Insects最新文献

{"title":"Adaptation to Hot and Humid Climates in the Silkworm: Energy Reallocation and Cuticle Transpiration.","authors":"Jiajun Zhuo, Yuli Zhang, Xing Gao, Cailin Liang, Guizheng Zhang, Lihui Bi, Wei Wei, Shoumin Fang, Xiaoling Tong, Fangyin Dai, Cheng Lu, Quanyou Yu","doi":"10.3390/insects16090962","DOIUrl":"10.3390/insects16090962","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The silkworm (<i>Bombyx mori</i>) is rich in germplasm resources, including thermotolerant strains that live in tropical/subtropical humid climates. In this study, two thermotolerant strains and one sensitive strain were used as materials, with the former exhibiting higher critical thermal maximum (CTmax) values. Under different temperature and humidity stresses, physiological and transcriptomic responses of the fifth instar larvae were compared. It was confirmed that high humidity exacerbates harmful effects only under high temperature conditions. Based on transcriptome and co-expression network analysis, 88 evolved thermoplastic genes (Evo_TPGs) and 1338 evolved non-plastic genes (Evo_non-PGs) were identified, which exhibited specific responses or expressions in the two thermotolerant strains. Eighteen of the Evo_TPGs encode cuticular proteins, 17 of which were specifically downregulated in the two thermotolerant strains after short-term exposure to 35 °C. This may promote cuticular transpiration to dissipate internal heat, thus compensating for the suppression of tracheal ventilation in hot and humid climates. For the Evo_non-PGs, most of the metabolic genes showed lower expression at background levels in the thermotolerant strains, while oxidative stress genes showed the opposite trend, suggesting that silkworms can enhance heat tolerance by suppressing metabolic rates and allocating more resources to overcome heat-induced oxidative damage. Furthermore, the heat resistance-related genes showed higher single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between resistant and sensitive strains compared to randomly selected genes, suggesting that they may have been subjected to natural selection. Through long-term adaptive evolution, thermotolerant silkworms may reduce their internal temperature by dynamically regulating cuticle respiration in response to high temperature and humidity, while allocating more energy to cope with and repair heat-induced damage. Overall, these findings provide insights into the evolution of heat-resistant adaptations to climate change in insects.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12470560/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145175132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing Cricket Farming Efficiency: Comparative Analysis of Temperature Effects on Three Edible Malagasy Species.","authors":"Valéry Riantsoa, Henlay J O Magara, Sylvain Hugel, Brian L Fisher","doi":"10.3390/insects16090960","DOIUrl":"10.3390/insects16090960","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As demand for sustainable protein intensifies, edible crickets offer a promising solution to food insecurity and environmental strain, particularly in regions like Madagascar. This study investigated the effects of two rearing temperatures (28 °C and 30 °C) on life-history traits of three edible cricket species-<i>Gryllus bimaculatus</i>, <i>Gryllodes sigillatus</i>, and <i>Teleogryllus lemur</i>-under controlled laboratory conditions. Growth, survival, development time, and biomass yield were quantified for each species (<i>n</i> = 150 per temperature treatment) and analyzed using <i>t</i>-tests, chi-squared tests, and ANOVA. Results revealed distinct species-specific thermal responses. <i>G. bimaculatus</i> exhibited accelerated development and higher biomass at 30 °C without significant survival loss. <i>G. sigillatus</i> maintained high survival but developed more slowly at 30 °C, suggesting thermal sensitivity. In contrast, <i>T. lemur</i> demonstrated substantial growth gains at 30 °C but suffered a 50% reduction in survival, indicating heat intolerance. Development time and biomass yield varied significantly across species and temperature treatments (<i>p</i> < 0.0001). These findings highlight critical trade-offs between growth efficiency and survival in insect farming systems. <i>G. bimaculatus</i> emerges as a strong candidate for high-yield, thermally resilient farming, while <i>T. lemur</i> requires cooler rearing environments. This work informs species selection and environmental optimization for scalable, climate-adaptive cricket farming in tropical regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12470392/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145175041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recurrent Duplication, Testis-Biased Expression, and Functional Diversification of <i>Esf2/ABT1</i> Family Genes in <i>Drosophila</i>.","authors":"Elizaveta D Davydova, Alexei A Kotov, Alina V Chernizova, Ekaterina