Insects最新文献

{"title":"Seasonal Dynamics and Factors Shaping Aquatic Insect Assemblages in Mountain Streams of the Pannonian Lowland Ecoregion.","authors":"Viktorija Ergović, Dubravka Čerba, Bojana Tubić, Boris Novaković, Miran Koh, Zlatko Mihaljević","doi":"10.3390/insects16040344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16040344","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study focused on the aquatic insect orders that serve as biological indicators. Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera, Coleoptera, and Odonata were studied with their relationships to physical, chemical, hydrological and morphological variables in 14 streams on three Croatian mountains: Papuk, Medvednica and Psunj. From 675 samples collected in three dominant sediment microhabitats (e.g., macrolithal and mesolithal) in each stream, we identified 130 macroinvertebrate taxa. The most abundant group was Ephemeroptera (36 taxa). Aquatic insect assemblages between Papuk and Psunj showed higher similarity due to the geographical proximity of these two mountains, which is expressed as spatial connectivity. In spring, greater variability and diversity of investigated aquatic insects were observed due to the phenology of studied insects. The combination of environmental and morphological properties (e.g., oxygen concentration and substrate type) had the most significant influence on shaping the assemblage of aquatic insects of Psunj, while morphological properties were the most important in shaping aquatic insect assemblages on Papuk (e.g., streambed width) and Medvednica (e.g., elevation). <i>Baetis</i> sp. was the dominant taxon in summer, <i>Protonemura montana</i> in spring, and <i>Leuctra</i> sp. in autumn. Seasonal shifts in environmental conditions lead to functionally unique communities that utilize the pool of available seasonal resources. The dominance of feeding groups varied by season, with scrapers and collector-gatherers being most prevalent in summer, while shredders were dominant in spring. The results on the relationships between environmental characteristics and species richness, functional structure, and distribution of aquatic insects in mountain streams provide important clues for future research and conservation strategies in these vulnerable ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12028206/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143963785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patterns of Detoxification Enzyme Activities During the Selection of <i>Phortica okadai</i> Resistant to β-Cypermethrin Under Laboratory Conditions.","authors":"Juan Zhou, Fang Wu, Yang Luo, Zhenfu Chen, Donghua Long, Hui Liu, Bo Luo, Rong Yan, Lingjun Wang","doi":"10.3390/insects16040346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16040346","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>After eight generations of laboratory selection with β-cypermethrin, a <i>P. okadai</i> strain was cultivated that displayed a 10.04-fold increase in resistance (RS) relative to the susceptible strain (SS), with an estimation of heritability (<i>h</i>²) of 0.34. Compared with the SS, the developmental duration of the eggs was significantly prolonged (<i>p</i> < 0.05); however, the pupal stage duration was shorter, with no statistically significant difference. Moreover, the levels of GSTs, CarEs, and CYP450 activity were notably higher in the RS than in the SS. In addition, the level of CarE and CYP450 activity in the RS was significantly higher in the midgut (MG), fat body (FB), and Malpighian tubules (MTs) compared to the SS; however, the GSTs showed no statistically significant difference in the MTs. These results suggest that <i>P. okadai</i>'s resistance to β-cypermethrin could be selected rapidly and the decreases in the intrinsic rate of increase (r) observed in the RS are likely due to mutations in the detoxification enzyme genes under the strong selection pressure exerted by β-cypermethrin. The increased activity of GSTs, CarEs, and CYP450 was associated with β-cypermethrin resistance in the RS of <i>P. okadai.</i> The data reported herein provide a foundation for future studies on the mechanisms responsible for β-cypermethrin resistance in <i>P. okadai.</i></p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12027532/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144011308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CRISPR/Cas Technology in Insect Insecticide Resistance.","authors":"Qiuchen Xu, Mingyun Wang, Jiahui Zeng, Hangzhen Sun, Xiaoqi Wei, Hui Jiang, Xuping Shentu, Dan Sun","doi":"10.3390/insects16040345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16040345","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chemicals and biological insecticides play a crucial role as pest management strategies in modern agriculture and forestry. However, their excessive and unreasonable use inevitably leads to varying degrees of resistance among insect populations, which seriously affects the sustainability of insecticide use. One primary reason for this resistance is alterations or mutations in insect gene expression. One