Insects最新文献

{"title":"A Review of the Genus <i>Ambulyx</i> Westwood, 1847 (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from China Based on Morphological and Phylogenetic Analyses, with the Description of a New Species.","authors":"Zhuo-Heng Jiang, Ian J Kitching, Xiao-Dong Xu, Zhen-Bang Xu, Ming Yan, Wen-Bo Yu, Chang-Qiu Liu, Shao-Ji Hu","doi":"10.3390/insects16020223","DOIUrl":"10.3390/insects16020223","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The taxonomy of genus <i>Ambulyx</i> Westwood, 1847 from China is reviewed based on analysis of wing morphology, male and female genitalia and phylogenetic relationships derived from DNA barcodes. A new species, <i>Ambulyx wukong</i> sp. nov. is described from NW Yunnan, China. A male of the rare species, <i>A. zhejiangensis</i> from Yintiaoling Nature Reserve, Chongqing, China is examined and its male genitalia illustrated for the first time. Two taxa are newly recorded from China, <i>A. tattina tattina</i> from Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, and <i>A. semiplacida montana</i> from Pingbian, Yunnan. Distribution maps, biological notes, and ecological records are also given.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11856168/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143500675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biological Control Potential of the Reduviid Predator <i>Rhynocoris fuscipes</i> (Fabricius) in Managing Noctuid Pests: Insights Into Predation and Prey Preference.","authors":"Chuanzhen Xue, Jiaying Mao, Bowen Xu, Lei Zhou, Haihang Zhou, Jianjun Mao, Zhongjian Shen, Lisheng Zhang, Mengqing Wang, Yuyan Li","doi":"10.3390/insects16020224","DOIUrl":"10.3390/insects16020224","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding predator-prey and predator-predator interactions is essential for evaluating the effectiveness of biocontrol agents and developing efficient pest management strategies. This study investigates the effects of prey species, predator life stage, and predator density on the predatory efficiency of the generalist predator <i>Rhynocoris fuscipes</i> (Fabricius) under semi-field conditions. Both the nymphs and adults of <i>R. fuscipes</i> consumed significantly more second-instar larvae of <i>S. frugiperda</i> than larvae of <i>S. litura</i> or <i>M. separata</i>. Notably, fifth-instar nymphs and adults exhibited higher predation capacity (11.75 ± 0.37 and 10.90 ± 0.40 larvae) than fourth-instar nymphs (9.05 ± 0.29 larvae) on <i>S. frugiperda</i>. <i>R. fuscipes</i> demonstrated a Type II functional response at all developmental stages toward each prey species, and fifth-instar nymphs revealed higher attack rates (<i>a</i> = 1.5205 ± 0.0544) on <i>S. frugiperda</i>; additionally, the handling time did not significantly differ among three prey species. It suggests that this predator may be more effective at controlling noctuid populations at low prey densities. As predator age and density increased, intraspecific competition among <i>R. fuscipes</i> also intensified. In a multi-prey system, <i>R. fuscipes</i> showed a marked preference for <i>S. frugiperda</i> over the other two prey species. These findings indicate that the fifth-instar nymphs and adults of <i>R. fuscipes</i> are particularly effective in suppressing early-instar larvae of the three noctuid pests, especially <i>S. frugiperda</i>, at low densities. This study enhances our understanding of the predation capacity and prey preference of <i>R. fuscipes</i> towards the three noctuid pests and provides a foundation for the development of more targeted and efficient pest management strategies using this predator.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11856166/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143500706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conservation Genetics of the Endangered Danube Clouded Yellow Butterfly <i>Colias myrmidone</i> (Esper, 1780) in the Last Central European Stronghold: Diversity, <i>Wolbachia</i> Infection and Balkan Connections.","authors":"Aleksandra Gwiazdowska, Robert Rutkowski, Marcin Sielezniew","doi":"10.3390/insects16020220","DOIUrl":"10.3390/insects16020220","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Danube Clouded Yellow (<i>Colias myrmidone</i>) has experienced one of the most dramatic declines among European butterflies. To estimate genetic diversity in the last population in Poland that has survived in the Knyszyn Forest (KF), we analyzed mitochondrial (<i>COI</i>) and nuclear (<i>EF-1α</i>) polymorphisms in individuals sampled in 2014 and 2022. The results were compared with genetic data obtained in 2014 from a recently extirpated nearby population (Czerwony Bór, CB). Because mtDNA polymorphisms in insects can be modulated by endosymbionts, the samples were screened for <i>Wolbachia</i>. The polymorphism of <i>EF-1α</i> indicated that diversity was gradually decreasing. The KF experienced rapid demographic processes, manifested by a significant change in allele frequency. The small differentiation in nuclear markers between the KF and CB in 2014 suggests that the regional population used to be genetically uniform. Four <i>COI</i> haplotypes that were identified in this study probably belong to two different haplogroups. <i>Wolbachia</i> was detected only in individuals with one specific haplotype, and the prevalence was female-biased, suggesting the induction of two reproductive manipulations. The most common <i>COI</i> haplotype found in Poland was the same as that reported from other parts of Europe, not only for <i>C. myrmidone</i> but also <i>C. caucasica.