Yu Yakovleva, Ludmila V Olenina","doi":"10.3390/insects16090956","DOIUrl":"10.3390/insects16090956","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gene duplications are considered to be the major evolutionary resource of novel functions. The gene family <i>Esf2/ABP1</i> is conserved in metazoan organisms from yeast to humans. Here we performed a search and characterization of <i>Esf2/ABP1</i> homologs in the <i>Drosophila</i> genus. Whereas in the majority of <i>Drosophila</i> species this gene family is represented by only a single gene, in the <i>melanogaster</i> and <i>suzukii</i> subgroups recurrent gene duplications arose, providing 47 homologous genes located on the X chromosome. To study the evolutionary history of duplicates, we performed phylogenetic, functional domain, and tissue-specific expression analyses. We revealed a male-specific and testis-biased transcription pattern of duplicated copies in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> and <i>Drosophila sechellia</i> compared to ubiquitous expression of the parental gene. The amplification of 21 repeated paralogs within the heterochromatic piRNA cluster resulted in the ovarian-specific transformation of these repeats into piRNAs in <i>D. melanogaster.</i> In three species of the <i>suzukii</i> subgroup, <i>Esf2/ABP1</i> genes evolved with domain diversification: in addition to RNA-binding ABT1-like domain preservation, all homologous proteins acquired expanded intrinsically disordered regions. By studying the duplicated copies of the <i>Esf2/ABP1</i> family in <i>Drosophila</i>, we offer insight into how novel gene functions emerge and are maintained, contributing to life's diversity and complexity.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12470439/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145174890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lipid Composition Analysis of Cricket Oil from Crickets Fed with Broken Rice-Derived Bran.","authors":"Ryosuke Sogame, Taiki Miyazawa, Masako Toda, Akihiro Iijima, Maharshi Bhaswant, Teruo Miyazawa","doi":"10.3390/insects16090951","DOIUrl":"10.3390/insects16090951","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated the effect of rice bran derived from broken rice feeding on the lipid classes and fatty acid composition of oil extracted from crickets (<i>Acheta domesticus</i>). During the final seven days prior to cricket oil extraction, crickets were fed either rice bran or control feed. The lipid classes in both the cricket oil and feed materials (rice bran or control feed) were identified using thin-layer chromatography, while the proportion of neutral lipids, phospholipids, and glycolipids was quantified by solid-phase extraction. Fatty acid composition was determined using GC-FID. Cricket oil from the rice bran-fed group exhibited a significantly higher ratio of glycolipids, which are abundant in rice bran, compared to the control group. Although both oleic and linoleic acid levels were significantly higher than in the control feed, only the oleic acid proportion was significantly increased in the cricket oil from the rice bran-fed group. Additionally, the ω-6/ω-3 ratio in each lipid fraction was significantly higher in the rice bran-fed group compared to the control group. These results suggest that dietary supplementation with rice bran derived from broken rice significantly alters the lipid profile of crickets and may represent a valuable strategy for enhancing the nutritional quality of cricket oil.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12471017/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145175167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the Effectiveness of Insecticides on Spotted Lanternfly <i>Lycorma delicatula</i> (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) in Kiwifruit.","authors":"Zi-Jian Song, Yi-Na Bai, Zheng-Yu Luo, Rebecca Burns, Chandan Pal, Feng Zhang, Shu-Sen Shi, Rui Bi, Jin-Ping Zhang","doi":"10.3390/insects16090954","DOIUrl":"10.3390/insects16090954","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The spotted lanternfly (SLF), <i>Lycorma delicatula</i> (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), has invaded several countries and caused significant losses to agricultural economy, especially in grapes, apples and kiwifruit production. Currently, chemical control is the primary method for managing this pest. In this study, we tested the contact toxicity of bifenthrin and lime sulphur on SLF eggs, as well as the residual toxicity of natural pyrethrins, bifenthrin, and thiacloprid on SLF nymphs. The results showed that bifenthrin, applied at 100 times the label rate, had the highest lethal effect on SLF eggs, with an adjusted mortality rate of 71.8 ± 8.5%. The addition of a penetrant, Engulf, did not further enhance ovicidal efficacy. For nymphs, the residual effect of thiacloprid and bifenthrin at label rates demonstrated 100% mortality within 48 h in