Insects最新文献

{"title":"Life History Plasticity and Gregarious Cocooning Behavior of the Wild Silkmoth <i>Cricula trifenestrata</i> Helfer (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) on a Novel Host Plant, Cinnamon, in Thailand.","authors":"Kanitsara Magnussen, Motoyuki Sumida, Suwat Promma, Anongrit Kangrang, Fritz Vollrath, Thanupong Thunchailertthakul, Chirapha Butiman","doi":"10.3390/insects16090914","DOIUrl":"10.3390/insects16090914","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Cricula trifenestrata</i> Helfer was recently documented on cinnamon (<i>Cinnamomum</i> spp.), a novel host plant in Thailand. We compared life history and behavior under natural field, semi-natural caged, and laboratory conditions on cinnamon, plus opportunistic collection from hog plum (<i>Spondias pinnata</i>). Laboratory rearing significantly extended development (62.30 ± 3.68 days) versus field conditions (56.30 ± 1.83 days, <i>p</i> < 0.001) through delayed egg and pupal stages, indicating life history plasticity. We discovered density-dependent oviposition plasticity (linear arrangements in field: 155.6 ± 84.9 eggs/batch; clustered in laboratory) and novel gregarious cocooning behavior, where 85.1% of individuals (<i>n</i> = 47 sites) aggregated to form communal clusters with unique reticulated architecture. Female cocoon shell ratio (CSR) was significantly higher in laboratory (5.02 ± 0.72%) and hog plum cohorts (5.30 ± 0.30%) than field conditions (3.92 ± 0.51%, <i>p</i> = 0.002). Opportunistic rearing yielded >2 kg fresh cocoons, with clusters reaching 0.220 kg. These findings establish biological baselines for <i>C. trifenestrata</i> Helfer on cinnamon, reveal sophisticated social behaviors expanding lepidopteran sociality concepts, and demonstrate commercial potential for sustainable sericulture integrated with pest management.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12470453/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145175162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Systematic Review of Aircraft Disinsection Efficacy.","authors":"Gregory Hawley, Michael Klowak, Syed Zain Ahmad, Candice Madakadze, Jahmar Hewitt, Aquilla Reid-John, Asal Adawi, Andrea K Boggild","doi":"10.3390/insects16090911","DOIUrl":"10.3390/insects16090911","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Disinsection of aircraft and other conveyances is recommended to prevent the international spread of disease-carrying mosquitoes. A systematic review synthesized the effectiveness of adult mosquito disinsection aboard international air, marine, and land conveyances, using literature available up to 31 May 2025. Nineteen experimental trials, nine of which included an unexposed control arm, were synthesized. The studies were generally of poor quality with high risk of bias, and adherence to WHO guidelines was 33.30% (range: 18.20-60.5%). Across comparator trials of aircraft disinsection, the odds of mosquito mortality in the treated groups compared to control groups was 163.60 (95% CI 147-182), and the relative risk of mosquito death was 14.24 (95% CI 12.99-15.63). The direction of effect was consistent across mosquito species, methods of disinsection, types of aircraft, and insecticides, though the magnitude of the effect varied widely. The only WHO-recommended insecticide tested in a controlled trial was 2% d-phenothrin, which demonstrated an odds ratio of 171.70 (95% CI 139.10-212) and a relative risk of 20.08 (95% CI 16.53-24.43) for mosquito mortality. The lack of adherence to WHO guidelines raises uncertainty about the real-world effectiveness of disinsection.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12470303/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145175144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contact Toxicity, Electrophysiology, Anti-Mating, and Repellent Effects of <i>Piper guineense</i> Against <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i> (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).","authors":"Mobolade D Akinbuluma, Jacques A Deere, Peter Roessingh, Astrid T Groot","doi":"10.3390/insects16090908","DOIUrl":"10.3390/insects16090908","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The fall armyworm, <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i>, is a long-distance migratory pest, which invaded the