{"title":"Microwave–rotary reflux extraction of nervonic acid-containing samara oil from Acer tegmentosum using ethyl formate: Operating window, extraction kinetics and energy intensity","authors":"Guangyu Shi, Yang Yang, Xinyu Yang, Lei Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.124521","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.124521","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A microwave–rotary reflux extraction (MRE) process using ethyl formate was developed as an intensified solid–liquid route for recovering samara oil from <em>Acer tegmentosum</em> Maxim. Solvent screening identified ethyl formate as the highest-yielding solvent among those that produced a free-flowing oil within the tested panel. Key operating variables were first evaluated by single-factor experiments and then optimized by Box–Behnken response surface methodology. The best operating conditions within the investigated domain (700 W, 28 mL/g, 9.1 min; rotation speed fixed at 56 r/min) achieved an oil yield of 13.0%, in good agreement with the model prediction. The fitted quadratic model was highly significant (<em>p</em> < 0.0001) with nonsignificant lack-of-fit, supporting its use for process-domain mapping. The RSM model further delineated an operating window satisfying predicted oil yield ≥ 12.0% and direct extraction electricity ≤ 0.12 kWh per 10-g batch within the tested factor ranges. Kinetic analysis using a pseudo-first-order model further parameterized intensification: MRE delivered the highest equilibrium yield (Ye = 12.6671%) together with a high rate constant (<em>k</em> = 0.3680 min<sup>−1</sup>), indicating simultaneous improvements in extraction capacity and rate relative to reference methods. Under the defined boundary of direct microwave and rotary-motor electricity use during extraction, MRE required 0.112 kWh and corresponded to 58.56 g CO₂ while providing an electricity-normalized performance of 110.04%/kWh. GC–MS analysis of fatty acid methyl esters confirmed that the oil was dominated by linoleic acid (35.19%) and oleic acid (25.87%), with nervonic acid (C24:1) present at 5.83%. The proposed MRE approach combines microwave heating with controlled mixing under reflux, providing an engineering-relevant framework for operating-domain definition and future process scale-up.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"252 ","pages":"Article 124521"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149142082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Multi-omics analysis reveals flavonoid metabolic changes and hormonal responses associated with seed dormancy release during cold stratification in Fritillaria unibracteata","authors":"Xue Yang, Jianan Li, Bo Wang, Yongshang Tong, Xinyu Yang, Shenglin Fei, Guoying Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.124548","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.124548","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Fritillaria unibracteata</em>, an endangered medicinal plant endemic to the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, produces seeds characterized by prolonged dormancy and low germination rates, thereby severely limiting artificial propagation, germplasm conservation, and sustainable cultivation. This study optimized a two-stage low-temperature stratification treatment and integrated physiological, transcriptomic (RNA-seq), and non-targeted metabolomic (LC–MS) analyses to investigate the physiological and molecular changes during seed dormancy release. Seeds began to germinate after 180 days of stratification, reaching a germination rate of 92.63%, indicating that prolonged low-temperature stratification effectively promoted seed dormancy release under the experimental conditions used in this study. During stratification, gibberellic acid (GA₃) content increased, whereas abscisic acid (ABA) content and the ABA/GA₃ ratio decreased. Starch, soluble protein, and soluble sugar contents declined markedly. Key enzyme activities involved in glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway increased, whereas catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities decreased. Transcriptome analysis and WGCNA revealed significant enrichment of pathways related to lipid storage, energy metabolism, and hormone signaling. The diterpenoid biosynthesis pathway and GA signaling were consistently enriched across stratification stages. WGCNA identified GA2ox as a hub gene, while multi-omics integration revealed significant correlations between flavonoid biosynthesis genes and metabolite accumulation. <em>CCoAOMT</em> expression was positively correlated with the accumulation of multiple flavonoids, including quercetin, epicatechin, and xanthohumol. Collectively, the results indicate that seed dormancy release during cold stratification is associated with coordinated changes in hormone balance, reserve mobilization, energy metabolism, and flavonoid metabolism. These findings provide an effective strategy for seed treatment and cultivation, thereby facilitating the large-scale propagation, sustainable cultivation, and industrial utilization of <em>F. unibracteata</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"252 ","pages":"Article 124548"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149200461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Integrated electronic tongue, metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses link tyramine-conjugated phenylpropanoid amides to spatial bitterness in Pleioblastus maculatus bamboo shoots","authors":"Wanqi Zhao, Shuyan Lin, Weixin Yan, Haixiang Yuan, Mingzhen Lv, Xu Zhang, Saixue Hu, Feiyi Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.124499","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.124499","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bamboo shoots are widely consumed vegetables in East and Southeast Asia, but the metabolites responsible for spatial bitterness variation within a single shoot and the underlying transcriptional mechanisms have not been identified. We combined electronic tongue phenotyping with metabolomics (885 metabolites) and transcriptomics (33,709 transcripts) across the tip, middle and basal sections of <em>Pleioblastus maculatus</em> shoots. Light exclusion and soil-mulching treatments were applied to separate photic from non-photic environmental signals. Bitterness peaked in the middle section. Two tyramine-conjugated hydroxycinnamic acid amides, <em>N</em>-feruloyltyramine and <em>N</em>-coumaroyltyramine, accumulated preferentially in the middle section and correlated with the measured bitterness pattern. Expanded phenylpropanoid gene families showed paralog-level expression divergence along the shoot axis. Two BAHD acyltransferases, PmAT15 and PmAT15-like, were preferentially expressed in the middle section, whereas paralogs directing monolignol biosynthesis predominated in the base. Total phenolic content correlated most strongly with bitterness among all physiological indicators measured. Soil mulching reduced middle-section bitterness by 69.7%, whereas light exclusion alone had no significant effect. These results showed that paralog-level expression divergence within phenylpropanoid gene families was associated with the spatial distribution of bitter metabolites in bamboo shoots. Non-photic signals associated with soil burial, rather than light deprivation, were the primary environmental cues regulating this distribution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"252 ","pages":"Article 124499"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149200464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nan Wang,Ge Chen,Zhenyun Li,Qizhao Xia,Jie Xin,Chi Zhang
{"title":"Nanocellulose-stabilized W/O/W Pickering double emulsions from Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo for the delivery of salvianolic acid B","authors":"Nan Wang,Ge Chen,Zhenyun Li,Qizhao Xia,Jie Xin,Chi Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.124369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.124369","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"8 1","pages":"124369"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149021128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}