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144484259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental Impacts and Behavioral Adaptations of Honeybees in Algeria: A Review of <i>Apis mellifera intermissa</i> and <i>Apis mellifera sahariensis</i> Characteristics.","authors":"Yamina Haider, Noureddine Adjlane, Nizar Haddad","doi":"10.3390/insects16060617","DOIUrl":"10.3390/insects16060617","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Honeybees are vital for pollination and the overall health of ecosystems. Since the 18th century, the intricate biology of honeybees has been a subject of scientific inquiry. Understanding their biological and behavioral characteristics is essential for effective beekeeping, honey production, and ecosystem sustainability. This review examines the environmental impact and management practices on the health of local honeybees in Algeria, focusing on <i>Apis mellifera intermissa</i> and <i>Apis mellifera sahariensis</i>. We summarize research findings on genetic diversity, morphometric traits, behavioral characteristics, and adaptation of local honeybees. Additionally, we discuss the threats posed by abiotic and biotic stressors and highlight the importance of conservation and sustainable management. The reviewed studies indicate that environmental factors significantly influence the behavioral characteristics and adaptation of local honeybees. Notably, the hygienic behavior of <i>A. m. intermissa</i> contributes to their resistance against diseases and the <i>Varroa destructor</i> mite. Further research in these areas is important for enhancing our understanding of honeybee health and population dynamics in Algeria, thereby informing strategies for sustainable beekeeping practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12193325/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144484246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Activation of <i>BmToll9-1</i> in Silkworm (<i>Bombyx mori</i>) Larval Midgut by <i>Escherichia coli</i> and Regulation of Growth.","authors":"Jisheng Liu, Weijian Chen, Minchun Lai, Jiahua Chen, Luc Swevers","doi":"10.3390/insects16060621","DOIUrl":"10.3390/insects16060621","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Insects rely on their innate immune system to defend against pathogens, and the Toll signaling pathway plays an important role in immune regulation. Our previous studies have shown that <i>BmToll9-1</i> functions as a positive regulator in the Toll pathway. This study seeks to elucidate the role of <i>BmToll9-1</i>, as a sensor to bacterial challenge, in modulating larval development and downstream Toll signaling pathways. Silkworm larvae were subjected to infection with either Gram-negative <i>Escherichia coli</i> or Gram-positive <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> bacteria following silencing of <i>BmToll9-1</i> by RNA interference (RNAi). This bacterial challenge triggered a compensatory re-induction of <i>BmToll9-1</i> expression, which resulted in the recovery of larval weight and size to levels observed in untreated controls. Furthermore, upon bacterial infection of <i>BmToll9-1</i>-silenced larvae, there was an up-regulation in the expression of both signaling genes in the Toll pathway and downstream effector genes, with a marked preference for Gram-negative bacteria. These results highlight the involvement of <i>BmToll9-1</i> in the Toll signaling pathway as a positive regulator, influencing silkworm development. Additionally, <i>BmToll9-1</i> and <i>BmToll9-2</i> were cross-validated to be genetically distinct genes, even though they were confirmed to be functionally analogous in the silkworm.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12194006/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144484190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Thoracic Anatomy of Two Flightless <i>Chrysolina</i> Species (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).","authors":"Sipei Liu, Xiaokun Liu, Xieshuang Wang, Wenjie Li, Xin Liu, Siqin Ge","doi":"10.3390/insects16060618","DOIUrl":"10.3390/insects16060618","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Flight loss has independently evolved across nearly all winged insect orders. Comparing the thoracic structures of flightless insects with those of their flight-capable relatives can reveal key characteristics linked with flight. Although flight loss has been widely studied in beetles, exploration of this phenomenon has been limited to taxonomic and geographic distribution studies in the species-rich family Chrysomelidae, with little analysis of thoracic anatomical structures. This study employs a suite of morphological techniques to examine the thoracic structures of two flightless beetle species <i>Chrysolina</i>: <i>sulcicollis</i> and <i>Chrysolina virgata</i>, originating from desert and temperate regions, respectively. A comparison between the two flightless species reveals that <i>C. sulcicollis</i> has fewer tergo-pleural muscles involved in elytral movement likely to save water, but more muscles that contribute to stabilizing larger body structures. Meanwhile, differences are also observed in the elytral base, the anterior corner of the mesal suture, and the setae on the meso-inner region of the epipleuron. Compared to other flight-capable chrysomelid beetles, apart from the absence of flight-related muscles, the two flightless beetles exhibit similar thoracic skeletal structures. The absence of lateral cervical sclerites, along with the presence of muscles Idvm4, 5 and Itpm5, could enhance head mobility as a compensatory adaptation doe the loss of flight capability. Additionally, the greater number of tergo-pleural muscles in the mesothorax of <i>C. virgata</i> could suggest that its elytra serve a specialized function. Compared to other flightless beetles, aside from the similarly reduced flight muscles, these two species have relatively intact thoracic skeletons. Further data on habitat, functional compensation and other related factors are needed to compare their evolutionary processes with those of other flightless beetles.