laboratory bioassays. Similar efficacies were observed in short-term field experiments. However, the efficacy of bifenthrin declined significantly over time, while thiacloprid provided a long-lasting control, with mortality rates of 72.8 ± 5.9% and 46.7 ± 7.2% at 7 and 14 days, respectively. Although the combination of pyrethrins and mineral oil exhibited limited efficacy, with a 0-day (test immediately after the sprayed branches have dried) mortality rate of 41.5 ± 12.5%, its favourable environmental safety profile makes it a viable option for organic control strategies. In conclusion, bifenthrin at 100 times the label rate was the most effective against SLF eggs, while thiacloprid at label rates provided the longest-lasting control against SLF nymphs.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12470253/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145174972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the Image Recognition of Field-Trapped Adult <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i> Using Sex Pheromone Lures.","authors":"Quanyuan Xu, Caiyi Li, Min Fan, Ying Lu, Hui Ye, Yonghe Li","doi":"10.3390/insects16090952","DOIUrl":"10.3390/insects16090952","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i> is a major transboundary migratory pest under global alert by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. The accurate identification and counting of trapped adults in the field are key technologies for achieving quantitative monitoring and precision pest control. However, precise recognition is challenged by issues such as scale loss and the presence of mixed insect species in trapping images. To address this, we constructed a field image dataset of trapped <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i> adults and proposed an improved YOLOv5s-based detection method. The dataset was collected over a two-year sex pheromone monitoring campaign in eastern-central Yunnan, China, comprising 9550 labeled insects across six categories, and was split into training, validation, and test sets in an 8:1:1 ratio. In this study, YOLOv7, YOLOv8, Mask R-CNN, and DETR were selected as comparative baselines to evaluate the recognition of images containing <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i> adults and other insect species. However, the complex backgrounds introduced by field trap photography adversely affected classification performance, resulting in a relatively modest average accuracy. Considering the additional requirement for model lightweighting, we further enhanced the YOLOv5s architecture by integrating Mosaic data augmentation and an adaptive anchor box strategy. Additionally, three attention mechanisms-SENet, CBAM, and Coordinate Attention (CA)-were embedded into the backbone to build a multidimensional attention comparison framework, demonstrating CBAM's superiority under complex backgrounds. Ultimately, the CBAM-YOLOv5 model achieved 97.8% mAP@0.5 for <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i> identification, with recognition accuracy for other insect species no less than 72.4%. Based on the optimized model, we developed an intelligent recognition system capable of image acquisition, identification, and counting, offering a high-precision algorithmic solution for smart trapping devices.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12470706/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145175024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Taxonomic Review of the Genus <i>Taxigramma</i> (Diptera, Sarcophagidae, Miltogramminae) from China.","authors":"Zijun Liu, Yi Gai, Xiaolan Cheng, Hanqing Li, Yaqian Fan, Krzysztof Szpila, Thomas Pape, Dong Zhang","doi":"10.3390/insects16090953","DOIUrl":"10.3390/insects16090953","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The genus <i>Taxigramma</i> from China has been taxonomically reviewed. <i>Taxigramma pluriseta</i> and <i>T. pluton</i> are new to the fauna sinica, while <i>T. karakulensis</i> is removed. The male of <i>T. albina</i> is firstly recorded and described from China. An updated checklist of all eight species of <i>Taxigramma</i> known from China is presented with newly supplemented specimen examinations, biological observations and distributional information. A taxonomic key to the Chinese species of <i>Taxigramma</i> is also provided. COI sequences of <i>T. albina</i>, <i>T. pluriseta</i> and <i>T. pluton</i> are newly obtained, with a concise analysis of their genetic divergence among species of <i>Taxigramma</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12470896/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145175085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Zhang et al. The Effect of X-ray Irradiation on the Fitness and Field Adaptability of the Codling Moth: An Orchard Study in Northeast China. <i>Insects</i> 2023, <i>14</i>, 615.","authors":"Jinghan Zhang, Shengwang Huang, Shici Zhao, Xingya