African continent in 2016, causing enormous losses to agricultural crops, especially maize. Synthetic insecticides are primarily used for managing <i>S. frugiperda</i>, but they leave residues on human food and animal feed and also cause environmental hazards. We evaluated the crude ethanolic extract of <i>Piper guineense</i> fruits for contact toxicity on <i>S. frugiperda</i> larvae and determined the lethal concentration (LC₅₀) of the extract. Additionally, we conducted an electrophysiological (EAG) experiment to determine the responses of adult <i>S. frugiperda</i> males and females to <i>P. guineense</i> and determined whether the extract influenced mating, oviposition, and repellence to the adult female. We found that <i>P. guineense</i> extract caused significantly higher mortality to <i>S. frugiperda</i> larvae than an ethanol control. Electrophysiologically, we observed significantly higher responses to the extract than the control, with some variations in response between the sexes. A wind tunnel experiment revealed that females moved more towards the control than towards the extract. Taken together, our results confirm that <i>P. guineense</i> extract is effective against <i>S. frugiperda</i> larvae and adults. Future research should explore the responses of <i>S. frugiperda</i> to <i>P. guineense</i> extract on a field scale.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12470923/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145175160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Six New Species of Genus <i>Pedetontus</i> Silvestri, 1911 (Microcoryphia: Machilidae), from Southern China.","authors":"Chen-Yang Shen, Ting Yang, Jie-Hong Ji, Jia-Yong Zhang","doi":"10.3390/insects16090916","DOIUrl":"10.3390/insects16090916","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bristletails (Microcoryphia) represent a relatively understudied group of class Insecta. These wingless hexapods, which retain numerous plesiomorphic structures, remain less well understood compared to most other insect lineages. Through detailed morphological examination of specimens collected from southern China, we describe six new species (<i>Pedetontus</i> (<i>Verhoeffilis</i>) <i>elegans</i><b>sp. n.</b> from Zhejiang; <i>P.</i> (<i>V.</i>) <i>hezhouensis</i><b>sp. n.</b>, <i>P.</i> (<i>V.</i>) <i>jinxiuensis</i><b>sp. n.,</b> and <i>P.</i> (<i>V.</i>) <i>nanningensis</i><b>sp. n.</b> from Guangxi; and <i>P.</i> (<i>V.</i>) <i>shenzhenensis</i><b>sp. n.</b> and <i>P.</i> (<i>V.</i>) <i>xanthospilus</i><b>sp. n.</b> from Guangdong) of subgenus <i>Verhoeffilis</i> Paclt, 1972. This subgenus is distinguished from other members of the Petrobiinae by several diagnostic features: paired ocelli shoe-shaped (fusiform-shaped) and submedian; two pairs of retractile vesicles on abdominal segments II-V; parameres restricted to coxite IX; penis opening small and apical; male genitalia not exceeding coxite IX; and ovipositor of primary type. The new species can be distinguished from known species and each other by the morphology of the compound eyes, maxilla, labial palps, legs, and genitalia; here, we provide detailed illustrations, tables, and descriptions. Furthermore, we sequence the <i>COX1</i> gene to construct a phylogenetic tree of Microcoryphia. This contribution increases the total number of reported <i>Pedetontus</i> species in China to seventeen.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12470564/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145175009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Red and Blue Laser Irradiation on the Growth and Development of <i>Ostrinia furnacalis</i>.","authors":"Xuemei Liang, Xintong Dai, Li Qin, Xiao Feng, Ge Chen, Minglai Yang","doi":"10.3390/insects16090906","DOIUrl":"10.3390/insects16090906","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study evaluated the effects of red and blue laser irradiation on the development and reproduction of the Asian corn borer (<i>Ostrinia furnacalis</i> (Guenée)) under controlled laboratory conditions, aiming to explore its potential for non-chemical pest control. Larvae were exposed to laser light at different wavelengths and intensities, and key biological parameters-including egg hatching, larval duration, pupation, adult emergence, and oviposition-were assessed. Red laser light slightly delayed