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12194105/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144484265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Invasion Dynamics and Migration Patterns of Fall Armyworm (<i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i>) in Shaanxi, China.","authors":"Zhanfeng Yan, Xiaojun Feng, Xing Wang, Xiangqun Yuan, Yongjun Zhang, Daibin Yang, Kanglai He, Feizhou Xie, Zhenying Wang, Yiping Li","doi":"10.3390/insects16060620","DOIUrl":"10.3390/insects16060620","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The fall armyworm (<i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i>) is a highly invasive agricultural pest that has caused significant damage to maize and other crops since its initial detection in China in 2019. Understanding its invasion dynamics, migration patterns, genetic diversity, and overwintering capacity is crucial for developing effective pest management strategies. This study investigates these aspects in Shaanxi Province, a critical transitional zone between northern and southern climates in China, from 2019 to 2023. We conducted field surveys in six cities across Shaanxi to monitor the initial infestation of FAW. Migration trajectories were simulated using the HYSPLIT model, integrating pest occurrence data and meteorological information. Genetic analyses were performed on 113 FAW individuals from 12 geographical populations using mitochondrial <i>COI</i> and nuclear <i>Tpi</i> genes. Additionally, an overwintering experiment was conducted to assess the survival of FAW pupae under local winter conditions. The first detection dates of FAW in Shaanxi showed significant interannual variation, with a trend of delayed infestation each year. Three primary migration routes into Shaanxi were identified, originating from Sichuan, Hubei-Chongqing, and Henan. Genetic analysis revealed a predominance of the rice-strain FAW in Shaanxi, with some corn-strain variants in northern regions. The overwintering experiment indicated that FAW pupae could not survive the winter in Shaanxi, suggesting that the region does not support year-round breeding of this pest. This study provides comprehensive insights into the spatiotemporal dynamics and migration patterns of FAW in Shaanxi. The findings highlight the importance of integrated pest management approaches, including monitoring migration routes and genetic diversity, to develop targeted control measures. The inability of FAW to overwinter in Shaanxi suggests that regional climate conditions play a significant role in limiting its year-round presence, which is valuable information for designing early warning systems and sustainable pest management strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12194478/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144484275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of an Experimental Method Using a Portable Photosynthesis-Monitoring System to Measure Respiration Rates in Small-Sized Insects.","authors":"Bi-Yue Ding, Qin-Qin Xu, Yu-Jing Liu, Yu-Hong Zhong, Yan Zhou","doi":"10.3390/insects16060616","DOIUrl":"10.3390/insects16060616","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Respiration rates in insects are critical for survival and environmental adaptation, being influenced by developmental stages, environmental conditions, and the regulation of mitochondrial protein-coding genes. However, methods for field-based measurements in small-sized insects remain limited. In this study, we established a portable photosynthesis system to quantify respiration rates in five small-sized insects (body length < 8 mm): <i>Acyrthosiphon pisum</i>, <i>Aphis citricidus</i>, <i>Tuta absoluta</i>, <i>Tribolium castaneum</i>, and <i>Bactrocera dorsalis</i>. We tested its effectiveness across life stages and under diverse treatments, including light/dark cycles, insecticides, temperature shifts, starvation, mitochondrial inhibitors, and RNA interference. The system exhibited high sensitivity and reproducibility rates, revealing stage-specific respiration patterns. Various treatments, as well as expression changes in mitochondrial protein-coding genes, significantly affected respiration rates. This study validates the portable system as a reliable tool for insect respiration studies and highlights regulatory networks associated with respiratory plasticity. These findings enhance experimental methodologies and advance our understanding of insect adaptation to environmental stressors and pest control strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12193473/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144484212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}