</i> These results allow us to question the distinctiveness of each taxa.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11856598/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143500698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fall Armyworm-Induced Secondary Metabolites in Sorghum Defend Against Its Attack.","authors":"Juan-Ying Zhao, Qi Lu, Jiang Sun, Li-Yuan Sun, Ruiyan Ma, Yuanxin Wang, Jun Hu, Huiyan Wang, Yizhong Zhang, Dong Jia, Jun Yang","doi":"10.3390/insects16020218","DOIUrl":"10.3390/insects16020218","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The fall armyworm (FAW), <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i>, is one of the major agricultural pests that has invaded China. The FAW is a polyphagous insect with the gramineous crop sorghum being a key host plant. However, the basis of sorghum's chemical defense against FAW feeding is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the potential defensive mechanism of sorghum against this insect species. It was found that FAW larvae preferred maize over sorghum, the selection and damage rates for sorghum plants by larvae were significantly lower than those of maize plants, and feeding on sorghum restricted larval weight. The non-target metabolomics revealed that the feeding of FAW larvae altered the plant secondary metabolite spectra in maize and sorghum, resulting in species-specific differential secondary metabolites (DSMs). Of these, 19 DSMs were specific in maize, and 51 in sorghum, and only 6 were found in both species. Two-choice and no-choice feeding assays found that gambogenic acid and chimonanthine, two DSMs unique to sorghum, were found to deter larval feeding and decrease the larval weight. These findings reveal that the defense of sorghum against FAW is regulated by changing the response spectra of secondary metabolites and that the induced metabolites have a defensive function by acting as antifeedants, which provides new insights into employing bioactive plant compounds against polyphagous insects.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11856983/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143500428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the Study of Joint YOLOv5-DeepSort Detection and Tracking Algorithm for <i>Rhynchophorus ferrugineus</i>.","authors":"Shuai Wu, Jianping Wang, Wei Wei, Xiangchuan Ji, Bin Yang, Danyang Chen, Huimin Lu, Li Liu","doi":"10.3390/insects16020219","DOIUrl":"10.3390/insects16020219","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Red Palm Weevil (RPW, <i>Rhynchophorus ferrugineus</i>) is a destructive pest of palm plants that can cause the death of the entire plant when infested. To enhance the efficiency of RPW control, a novel detection and tracking algorithm based on the joint YOLOv5-DeepSort algorithm is proposed. Firstly, the original YOLOv5 is improved by adding a small object detection layer and an attention mechanism. At the same time, the detector of the original DeepSort is changed to the improved YOLOv5. Then, a historical frame data module is introduced into DeepSort to reduce the number of target identity (ID) switches while maintaining detection and tracking accuracy. Finally, an experiment is conducted to evaluate the joint YOLOv5-DeepSort detection and tracking algorithm. The experimental results show that, in terms of detectors, the improved YOLOv5 model achieves a mean average precision (mAP@.5) of 90.1% and a precision (P) of 93.8%. In terms of tracking performance, the joint YOLOv5-DeepSort algorithm achieves a Multiple Object Tracking Accuracy (MOTA) of 94.3%, a Multiple Object Tracking Precision (MOTP) of 90.14%, reduces ID switches by 33.3%, and realizes a count accuracy of 94.1%. These results demonstrate that the improved algorithm meets the practical requirements for RPW field detection and tracking.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11856132/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143500847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Integrative Phylogenetic Analysis of the Genus <i>Rhynchium</i> Spinola (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae) from China Based on Morphology, Genomic Data and Geographical Distribution.","authors":"Yun-Lian Peng, Shu-Lin He, Bin Chen, Ting-Jing Li","doi":"10.3390/insects16020217","DOIUrl":"10.3390/insects16020217","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The species of the genus <i>Rhynchium</i> Spinola are important natural insect control resources and widespread in the Old World. Due to the various color patterns of several species in China, it is difficulty to accurately classify and identify the genus. We combined their morphology with population genetic differentiation, phylogenetic relationship and geographical distribution to delimitate the species of <i>Rhynchium</i> from China. Within the genus, more than 600 pinned specimens were examined and a total of 37 whole genomes were analyzed, of which 35 were newly sequenced. Firstly, <i>COI</i> sequences, 13 PCGs and 2 rRNAs sequences of the mitochondrial genomes, USCO nucleotide matrix of 90% completeness (USCO90_fna), and USCO amino