egg hatching but had minimal effects on subsequent developmental stages. In contrast, blue laser irradiation significantly prolonged the larval period and reduced pupation rates. Combined red-blue treatments produced similar inhibitory effects to blue light alone, suggesting that blue wavelengths were the primary factor driving developmental delays. These findings demonstrate that blue and red-blue laser irradiation can effectively interfere with the life cycle of <i>O. furnacalis</i>, offering a promising approach for sustainable, light-based pest management strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12470503/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145175013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation and Quantification of L-Tryptophan from <i>Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis</i> Larvae as a Marker for the Quality Control of an Edible Insect Extract.","authors":"Hye Jin Yang, Wei Li","doi":"10.3390/insects16090905","DOIUrl":"10.3390/insects16090905","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis</i> (Kolbe, 1886) larvae have traditionally been used in East Asian medicine and have recently attracted attention as functional food ingredients because of their pharmacological potential. However, chemical investigations remain limited, and no marker compounds have been established for quality control. This study aimed to isolate and identify a primary constituent from the 70% ethanol extract of <i>P. brevitarsis</i> (PBE) and to develop an analytical method for its quantification. Among the solvent-partitioned fractions, the <i>n</i>-butanol fraction (PBE-B) exhibited a major peak in HPLC analysis. The compound was purified through a combination of vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC), medium-pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC), and recycling preparative HPLC. Its structure was identified as L-tryptophan based on HR-ESI-MS and NMR spectroscopy. Quantitative analysis was conducted using HPLC-DAD under optimized analytical conditions, employing a Thermo Scientific™ Acclaim™ Polar Advantage II column and an acidified mobile phase (0.1% formic acid in water and methanol) to improve resolution. The method demonstrated excellent linearity (r² > 0.9999), and the L-tryptophan content in PBE was determined to be 1.93 ± 0.05 μg/mg. The analyte was well separated with minimal interference, supporting the reproducibility of the method. These results indicate that L-tryptophan is a promising candidate Q-marker for the quality control of <i>P. brevitarsis</i> extracts.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12471237/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145174974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating Citizen Science and Field Sampling into Next-Generation Early-Warning Systems for Vector Surveillance: Twenty Years of Municipal Detections of <i>Aedes</i> Invasive Mosquito Species in Spain.","authors":"Roger Eritja, Isis Sanpera-Calbet, Sarah Delacour-Estrella, Ignacio Ruiz-Arrondo, Maria Àngels Puig, Mikel Bengoa-Paulís, Pedro María Alarcón-Elbal, Carlos Barceló, Simone Mariani, Yasmina Martínez-Barciela, Daniel Bravo-Barriga, Alejandro Polina, José Manuel Pereira-Martínez, Mikel Alexander González, Santi Escartin, Rosario Melero-Alcíbar, Laura Blanco-Sierra, Sergio Magallanes, Francisco Collantes, Martina Ferraguti, María Isabel González-Pérez, Rafael Gutiérrez-López, María Isabel Silva-Torres, Olatz San Sebastián-Mendoza, María Cruz Calvo-Reyes, Marian Mendoza-García, David Macías-Magro, Pilar Cisneros, Aitor Cevidanes, Eva Frontera, Inés Mato, Fernando Fúster-Lorán, Miguel Domench-Guembe, María Elena Rodríguez-Regadera, Ricard Casanovas-Urgell, Tomás Montalvo, Miguel Ángel Miranda, Jordi Figuerola, Javier Lucientes-Curdi, Joan Garriga, John Rossman Bertholf Palmer, Frederic Bartumeus","doi":"10.3390/insects16090904","DOIUrl":"10.3390/insects16090904","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The spread of the invasive mosquitoes <i>Aedes albopictus</i>, <i>Aedes aegypti</i>, and <i>Aedes japonicus</i> in Spain represents an increasing public health risk due to their capacity to transmit arboviruses such as dengue, Zika, and chikungunya, among others. Traditional field entomological surveillance remains essential for tracking their spread, but