class of genes encodes proteins that serve as critical targets for insecticides to exert their toxic effects in insects, while another class of genes encodes proteins involved in the detoxification process of insecticides within insects. Reverse genetics has become a vital research tool for studying the molecular mechanisms underlying changes and mutations in these target genes and their impact on insect resistance. The advent of CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and the CRISPR-associated gene Cas as gene-editing technologies has significantly advanced our understanding of how insects adapt to and resist insecticides. This article aims to provide a comprehensive and objective review of the progress made using the CRISPR/Cas system in various arthropods within the field of pest control.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12027801/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143991752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bored Rotten: Interactions Between the Coffee Berry Borer and Coffee Fruit Rot.","authors":"Paul Bayman, Luz M Serrato-Diaz","doi":"10.3390/insects16040342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16040342","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The coffee berry borer (CBB) is the most destructive pest of coffee worldwide, with damages exceeding $500 M a year and affecting the livelihood of 25 million farmers. Coffee fruit rot (CFR) is described as an anthracnose disease; it can cause up to 80% loss of the crop on susceptible cultivars when conditions favor it. These two serious threats to coffee production have been studied separately, but a link between them was not shown until recently. Several recent studies show that CBB damage is associated with a higher incidence of fruit rot; CBBs carry <i>Colletotrichum</i> and <i>Fusarium</i> fungi, also found in rotted fruits, and can transmit disease to coffee fruits as they bore into them. Previous studies on the relationship between CBB and <i>Fusarium</i> did not take into account that <i>Fusarium</i> is involved in coffee fruit rot, so these recent findings shed new light on the relationship. Here we discuss this relationship and its implications, both ecological and practical.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12027811/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143985961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developmental Regulation of Corazonin, Eclosion Hormone, and Bursicon Messages and RNAi Suppression of Corazonin in Adult, Female American Dog Ticks, <i>Dermacentor variabilis</i>.","authors":"Anirudh Dhammi, Brooke Bissinger, Loganathan Ponnusamy, Daniel E Sonenshine, R Michael Roe","doi":"10.3390/insects16040343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16040343","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The insect molting process is critical to growth and development and is regulated in part by the neuropeptides corazonin, eclosion hormone, and α and β bursicon. We found messages in a synganglion transcriptome from adult, female American dog ticks, <i>Dermacentor variabilis</i> (that do not molt), with a high similarity to the larval insect neuropeptides that control molting. The phylogenetic analysis of the tick putative neuropeptides compared to other arthropods is discussed in detail. The relative gene expression of these peptides was determined by quantitative PCR during the following adult developmental stages: (i) virgin, unfed 0-24 h after entering the adult stage (non-host-seeking), (ii) host-seeking, unfed, and not mated (3 d after emergence), (iii) part-fed (unmated, attached to host; 1st and 3rd day after emergence), (iv) mated (females are part-fed; allowed to mate for ≤1 day, 7th day after emergence), (v) mated repletes (completion of blood feeding but still attached to host), and (vi) post-drop-off (from host) with egg laying starting within 1 d of detachment. Eclosion hormone transcript levels peaked at mating and at drop-off. Bursicon α levels were highest just after molting into adults, with a second smaller peak in replete females. Bursicon β levels were highest (32-fold) post-drop-off. Corazonin message levels peaked in part-feds and were much higher (40-fold) in repletes compared to 0-24 h after emergence. RNAi suppression of the corazonin message by injection in newly molted ticks reduced oviposition and the number of vitellogenic eggs in the ovaries at drop-off but had no apparent effect on host-seeking, partial feeding, mating, feeding to repletion, and drop-off. The possible roles of these transcripts in adult, female tick development are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12027769/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144010186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Lure and Dispenser Combinations for <i>Halyomorpha halys</i> (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Trapping.","authors":"Vito Antonio Giannuzzi, Valeria Rossi, Rihem Moujahed, Adriana Poccia, Florinda D'Archivio, Tiziano Rossi Magi, Elena Chierici, Luca Casoli, Gabriele Rondoni, Eric