From Disgust to Curiosity: Investigating Saudi University Students' Willingness and Attitudes Toward Edible Insects as an Alternative Protein Source.

Introduction: With global protein demand rising, edible insects offer a nutrient-rich and environmentally sustainable alternative protein source that could help address both dietary and ecological challenges. This study investigates the attitudes, perceptions, and willingness of Saudi university students to consume edible insects (entomophagy) as an alternative protein source, with implications for public health, nutrition, and food security across the Arab region. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1711 students (34.4% men, 65.6% women) from multiple Saudi universities. The Eating Attitudes Questionnaire (EAQ) assessed disgust, interest, and attitudes toward using insect-based feed for animals, as well as measures of environmental concern, health risk beliefs, and social influences. Results: Significant gender differences were observed in willingness: men reported higher willingness to consume edible insects (21.1%) compared with women (8.5%). They also reported lower disgust scores, higher interest, greater environmental concern, and lower health risk beliefs. Regression analysis showed that positive attitudes toward using insects as animal feed, interest, environmental concern, and social influences were strong predictors of willingness, whereas disgust and health risk beliefs were negative predictors. Previous experience, familiarity, and religious beliefs were not significant predictors. Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of targeted interventions that reduce psychological barriers and promote willingness to try edible insects, thereby contributing to Saudi Arabia's efforts to strengthen food security and advance sustainable nutrition strategies within the kingdom and the broader Arab region.