it faces limitations in terms of cost, scalability, and labor intensity. Since 2014, the Mosquito Alert citizen-science project has enabled public participation in surveillance through the submission of geolocated images via a mobile app, which are identified using AI in combination with expert validation. While field surveillance provides high accuracy, citizen science offers low-cost, large-scale, real-time data collection aligned with open data management principles. It is particularly useful for detecting long-distance dispersal events and has contributed up to one-third of the municipal detections of invasive mosquito species since 2014. This study assesses the value of integrating both surveillance systems to capitalize on their complementary strengths while compensating for their weaknesses in the areas of taxonomic accuracy, scalability, spatial detection patterns, data curation and validation systems, geographic precision, interoperability, and real-time output. We present the listing of municipal detections of these species from 2004 to 2024, integrating data from both sources. Spain's integrated approach demonstrates a pioneering model for cost-effective, scalable vector surveillance tailored to the dynamics of invasive species and emerging epidemiological threats.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12470473/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145175000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multidimensional Profiling of Senescence in Eastern Honey Bee, <i>Apis cerana</i> (Hymenoptera: Apidae), Workers: Morphology, Microstructure, and Transcriptomics.","authors":"Qiang Ma, Zachary Y Huang, Qianmin Hai, Jun Zhang, Xiangyou Tang, Xiaoqun Dang, Jinshan Xu, Zhengang Ma, Zeyang Zhou","doi":"10.3390/insects16090902","DOIUrl":"10.3390/insects16090902","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Worker honey bees are crucial for colony stability and ecosystem pollination. However, the cross-scale aging features and underlying mechanisms in the Eastern honey bee (<i>Apis cerana</i>) remain poorly understood. This study systematically investigated age-related changes in <i>A. cerana</i> workers across youth (1~5 days post-emergence, dpe), middle age (29 dpe), and old age (50 dpe) through integrated morphological, ultrastructural, and transcriptomic analyses. With increasing age, the phenotypic deterioration in the old bees (OBs) was significant: the body color brightness decreased by 16.7% compared to the young bees (YBs) (<i>p</i> < 0.001), and the hair density of the head, thorax, and abdomen declined by 63.5%, 97.2%, and 91.5%, respectively (<i>p</i> < 0.0001). The wing wear index (WWI) increased to 96.7% (<i>p</i> < 0.0001). The locomotor performance declined sharply, with only 6.7% of the OBs successfully reaching the feeding platform within 15 s (<i>p</i> < 0.0001). Ultrastructural analysis revealed sensory organ abrasion, flattened thoracic bristles, thickened cuticle, and 90.4% increased mitochondrial damage (<i>p</i> < 0.0001). The autophagosomes showed dynamic changes, with 81.8% reduction versus those of mid-aged bees (MBs) (<i>p</i> < 0.001), which suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction and autophagy dysregulation may be the core driving factors behind aging. Transcriptomics identified 67 differentially expressed genes enriched in lifespan regulation, glutathione metabolism, and lysosomal pathways. Fifteen key aging-related genes were identified, such as <i>major royal jelly protein 3</i> (<i>MRJP3</i>), <i>synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A</i> (<i>SV2A</i>), and <i>apidermin 3</i> (<i>APD3</i>), whose expression dynamics have been shown to be closely related to nutritional metabolism, behavioral perception, and the decline of epidermal barrier function. This work establishes the first multidimensional aging evaluation system for <i>A. cerana</i>, providing critical insights into bee senescence mechanisms and colony health optimization.