Wang, Xianming Yang, Huiyuan Zhao, Ping Gao, Yuting Li, Xueqing Yang","doi":"10.3390/insects16090955","DOIUrl":"10.3390/insects16090955","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the original publication [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12470427/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145175140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Genetic Diversity of the Asian Spongy Moth, <i>Lymantria dispar asiatica</i> Vnukovskii (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), in Korea Based on Mitochondrial COI Analysis.","authors":"Jongmin Bae, Hye-Min Byun, Subin Choi, Geunho Jang, Minjoon Kang, Eunji Kim, Jaekook Park, Heung-Sik Lee, Sunghoon Jung","doi":"10.3390/insects16090958","DOIUrl":"10.3390/insects16090958","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, we assessed the genetic diversity of the Asian spongy moth, <i>Lymantria dispar asiatica</i> Vnukovskii (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), in Korea. We obtained 123 sequences of the species, including those from 26 regions in Korea. We analyzed the genetic diversity within the Korean samples (<i>n</i> = 87) and haplotype networks between the Korean and global samples (123 sequences from 26 regions in Korea and five other countries) using median-joining (MJ) network analysis. The results showed low nucleotide diversity and high haplotype diversity (<i>π</i> = 0.00159; <i>Hd</i> = 0.660). The neutrality tests were also significantly negative. The MJ network recovered a star-shaped network with diverse populations in Korea, with 12 haplotypes and a dominating haplotype, H07, in all regions. Two haplogroups, Middle and Southern, were identified. The Middle haplogroup included haplotypes from Shandong, China, indicating shared populations between the two regions. In contrast, the Southern haplogroup, primarily found in ship and harbor samples, likely originated from invasive populations. This pattern reflects the influence of human activities such as international trade, highlighting the importance of strict monitoring at ports to prevent the introduction of invasive pests and to support effective forest pest management.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12470964/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145175142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal Adaptation in <i>Liriomyza trifolii</i> (Diptera: Agromyzidae): From Interspecific Competition to Mechanisms.","authors":"Ya-Wen Chang, Jing-Ya Zhao, Yu-Cheng Wang, Yu-Zhou Du","doi":"10.3390/insects16090957","DOIUrl":"10.3390/insects16090957","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Global climate change has intensified temperature fluctuations, significantly impacting insect populations. Thermal tolerance has emerged as a critical determinant of species distribution and invasion potential. <i>Liriomyza trifolii</i>, an economically important invasive pest, has been rapidly expanding in southeastern coastal regions of China, gradually displacing its congeners <i>L. sativae</i> and <i>L. huidobrensis</i>. This competitive advantage is closely associated with its superior thermal adaptation strategies. Here, we first examine the temperature-mediated competitive dominance of <i>L. trifolii</i>, then systematically elucidate the physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms underlying its temperature tolerance, revealing its survival strategies under extreme temperatures. Notably, <i>L. trifolii</i> exhibits a lower developmental threshold temperature and higher thermal constant, extending its damage period, while its significantly lower supercooling point confers exceptional overwintering capacity. Physiologically, rapid cold hardening (RCH) enhances cold tolerance through glycerol accumulation and increased fatty acid unsaturation, while heat acclimation improves thermotolerance via a trade-off between developmental processes and reproductive investment. Molecular analyses demonstrate that <i>L. trifolii</i> combines the low-temperature inducible characteristics of <i>L. huidobrensis</i> with the high-temperature responsive advantages of <i>L. sativae</i> in heat shock protein (Hsp) expression patterns. Transcriptomic studies further identify differential expressions of lipid metabolism and chaperone-related genes as key to thermal adaptation. Current research limitations include incomplete understanding of non-Hsp gene regulatory networks and laboratory-field adaptation discrepancies. Future studies should integrate multi-omics approaches with ecological modeling to predict <i>L. trifolii</i>'s expansion under climate change scenarios and develop temperature-based green control strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":13642,"journal":{"name":"Insects","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12470315/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145175165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}