acid matrix of 90% completeness (USCO90_faa) were extracted from the whole-genome data. Then, genetic distances were calculated using the <i>COI</i> sequences, and ABGD species delimitation analysis identified three valid species. By integrating the four phylogenetic trees inferred from the four datasets and morphological analysis, the specimens of <i>Rhynchium</i> from China were recognized as <i>R. carnaticum</i> (newly recorded), <i>R. quinquecinctum</i>, and <i>R. brunneum</i>; the last is the most widely distributed in China, while the remaining two only occur in Hainan and Yunnan, respectively, markedly different from previous records. Finally, it is interesting that color patterns of the species <i>R. brunneum</i> seem to closely relate to the geographical distribution, embodying two different modes in the South and the North of China, as well as a transitional state in the middle. The roles of the color patterns are still not resolved and their underlying evolutionary mechanisms need further exploration.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11856612/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143500700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Untargeted Volatile Profiling Identifies Key Compounds Driving the Attraction of Western Flower Thrips to <i>Alstroemeria</i> Cultivars.","authors":"Luis Gerardo Cubillos-Quijano, Marco Díaz, Ericsson Coy-Barrera, Daniel Rodríguez","doi":"10.3390/insects16020216","DOIUrl":"10.3390/insects16020216","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Western flower thrips (WFTs) are significant pests affecting various crops globally. Developing sustainable strategies for managing WFTs is essential for improving thrips management. Ethological control methods, particularly those employing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by plants to influence insect behavior, have emerged as a promising avenue for pest management. Natural hosts such as <i>Alstroemeria</i> provide an intriguing yet underexplored opportunity for developing attractants tailored to WFT management. This study examined the behavioral preferences of WFTs towards flowers of four commercial <i>Alstroemeria</i> cultivars, focusing on variations in VOC profiles. Using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), VOCs were captured in vivo from cultivars with contrasting levels of WFT infestation. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed to analyze the VOCs, with linear retention indices aiding compound identification. An untargeted volatile profiling-based comparative analysis revealed key VOCs that differed among cultivars, shedding light on their potential correlation with WFT behavior. Behavioral assays identified three specific VOCs-butyl butyrate, 1-methylnaphthalene, and citronellyl acetate-as influential in attracting WFTs. Attraction responses were concentration-dependent, with two tested concentrations eliciting significant behavioral effects. These findings highlight the potential of these active VOCs as components of novel attractants for WFT management. The results direct future research and the development of tools to integrate ethological strategies into sustainable pest management practices for crops.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11857083/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143500935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of Necrophagous Beetles (Coleoptera) Using Low-Resolution Real-Time PCR in the Buffer Zone of Kampinos National Park.","authors":"Tadeusz Malewski, Katarzyna Leszczyńska, Katarzyna Daria Borzuchowska, Maciej Sierakowski, Tomasz Oszako, Justyna Anna Nowakowska","doi":"10.3390/insects16020215","DOIUrl":"10.3390/insects16020215","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Forensic entomology is concerned with the study of arthropods that assist in criminal investigations. Among them, necrophagous beetles (Coleoptera) play a crucial role as they are found in all stages of decomposition of corpses, which makes them valuable for forensic analysis. Accurate species identification is crucial for the effective use of entomological evidence. Efficient, cost-effective, and rapid methods are essential for this purpose. In the present study, we developed a novel assay that enables simple, inexpensive, and rapid identification of necrophagous beetle species. Using two primer sets targeting the cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COI) gene and analyzing the resulting SYBR Green I melting curves, we were able to identify fourteen beetle species: <i>Aleochara curtula</i> (Goeze, 1777), <i>Anoplotrupes stercorosus</i> (Scriba, 1791), <i>Creophilus maxillosus</i> (Linnaeus, 1758), <i>Dermestes undulatus</i> (Brahm, 1790), <i>Hister unicolor</i> (Linnaeus, 1758), <i>Margarinotus brunneus</i> (Fabricius, 1775), <i>Necrodes littoralis</i> (Linnaeus, 1758), <i>Nicrophorus investigator</i> (Zetterstedt, 1824), <i>Ontholestes murinus</i> (Linnaeus, 1758), <i>Oiceoptoma thoracicum</i> (Linnaeus, 1758), <i>Philonthus cognatus</i> (Stephens, 1832), <i>Saprinus planiusculus</i> (Motschulsky, 1849), <i>Silpha tristis</i> (Illiger, 1798), and <i>Thanatophilus rugosus</i> (Linnaeus, 1758). Data on the melting temperature of the amplicon can be obtained within 60-90 min after DNA extraction. This study expands the understanding of the species composition of necrophagous Coleoptera, which is crucial for forensic entomology methods based on insect succession. Furthermore, it provides the first comprehensive data on necrophagous beetles in the vicinity of Kampinos National Park.