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12470740/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145174507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foraging Behaviors and Comparative Yield Effects of Bumblebee (<i>Bombus terrestris</i> Linnaeus) and Chinese Honeybee (<i>Apis cerana cerana</i> Fabricius) to Cherry (<i>Prunus pseudocerasus</i> 'Hongdeng') in Northern China.","authors":"Xunbing Huang, Yueyue Wang, Li Zheng","doi":"10.3390/insects16090900","DOIUrl":"10.3390/insects16090900","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bee pollination is an indispensable part of agricultural production and a crucial factor in maintaining ecosystem balance and biodiversity. Understanding foraging behavior and pollination effects is essential for the management of bee pollination. Over a two-year experiment, we evaluated the foraging behavior and pollination effects of bumblebee <i>Bombus terrestris</i> and Chinese honeybee <i>Apis cerana cerana</i> on cherries in orchards. Results showed that all bees exhibited enhanced foraging activity as daytime temperatures rose in early spring. However, the daytime foraging activity of bumblebees differs from that of Chinese honeybees. The number of bumblebees leaving the hive exhibited two peak periods, whereas Chinese honeybees showed only one peak period. Bumblebees had longer working hours and greater pollen-carrying capacity than Chinese honeybees. Undoubtedly, cherries pollinated by bees had higher yields, as indicated by a greater fruit setting rate and yield. Thus, as effective pollinators, their pollination significantly boosts production and presents a viable option for widespread use in cherry cultivation. However, the risk of biological invasion by exotic bumblebees cannot be overlooked before extensive use.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12470698/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145174994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening of Predatory Natural Enemies of <i>Lygus pratensis</i> in Cotton Fields and Evaluation of Their Predatory Effects.","authors":"Pengfei Li, Kunyan Wang, Tailong Li, Liqiang Ma, Changqing Gou, Hongzu Feng","doi":"10.3390/insects16090903","DOIUrl":"10.3390/insects16090903","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Lygus pratensis</i> is a major pest of cotton, causing serious damage to cotton production. This study designed species-specific PCR detection primers for <i>L. pratensis</i>, established a detection system to identify <i>L. pratensis</i> DNA in the intestinal contents of predatory natural enemies, and investigated the control potential of four species' predatory natural enemies against <i>L. pratensis</i>. The results indicated that 826 predatory natural enemies were collected from cotton fields belonging to two classes, five orders, and twelve families. Among these, 9 species of insecta natural enemies accounted for 54.12% of the total number of predatory natural enemies collected, while 14 species of arachnida predatory natural enemies comprised 45.88%. Of the 806 natural enemies tested, 5.58% were found to be positive for <i>L. pratensis</i>, all of which were arachnid predators, specifically <i>Ebrechtella tricuspidata</i>, <i>Xysticus ephippiatus</i>, <i>Hylyphantes graminicola</i>, and <i>Oxyopes sertatus</i>. The predation response of these four spider species to the fourth to fifth instar nymphs and adults of <i>L. pratensis</i> adhered to the Holling II model. The theoretical predation (<i>a'</i>/<i>Th</i>), daily maximum predation rate (<i>T</i>/<i>Th</i>), and searching effect for the fourth to fifth instar nymphs and adults of <i>L. pratensis</i> of the four spider species were assessed. According to the results, the species can be ranked in terms of their predatory and searching efficiency as follows: <i>O. sertatus</i> > <i>E. tricuspidata</i> > <i>X. ephippiatus</i> > <i>H. graminicola</i>. Four species of spiders had the highest theoretical predation against <i>L. pratensis</i> nymphs, ranging from 23.71 to 60.86, and adults, ranging from 22.14 to 50.25. Therefore, these four spider species could be utilized for <i>L. pratensis</i> management. This study identified the main predatory natural enemies of <i>L. pratensis</i> and their pest control capabilities, providing a scientific basis for selecting and utilizing natural enemies in integrated pest management (IPM) strategies. This will help promote ecological and green pest control of <i>L. pratensis</i> in cotton-growing areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12471197/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145174926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}