Conti","doi":"10.3390/insects16040341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16040341","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), <i>Halyomorpha halys</i> (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is a polyphagous pest native to East Asia and invasive in many countries. Various approaches have been used to control its spread, including IPM strategies. Monitoring pest populations is the starting point for developing an appropriate control strategy. The most common attractant for <i>H. halys</i> is based on its two-component aggregation pheromone ((3S,6S,7R,10S)-10,11-epoxy-1-bisabolen-3-ol and (3R,6S,7R,10S)-10,11-epoxy-1-bisabolen-3-ol), in combination with the synergist methyl (2E,4E,6Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate. The aim of this research was to evaluate the most effective combination of the pheromone and the synergist for different types of adjuvants and dispensers, i.e., Blister Pack, Wax Tablet, and Polymers (Non-Biodegradable and Biodegradable Polymers). Field trials were carried out in Northern Italy, during summer and autumn 2023 and 2024. The effectiveness of the different combinations was evaluated on the basis of the number of <i>H. halys</i> individuals caught in sticky traps baited with the different treatments, separated by 50 m each. Individuals actively collected in the surrounding vegetation were also monitored. During the first year, the Non-Biodegradable Polymer performed better than the others. In the second year, <i>H. halys</i> captures were quite similar among the tested dispensers, and all were higher than the control. Captures of non-target stink bugs and other bugs of the Coreidae family were evaluated but, in most cases, were negligible. Under laboratory conditions, the release rate of the chemical compounds differed depending on the type of dispenser. Our results confirm the specificity of the semiochemical lure combination tested towards <i>H. halys</i> and its persistence in the field for at least 12 weeks. The results could be useful for improving the effectiveness of <i>H. halys</i> trapping, as well as for attract-and-kill or push-pull strategies of the pest.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12028315/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144010469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patterns and Mechanisms of Niche Partitioning Between Related Parasitoids (Hymenoptera) Sharing the Same Host Species.","authors":"Vladimir E Gokhman","doi":"10.3390/insects16040340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16040340","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Related species of parasitoid Hymenoptera often coexist on a certain host, but many details of interactions between these organisms remain unclear. The present review summarizes the main existing concepts and facts and suggests principal patterns and mechanisms that allow for the coexistence of several members of a particular parasitoid genus at the expense of the same host. Although the successful introduction of exotic parasitic wasps into the existing ecosystems often leads to the competitive displacement of related parasitoids, mere spatial and/or temporal niche partitioning between these insects is also possible. Nevertheless, many cases of coexistence of related wasp species on the same host defy simple explanations since they apparently result from complex interactions between the host and its parasitoids. The main characteristics of the oviposition process, i.e., egg volume, fecundity, and duration of the egg-laying period, are likely to correlate with other basic features of life-history strategies in parasitoid Hymenoptera. Specialist parasitic wasps often aggregate over the host patches, whereas generalists can be randomly distributed, thus reducing the degree of interspecific competition among parasitoids. However, some of the coexisting parasitic wasps, usually the weakest competitors, must also have access to enemy-free space to survive.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12027917/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143976714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Effects of a High-Protein Diet on Silkworm Midgut.","authors":"Xinyi Chen, Jiahao Li, Yuxi Shan, Qiaoling Wang, Pingzhen Xu, Heying Qian, Yangchun Wu","doi":"10.3390/insects16040337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16040337","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The silkworm is a species within the order Lepidoptera and an economic insect. The nutrients are obtained from the leaf and utilized by the silkworm larvae for body growth, development, and cocoon formation. Protein plays a significant functional role in the diet of silkworms. To investigate the impact of the high-protein diet (HPD 6%) on silkworm growth and development, transcriptomic analysis was conducted on the silkworm midgut, and 1724 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, comprising 803 up-regulated genes and 921 down-regulated genes. The up-regulated genes exhibited the majority pathway of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, ribosome, and