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11856018/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143500741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Lobesia botrana</i> Infestation in Petit Verdot and Sangiovese: A Comparative Study.","authors":"Lorenzo Corsi, Giorgio Sperandio, Sara Ruschioni, Fabio Ramilli, Tania Lattanzi, Oriana Silvestroni, Paola Riolo","doi":"10.3390/insects16020213","DOIUrl":"10.3390/insects16020213","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The European grapevine moth (<i>Lobesia botrana</i>), a significant pest in viticulture, impacts grape quality and yield through larval feeding and secondary infections. This study examined the impact of <i>L. botrana</i> on two grape varieties, Petit Verdot and Sangiovese, while also investigating cultivar-specific traits. Field trials were conducted in central Italy to assess infestation levels, female population abundance, and cultivar-specific morphological traits. The results revealed significantly lower larval infestation levels, but higher female abundance in Petit Verdot compared to Sangiovese. Bunch density and bunch compactness were also significantly lower in Petit Verdot than in Sangiovese. Morphological traits, such as a greater canopy thickness and higher leaf layer number in Petit Verdot, did not correspond to increased infestation levels, challenging existing findings regarding the impact of sun exposure on female oviposition and larval settlement. The seasonal dynamics of <i>L. botrana</i> indicated three major adult flight peaks and a partial fourth peak, potentially influenced by local weather patterns. These findings highlight the critical role of cultivar-specific traits in shaping pest infestation dynamics and provide essential insights for optimizing integrated pest management (IPM) strategies, particularly in cultivar selection and monitoring protocols for sustainable viticulture.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11856033/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143500418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Oviposition Sequence and Host Egg Density on Offspring Emergence and Interspecific Competition in Two Species of <i>Trichogramma</i> Parasitoids.","authors":"Yu Wang, Asim Iqbal, Kanwer Shahzad Ahmed, Zheng-Kun Zhang, Juan Cui, Chen Zhang","doi":"10.3390/insects16020214","DOIUrl":"10.3390/insects16020214","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Asian corn borer (ACB), <i>Ostrinia furnacalis</i> Guenee (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and the rice moth (RM), <i>Corycyra cephalonica</i> Stainton (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) are economically significant insect pests that threaten the agricultural products worldwide. <i>Trichogramma</i> parasitoids are successfully mass-reared using artificial host eggs, RM, and are often managed by economically important lepidopterous pests, such as ACB in China. <i>Trichogramma ostriniae</i> Pang and Chen (To) and <i>T. dendrolimi</i> Matsumura (Td) (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) are two important parasitoids of ACB. To determine the influence of interspecific competition between To and Td on their offspring's emergence. We determine the emergence of wasp progeny from two distinct hosts (ACB and RM eggs) of varying densities (10, 20, 30, and 100) by examining the effect of three distinct oviposition sequences (To-Td, Td-To, and To+Td) by two <i>Trichogramma</i> species. We discovered that the progeny emergence rate of To and Td from the host was substantially influenced by the parasitoid types, host types, oviposition sequences, and host densities, and their two-, three-, and four-factor interactions while investigating the ACB and RM eggs after oviposition. Additionally, the progeny of Td emerged from 10, 20, and 30 ACB host eggs under three oviposition sequences, which was significantly higher than that of ACB eggs of 100 densities. Nevertheless, the optimum emergence rate of Td progeny was also observed in ACB eggs with a density of 100 under all oviposition sequences. The most suitable oviposition sequences for both wasp species are To-Td and Td-To, as they have the highest rate of progeny emergence. The progeny emergence of both <i>Trichogramma</i> species from RM eggs of varying densities was observed to be significantly different. Nevertheless, the most influential density is 100 RM eggs, as a result of the maximal emergence rate of To and Td. Overall, it is concluded that host eggs with a density of 100 are adequate to meet the oviposition requirements of both wasps in all oviposition orders, thereby limiting their interspecific competition. These findings provide insights into optimizing host density and oviposition strategies for mass-rearing <i>Trichogramma</i> species, which can enhance their efficacy in biological control programs. Future research should explore field-level applications to validate these laboratory findings under natural conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11856026/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143500757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}