ribosome biogenesis in eukaryotes. The down-regulated genes of DEGs were mostly annotated in ABC transporters, lysosome, endocytosis, and sphingolipid metabolism pathways. The comprehensive analysis of DEGs indicated that substantial modifications were observed in various pathways associated with crucial biological processes. HPD 6% decreased oxidative stress and increased mitochondrial activity, ribosomal activity, and DNA repair capacity. Additionally, the ATP levels were increased in the midgut, malpighian tubule, middle silk gland, and posterior silk gland of the HPD 6% group. Moreover, the activities of SOD and NADH were enhanced in the midgut of the HPD 6% group. Our findings provide valuable insights into the wide-ranging effects of an HPD treatment in insects such as silkworms.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12027703/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143999407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phototaxis Characteristics of <i>Lymantria xylina</i> (Lepidoptera: Erebidae).","authors":"Jifeng Zhang, Baode Wang, Rong Wang, Xiancheng Peng, Junnan Li, Changchun Xu, Yonghong Cui, Mengxia Liu, Feiping Zhang","doi":"10.3390/insects16040338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16040338","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Lymantria xylina</i> Swinhoe (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) is considered a potentially internationally invasive forest pest with limited knowledge about its phototactic behavior. This study investigated the phototaxis of <i>L. xylina</i> males and females using various insecticidal lamps in the field. The results showed that all lamps attracted both males and females, but females were captured in a very low numbers, with a female-to-male ratio of 1:322. The insecticidal lamp with a peak wavelength of 363 nm was most effective for male trapping. Males exhibited a distinct light-trapping rhythm, peaking around midnight (23:00-0:00), with 29.5% capture, while females were most active at dusk (19:00-20:00), with 44.4% capture. Light-trapped females were smaller and lighter than indoor-emerged females and had lower egg-carrying capacity. Females, when laying eggs, did not exhibit phototactic behavior. Only 14.6% of non-ovipositing females showed phototactic behavior, and only 0.6% flew directly toward the lamp. These findings suggest that while non-ovipositing females can exhibit phototaxis, only a small proportion will, potentially reducing the risk of long-distance dispersal of <i>L. xylina</i> via ocean-going freighters. The results showed that the non-ovipositing females could fly under phototaxis, but their phototaxis was limited. This study provides a basis for the risk assessment of the long-distance dispersal of <i>L. xylina</i> via ocean-going freighters through female moth phototactic flight.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12028050/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144011231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional and Numerical Responses of <i>Tytthus chinensis</i> (Hemiptera: Miridae) to <i>Sogatella furcifera</i> (Hemiptera: Delphacidae).","authors":"Qian Huang, Liping Long, Suosheng Huang, Biqiu Wu, Cheng Li, Yan Ling","doi":"10.3390/insects16040339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16040339","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The predatory function and numerical responses of natural enemy insects are critical for evaluating their biological control potential, particularly in understanding pest suppression mechanisms and ecological adaptability. Here, we examined the predation capacity of <i>Tytthus chinensis</i> Stål (Hemiptera: Miridae) on <i>Sogatella furcifera</i> eggs under laboratory conditions (24 ± 1 °C, 12:12 h light:dark photoperiod, 75% humidity). Functional response experiments were conducted at different prey densities (3, 4, 10, 20, and 30 eggs/day), and life table parameters were established to evaluate the effects of prey density on the development, reproduction, and population dynamics of <i>T. chinensis</i>. The daily average predation of nymphs significantly increased with age, and their functional responses fitted the Holling Type II response. In the adult stage, the daily average predation of females was significantly higher than that of males, and males had a higher <i>a</i>/<i>T_h</i> ratio, which reflected sex-specific predation strategies. Prey density significantly influenced survival, reproduction, and population dynamics. The minimum prey density required for population stability was 4 eggs/day, and survival and reproduction rates markedly increased at 10 eggs/day. At 30 eggs/day, females reproduced earlier, and the lifespan of males was shortened. These findings confirm the strong pest control ability of <i>T. chinensis</i> and highlight the critical role of <i>S. furcifera</i> egg density in regulating the population dynamics of <i>T. chinensis</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12028192/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144014506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}